The Hudson River area was originally inhabited byAlgonquian-speakingMohican.[9] The area was settled byDutch colonists, who builtFort Nassau in 1614 for fur trading andFort Orange in 1624. In 1664, theEnglish took over the Dutch settlements, renaming the cityAlbany in honor of the Scottish title of the Duke of York (laterJames II of England and Ireland and James VII ofScotland): theDuke of Albany.[10][11] The city was officiallychartered in 1686 under English rule. It became the capital of New York in 1797 after the formation of the United States. Albany is the oldest surviving settlement of the original BritishThirteen Colonies north of Virginia.[12]
In the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th, Albany was a center of trade and transportation. The city lies toward the north end of the navigable Hudson River. It was the original eastern terminus of theErie Canal, connecting to theGreat Lakes, and was home to some of the earliestrailroads in the world. In the 1920s a powerfulpolitical machine controlled by theDemocratic Party arose in Albany. In the latter part of the 20th century, Albany's population shrank because ofurban sprawl and suburbanization. In the 1990s, theNew York State Legislature approved for the city a US$234 million building and renovation plan, which spurred downtown redevelopment.[13] In the early 21st century, Albany'shigh-technology industry grew, significantly innanotechnology.[14][15]
TheHudson River area was originally inhabited byAlgonquian-speakingMohican (Mahican), who called itPempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw, meaning "the fireplace of the Mohican nation".[16] Based to the west along theMohawk River, the Iroquoian-speakingMohawk called itSche-negh-ta-da, "through the pine woods", referring to the path they took there.[17][g]
According toHendrick Aupaumut, the Mohicans came to the area from the north and the west. They settled along the Mahicannituck, which is now called the Hudson River, and called themselves theMuh-he-con-neok, the "People of the Waters That Are Never Still".[19]
The Mohawks, one of theFive Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, were based in the Mohawk valley and noted for their fur trading and their access to trade between the Iroquois and other nations.[20] The Mohawk became strong trading partners with the Dutch and English. It is likely that the area was visited by European fur traders perhaps as early as 1540, but the extent and duration of those visits are unclear.[21]
Permanent European claims began when EnglishmanHenry Hudson, exploring for theDutch East India Company on theHalf Moon (Dutch:Halve Maen), reached the area in 1609, claiming it for theUnited Netherlands.[22] In 1614,Hendrick Christiaensen builtFort Nassau on Castle Island (now calledPort of Albany), in the Hudson River. The fort acted as afur-trading post and was the first documented European structure in present-day Albany. Commencement of the fur trade provoked hostility from theFrench colony in Canada and among the natives, all of whom vied to control the trade. In 1618, a flood ruined Fort Nassau, but the Dutch replaced it withFort Orange on the mainland in 1624.[23] Both forts were named in honor of the leading family of the Dutch Revolt, members of theHouse of Orange-Nassau.[24] Fort Orange and the surrounding area were incorporated as the village ofBeverwijck (English:Beaverwick or Beaver District) in 1652,[25][26] and the city of Albany in 1686. In these early decades of trade, the Dutch, Mohican, and Mohawk developed relations that reflected differences among their three cultures.[27][clarification needed]
Albany is one of theoldest surviving European settlements from the originalThirteen Colonies[28] and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States.[h] WhenNew Netherland was captured by theEnglish in 1664, the name was changed fromBeverwijck toAlbany in honor of theDuke of Albany (later James II).[31][i] Duke of Albany was aScottish title given since 1398, generally to a younger son of theKing of Scots.[32] The name is ultimately derived fromAlba, theGaelic name for Scotland.[33] The Dutch briefly regained Albany in August 1673 and renamed the cityWillemstadt; the English took permanent possession in 1674 with theTreaty of Westminster.[34] On November 1, 1683, theProvince of New York was split into counties, withAlbany County being the largest: it included all of present New York State north ofDutchess andUlster Counties in addition to present-dayBennington County, Vermont, theoretically stretching west to the Pacific Ocean;[35][36] Albany became thecounty seat.[37] Albany was formally chartered as a municipality byprovincial GovernorThomas Dongan on July 22, 1686. TheDongan Charter was virtually identical in content to the charter awarded to the city of New York three months earlier.[38] Dongan created Albany as a strip of land 1 mile (1.6 km) wide and 16 miles (26 km) long.[39] Over the years Albany would lose much of the land to the west andannex land to the north and south. At this point, Albany had a population of about 500 people.[40]
During and after the Revolutionary War, Albany County saw a great increase in real estate transactions. AfterHoratio Gates defeatedJohn Burgoyne atSaratoga in 1777, the upperHudson Valley was generally at peace as the war raged on elsewhere. Prosperity was soon seen all overUpstate New York. Migrants from Vermont and Connecticut began flowing in, noting the advantages of living on the Hudson and trading at Albany, while being only a few days' sail from New York City.[46] Albany reported a population of 3,498 in thefirst national census in 1790, an increase of almost 700% since its chartering.[40]
On November 17, 1793, fire broke out at a stable belonging toLeonard Gansevoort, destroying 26 homes on Broadway, Maiden Lane, James Street, and State Street. Three were arrested and charged with arson: Pompey, a man enslaved by Matthew Visscher; Dinah, a 14-year-old girl enslaved byVolkert P. Douw; and Bet, a 12-year-old girl enslaved byPhilip S. Van Rensselaer. On January 6, 1794, the three were sentenced to death.Governor George Clinton issued a temporary stay of execution, but Dinah and Bet were executed by hanging on March 14, and Pompey on April 11, 1794.[47]
This 1895 map of Albany shows the griddedblock system as it expanded around the formerturnpikes.
