Around 1900, Argentine paleontologistFlorentino Ameghino described eightColhuehuapian (Early Miocene) species from specimens he found south ofLake Colhué Huapi inPatagonia and grouped them into three genera:Parastrapotherium,Astrapotherium, andAstrapothericulus. It was obvious to Ameghino that these species represented a great diversity, ranging in size from apeccary to arhinoceros, but his description was based entirely on fragmentary and not always comparable dental remains. Other expeditions to Patagonia have subsequently recovered considerably more complete materials.[1]
According toKramarz & Bond 2009, Astrapotheriidae includes two clades,Astrapotheriinae andUruguaytheriinae, and a number of early genera (Astrapotheriidaeincertae sedis):Astraponotus (Middle Eocene),Maddenia (Early Oligocene), andParastrapotherium (Late Oligocene-Early Miocene). Most genera have been found in Patagonia and adjacent areas in Argentina and Chile; whereas members of Uruguaytheriinae have been found further north:Xenastrapotherium (Late Oligocene-Middle Miocene of northern South America),Granastrapotherium (Middle Miocene of Colombia),Uruguaytherium (uncertain age, from Uruguay).[2] According toKramarz & Bond 2009, the genusMaddenia is a small, pre-Deseadan form of later astrapotheriids.[3]Simpson 1945 groupedAlbertogaudrya together withAstraponotus in the subfamily Albertogaudryinae, synonymous withAlbertogaudryidaeAmeghino 1901.[4]Bond et al. 2011 concluded that a comprehensive evaluation is required regarding astrapotherids.[5]
Ameghino, Florentino (1887).Apuntes preliminares sobre algunos mamíferos estinguidos del yacimiento de "Monte Hermoso" existentes en el "Mueso La Plata". Buenos Aires.OCLC39794328.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Ameghino, Florentino (1895).Première contribution à la connaissance de la faune mammalogique des couches à Pyrotherium. Buenos Aires: P.E. Coni.
Ameghino, Florentino (1897). "Mamiferos Cretaceos de la Argentina. Segunda contribucion al conocimiento de la fauna mastologica de las capas con restos de Pyrotherium".Boletin Instituto Geografico Argentino.18:406–521.
Ameghino, Florentino (1901). "Notices préliminaires sur des ongulés des terrains Crétacés de Patagonie".Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias en Córdoba.16:349–426.OCLC123174974.
Burmeister, Hermann (1879).Description physique de la République Argentine: d'après des observations personnelles et étrangères. Vol. 3 Animaux vertébrés, 1. partie, Mammifères vivants et éteints. Paris: Savy. p. 520.OCLC162707154.
Johnson, Steven C.; Madden, Richard H. (1997). "Uruguaytheriine Astrapotheres of Tropical South America". In Kay, Richard F.; Madden, Richard H.; Cifelli, Richard L.; Flynn, John J. (eds.).Vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics: the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 355–82.ISBN978-1-56098-418-4.OCLC30320084.
Kraglievich, Lucas (1928).Sobre el supuesto Astrapotherium Christi Stehlin, descubierto en Venezuela (Xenastrapotherium n. gen.) y sus relaciones con Astrapotherium magnum y Uruguaytherium Beaulieui. Buenos Aires: La Editorial Franco-Argentina.OCLC20881142.
Kramarz, Alejandro G; Bond, Mariano (2009). "A new oligocene astrapothere (Mammalia , Meridiungulata) from Patagonia and a new appraisal of astrapothere phylogeny".Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.7 (1):117–128.doi:10.1017/S147720190800268X.hdl:11336/102700.S2CID85351962.
Kramarz, Alejandro; Bond, Mariano (2011). "A new early Miocene astrapotheriid (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) from Northern Patagonia, Argentina".Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen.260 (3):277–87.doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0132.hdl:11336/68995.OCLC740850188.
Simpson, George Gaylord (1945).The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the AMNH. Vol. 85. New York: American Museum of Natural History.hdl:2246/1104.OCLC341579.
Simpson, George Gaylord (1957). "A new Casamayoran astrapothere".Revista del Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales y Tradicional de Mar del Plata.1 (3):11–18.OCLC81633287.