Albany has been a center of transportation for much of its history. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Albany saw development of theturnpike and by 1815, Albany was the turnpike center of the state. The development ofSimeon De Witt's gridded block system in 1794—which renamed streets that had originally named after theBritish royal family with names ofbirds and mammals instead[k]—was intersected by these major arterials coming out of Albany, cutting through the city at unexpected angles.[52][53] The construction of the turnpike, in conjunction with canal and railroad systems, made Albany the hub of transportation for pioneers going toBuffalo and theMichigan Territory in the early and mid-19th century.[52][54]
ThesteamerAlbany departs for New York City; at the height of steam travel in 1884. 1.5 million passengers took the trip.[55]
In 1807,Robert Fulton initiated asteamboat line from New York City to Albany, the first successful enterprise of its kind anywhere in the world.[55] By1810, with 10,763 people, Albany was the tenth-largest urban place in the nation.[56] The town and village north of Albany known as "the Colonie"[l] was annexed in 1815.[57] In 1825 theErie Canal was completed, forming a continuous water route from theGreat Lakes to New York City. Unlike the currentBarge Canal, which ends at nearbyWaterford, the original Erie Canal ended at Albany; Lock 1 was north of Colonie Street.[60] The Canal emptied into a 32-acre (13 ha) man-made lagoon called theAlbany Basin, which was Albany's main port from 1825 until thePort of Albany-Rensselaer opened in 1932.[61][62] In 1829, while working as a professor at theAlbany Academy,Joseph Henry, widely regarded as "the foremost American scientist of the 19th century",[63] built the firstelectric motor. Three years later, he discoveredelectromagnetic self-induction (theSI unit for which is now thehenry). He went on to be the firstSecretary of the Smithsonian Institution.[64] In the1830 and1840 censuses, Albany was ranked as the ninth-largest urban place in the nation;[65][66] it dropped back to tenth in1850.[67] This was the last time the city was one of the top ten largest urban places in the nation.[68]
Albany also has significant history withrail transport,[69] as the location of two major regional railroad headquarters. TheDelaware and Hudson Railway was headquartered in Albany at what is now theSUNY System Administration Building.[70] In 1853,Erastus Corning, a noted industrialist and Albany's mayor from 1834 to 1837, consolidated ten railroads stretching from Albany to Buffalo into theNew York Central Railroad (NYCRR), headquartered in Albany untilCornelius Vanderbilt moved it to New York City in 1867.[71][72] One of the ten companies that formed the NYCRR was theMohawk and Hudson Railroad, which was the first railroad in the state and the first successful steam railroad running regularly scheduled service in the country.[73][74]
While the key to Albany's economic prosperity in the 19th century was transportation, industry and business also played a role. Largely thanks to the city's Dutch and German roots, beer was one of its biggest commodities.Beverwyck Brewery, originally known as Quinn and Nolan (Nolan being mayor of Albany 1878–1883),[76] was the last remaining brewer from that time when it closed in 1972. The city's location at the east end of the Erie Canal gave it unparalleled access to both raw products and a captive customer base in the west.[77] Albany was known for its publishing houses, and to some extent, still is. Albany was second only toBoston in the number of books produced for most of the 19th century.[78] Iron foundries in both the north and south ends of the city attracted thousands of immigrants to the city for industrial jobs. Intricatewrought-iron details constructed in those years remain visible on what are now historic buildings. The iron industry waned by the 1890s due to increased costs associated with a newlyunionized workforce and the opening of mines in theMesabi Range inMinnesota.[79]
Broadway in Albany during thefuneral ceremonies for Abraham Lincoln (1865)
Albany's other major exports during the 18th and 19th centuries were furs, wheat, meat, and lumber.[80] By 1865, there were almost 4,000 saw mills in the Albany area[80] and theAlbany Lumber District was the largest lumber market in the nation.[75] The city was also home to a number of banks. The Bank of Albany (1792–1861) was the second chartered bank in New York.[81] The city was the original home of the Albank (founded in 1820 as the Albany Savings Bank),[82]KeyBank (founded in 1825 as the Commercial Bank of Albany),[83] and Norstar Bank (founded as the State Bank of Albany in 1803).[84]American Express was founded in Albany in 1850 as anexpress mail business.[85] In 1871, the northwestern portion of Albany—west from Magazine Street—was annexed to the neighboring town of Guilderland[86] after the town ofWatervliet refused annexation of the territory.[87][88] In return for this loss, portions of Bethlehem and Watervliet were added to Albany. Part of the land annexed to Guilderland was ceded back to Albany in 1910, setting up the current western border.[57]
The train carrying the body of slain President Abraham Lincoln came through Albany on the way to Illinois and the ghostly image of that train remains.[89]
Albany opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, and the first municipal airport in the United States, in 1908.[citation needed] Originally on a polo field on Loudon Road, it moved toWesterlo Island in 1909 and remained there until 1928.[citation needed] The Albany Municipal Airport—jointly owned by the city and county—was moved to its current location inColonie in 1928.[citation needed] By 1916 Albany's northern and southern borders reached their modern courses;[57]Westerlo Island, to the south, became the second-to-last annexation, which occurred in 1926.[90]
Erastus Corning 2nd, arguably Albany's most notable mayor (and great-grandson of the former mayor of the same name), was elected in 1941.[91] Although he was one of the longest-serving mayors of any city in United States history (1942 until his death in 1983), one historian describes Corning's tenure as "long on years, short on accomplishments,"[92] citing Corning's preference for maintaining the status quo as a factor that held back potential progress during his tenure.[93] While Corning brought stability to the office of mayor, it is said even those who admire him greatly cannot come up with a sizable list of "major concrete Corning achievements."[94] Corning is given credit for saving—albeit somewhat unintentionally—much of Albany's historic architecture.[m]
During the 1950s and 1960s, a time when federal aid for urban renewal was plentiful,[93] Albany did not have growth in its economy or infrastructure. It lost more than 20 percent of its population during the Corning years, as people moved to newer housing in the suburbs, followed by most of the downtown businessesmoving there as well.[95] While cities across the country grappled with similar issues, the problems were magnified in Albany: interference from the Democratic political machine hindered progress considerably.[93] In 1960, the mayor sold the city's stake in the airport to the county, citing budget issues. It was known from then on as Albany County Airport until a massive upgrade and modernization project between 1996 and 1998, when it was rebrandedAlbany International Airport.[n]
GovernorNelson Rockefeller (1959–1973) (R) tried to stimulate the city with new monumental architecture and large, government-sponsored building projects; he drove construction of theEmpire State Plaza,SUNY Albany's uptown campus, and much of theW. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus.[98] Albany CountyRepublican Chairman Joseph C. Frangella once quipped, "Governor Rockefeller was the best mayor Albany ever had."[99] Corning, although opposed to the project, was responsible for negotiating the payment plan for theEmpire State Plaza. Rockefeller did not want to be limited by the Legislature'spower of the purse, so Corning devised a plan to have the county pay for the construction and have the state sign a lease-ownership agreement. The state paid off the bonds until 2004. It was Rockefeller's only viable option, and he agreed. Due to the clout Corning gained from the situation, he gained inclusion of the State Museum, a convention center, and a restaurant, back in the plans—ideas which Rockefeller had originally vetoed. The county gained $35 million in fees and the city received $13 million for lost tax revenue. Having the state offices in the city enabled it to keep good jobs and retain middle-class residents.[100]
Another major project of the 1960s and 1970s was the construction ofInterstate 787 and theSouth Mall Arterial.[o] Construction began in the early 1960s. A proposed Mid-Crosstown Arterial never came to fruition.[101] One of the project's main results was separating the city from the Hudson River. Historian Paul Grondahl has described Corning as shortsighted with respect to use of the waterfront, saying the mayor could have used his influence to change the location of I-787, which now cuts the city off from "its wholeraison d'être"[102] In 1967, the hamlet of Karlsfeld was the last annexation by the city, sourced from the Town of Bethlehem.[57]
When Corning died in 1983,Thomas Whalen assumed the mayorship and was reelected twice. He encouraged redevelopment of historic structures and helped attract federal dollars earmarked for that purpose. What Corning had saved from destruction, Whalen refurbished for continued and new uses.[103] The Mayor's Office of Special Events was created in an effort to increase the number of festivals and artistic events in the city, including a year-longDongan Charter tricentennial celebration in 1986.[104] Whalen is credited for an "unparalleled cycle of commercial investment and development" in Albany due to his "aggressive business development programs".[105]
Prior to therecession of the 1990s, downtown Albany was home to fourFortune 500 companies.[106] After the death of Corning and the retirement of CongressmanSam Stratton, the political environment changed. Long-term office holders became rare in the 1980s. Local media began following the drama surrounding county politics (specifically that of the newly created county executive position); the loss of Corning (and eventually the machine) led to a lack of interest in city politics.[107] The election ofGerald Jennings was a surprise, and he served as mayor from 1994 until his retirement at the end of 2013. His tenure essentially ended the political machine that had been in place since the 1920s.[108]
During the 1990s, the State Legislature approved the $234 million "Albany Plan", "a building and renovation project [that] was the most ambitious building project to affect the area since the Rockefeller era." Under the Albany Plan, renovation and new building projects were initiated around the downtown area. Many state workers were relocated from the Harriman State Office Campus to downtown, helping its retail businesses and vitality.[13] The first decade of the 21st century saw a real possibility for a long-discussed and controversial Albany Convention Center; it opened in 2017 with the goal of making Albany a viable location for large events hosted by statewide organizations.[109]
Albany is about 135 miles (217 km) north of New York City on theHudson River.[25] It has a total area of 21.8 square miles (56 km2), of which 21.4 square miles (55 km2) is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2) (1.8%) is water.[117] The city is bordered on the north by the town ofColonie (along with thevillage ofMenands), on the west by the town ofGuilderland, and on the south by the town ofBethlehem.[118] The former Foxes Creek,[119] Beaver Kill,[120] and Rutten Kill[121] were diverted underground in the 19th century. There are four lakes within city limits:Buckingham Lake;Rensselaer Lake at the mouth of the Patroon Creek;Tivoli Lake, which was formed as a reservoir and once connected to the Patroon Creek; andWashington Park Lake, which was formed by damming the Beaver Kill.[118][120]
The highest natural point in Albany is a USGSbenchmark near the Loudonville Reservoir off Birch Hill Road, at 378 feet (115 m)above sea level. The lowest point is at the Hudson River—which is still technically anestuary at Albany and is affected by the Atlantictide[123]—at an average of 2 feet (0.61 m) above sea level at low tide and 4 feet (1.2 m) at high tide.[124] The interior of Albany consists of rolling hills which were once part of theAlbany Pine Bush, an area ofpitch pine andscrub oak, and has arid, sandy soil that is a remnant of the ancientLake Albany. Due to development, the Pine Bush has shrunk from an original 25,000 to 6,000 acres (10,100 to 2,400 ha) today. A preserve was set up by the State Legislature in 1988 and is on the city's western edge, spilling intoGuilderland and Colonie;[125] it is the only sizable inlandpine barrenssand dune ecosystem in the United States,[122] and is home to many endangered species, including theKarner Blue butterfly.[126]
Albany is in thehumid continental climate zone (Köppen climate classification: Dfa),[127] and features cold, snowy winters, and hot, humid summers; the city experiences four distinct seasons. Albany is in planthardiness zone 6a near downtown and along the shore of the Hudson and 5b at its western end.[128] Albany receives 40.7 inches (1,030 mm) of precipitation per year,[129] with 138 days of at least 0.01 in (0.25 mm) ofprecipitation each year. Snowfall is significant, totaling 59.4 inches (151 cm) per season,[129] but with less accumulation than thelake effect areas to the north and west, as it is farther fromLake Ontario. However, Albany is close enough to theAtlantic coast to receive heavy snow fromNor'easters and the city occasionally receivesAlberta clippers.[130] Winters can be very cold with fluctuating conditions; temperatures drop to 0 °F (−18 °C) or below on nine nights per annum.[131] Summers in Albany can contain stretches of excessive heat and humidity, with temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or hotter on nine days per year.[131] Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.[131]
Housing in Ten Broeck Triangle, a subset of theArbor Hill neighborhood
Due to the variety of its communities, Albany is often called a "city of neighborhoods."[134][135][136] The neighborhoods of Albany[137][138] includeArbor Hill;[139] Center Square, "[an] eclectic mix of residential and commercial [buildings], including bars, night clubs, restaurants, and stores";[140]Pine Hills;[141] and the South End.[142]
Map of racial distribution in Albany, 2020 U.S. census. Each dot is one person:⬤ White⬤ Black⬤ Asian⬤ Hispanic⬤ Multiracial⬤ Native American/Other
Historically, Albany's population has been mixed. First dominated by Mohican and Mohawk, then Dutch and Germans, it was overtaken by the British in the early 19th century. Irish immigrants soon outnumbered most other ethnicities by the mid-19th century, and were followed by Italians andPoles. In the mid-to-late 20th century, the African-American population increased with thousands of people from the rural South, as part of theGreat Migration. As historian (and Albany Assemblyman)John McEneny puts it,
Dutch and Yankee, German and Irish, Polish and Italian, Black and Chinese—over the centuries Albany's heritage has reflected a succession of immigrant nationalities. Its streets have echoed with a dozen languages, its neighborhoods adapting to the distinctive life-style and changing economic fortunes of each new group.[147]
Until after the Revolution, Albany's population consisted mostly of ethnic Dutch descendants. Settlers migrating from New England tipped the balance toward British ethnicity in the early 19th century.[148] Jobs on the turnpikes, canals, and railroads attracted floods ofIrish immigrants in the early 19th century, especially in the 1840s during theGreat Famine, solidifying the city's Irish base.Michael Nolan became Albany's firstIrish Catholic mayor in 1878,[149] two years before Boston.[150]Polish andItalian immigrants began arriving in Albany in the wave of immigration in the latter part of the 19th century. Their numbers were smaller than in many other eastern cities mainly because most had found manufacturing jobs atGeneral Electric in Schenectady.[151] The Jewish community had been established early, withSephardic Jewish members as part of the Beverwijck community. Its population rose during the late 19th century, when manyAshkenazi Jews immigrated from eastern Europe.[151] In that period, there was also an influx ofChinese and east Asian immigrants, who settled in the downtown section of the city. Many of their descendants have since moved to suburban areas.[152] Asian immigration all but halted after theImmigration Act of 1924.[153]
Albany saw its last large immigration pattern as part of theGreat Migration when many African Americans moved there from theAmerican South before and afterWorld War I to fill industrial positions and find other opportunities. In the early years, African-Americans lived together with Italians, Jews, and other immigrants in the South End, where housing was older and less expensive.[154] The black community has grown as a proportion of the population since then; African Americans made up three percent of the city's population in 1950, six percent in 1960, 12 percent in 1970, and 30 percent in 2010. The change in proportion is related mostly to middle-class white families moving to the suburbs and black families remaining within city limits during the same time period.[153][145]
Since 2007, the number ofBurmese refugees to Albany has increased. The Burmese refugee community consists mostly of people ofKaren ethnicity. An estimated 5,000 Burmese refugees reside in Albany as of January 2015[update].[155][156]
A significant Jewish presence has existed in Albany as early as 1658.[168] As of 2010, Albany is home to twoConservative synagogues, aChabad-Lubavitch synagogue, anOrthodox synagogue, and twoReform synagogues.[169] Albany is also home to one of the fewKaraite synagogues outside Israel.[170][verification needed] As of 2008, the total membership in Albany's synagogues was estimated at 12,000–13,000, with half the members residing outside the city.[168] Since the early 2000s, there has been an increase in Orthodox Jews moving to Albany from the New York Metro area, largely due to cheaper housing prices and closer walking proximity to synagogues.[171]
The Islamic community in Albany and its surrounding suburbs is represented by at least four major mosques in the region. The Muslim population increased substantially starting in the late 2000s, with the arrival of many refugees from countries such asIraq,Syria, andAfghanistan.[172]
Exact numbers on religious denominations in Albany are not readily available. Demographic statistics in the United States depend heavily on theUnited States Census Bureau, which cannot ask about religious affiliation as part of itsdecennial census.[173] It does compile some national and statewide religious statistics,[174] but these are not representative of a city the size of Albany. One report from 2000 offers religious affiliations for Albany County. According to the data, 59.2% of Albany County residents identified as Christian: 47% areRoman Catholic, 8.4% aremainline Protestants, 2.7% areEvangelical Protestants, and 1.1% areEastern orOriental Orthodox Christians. Residents who practice Judaism make up 4.2% of the population and Muslims represent 0.2%.[175]
Albany city, New York – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(September 2021)
As of April 1, 2020, Albany's population was 99,224.[179]
With a 2013 Census-estimated population of 1.1 million,[180] the eight county Capital District, encompassing Albany, Troy, Schenectady and Saratoga, is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state.
As of the2010 census,[145] Albany's population density was 4,572.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,765.5/km2). There were 46,362 housing units at an average density of 2,166.4 per square mile (836.5/km2); 5,205 of these units (11.2%) were vacant. Theracial makeup of the city residents was 52.3%white; 27%Black or African American; 0.06% Native American orNative Alaskan; 7.4%Asian; 0.1%Native Hawaiian orPacific Islander; .06% from other races; and 3.6% from two or more races. A total of 9.2% of the population wereHispanic or Latino of any race.[r]Non-Hispanic Whites were 52.0% of the population in 2010,[117] compared to 87.0% in 1970.[181]
As of 2010, 20.0% of Albany's population was under the age of 18, 19.3% was aged 18 to 24, 29.2% was aged 25 to 44, 18.1% was aged 45 to 64, and 13.4% was aged 65 years or older. The median age was 31.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.5 males. Some 81.3% of the population had completed high school or earned an equivalency diploma.[145]
As of the2000 census, the top fiveancestry groups in the city were African American (27%), Irish (18.1%), Italian (12.4%), German (10.4%), and English (5.2%); (33.1%) of the population reported "other ancestries". Albany is home to aTriqui language-speaking community ofMexican-Americans.[182][183]
There were 40,709 households in Albany in 2000, of which 22.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.3% were married couples living together, 16.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.8% were non-families. 41.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.95.[145]
The median income for a household in the city in 2000 was $94,454, and the median income for a family was $98,029 (male, year-round worker) and $88,926 (female, year-round worker). The per capita income for the city was $72,257.[184][s] About 16.0% of families and 21.7% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 28.8% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.[145] Therate of reported violent crimes for 2008 (1,095 incidents per 100,000 residents) were more than double the rate for similarly sized US cities. Reported property crimes (4,669 incidents per 100,000 residents) were somewhat lower.[185][186]
Demographically speaking, the population of Albany and the Capital District mirrors the characteristics of the United States consumer population as a whole better than any other major municipality in the country. According to a 2004 study conducted by theAcxiom Corporation, Albany and its environs are the top-ranked standard test market for new business and retail products. Albany, Rochester, and Syracuse all scored within the top five.[187]
Albany's violent crime rate was 10.03 per 1,000 residents in 2023,[189] compared to 7.69 in Buffalo,[190] 7.39 in Rochester,[191] 8.22 in Syracuse,[192] and 7.72 in New York City.[193] New York State had statewide violent crime rate of 3.90 per 1,000 people in 2023.[194]
Albany's economy, along with that of the Capital District in general, is heavily dependent on government,health care,education, and more recently, technology. Because of these typically steady economic bases, the local economy has been relatively immune to nationaleconomic recessions in the past.[196] In 2009, more than 25 percent of the city's population worked in government-related positions.[197] Albany's estimated daytime population is more than 162,000. Companies based in Albany includeTrans World Entertainment,AMRI Global andClough Harbour. In 2019, Albany had the fourth-highest amount of lawyers in its employment pool (7.5 lawyers per 1,000 jobs) compared to the rest of the nation, behind Washington, D.C., Trenton, New Jersey, and New York City, respectively.[198]
Since the 2000s, the economy of Albany and the surrounding Capital District has been directed towardhigh technology, a growing fourth sector of the area's economic base.Tech Valley is a marketing name for the eastern part of New York State, encompassing Albany, the Capital District, and theHudson Valley.[199] Originated in 1998 to promote the greater Albany area as a high-tech competitor to regions such asSilicon Valley andBoston, it has since grown to represent the counties in the Capital District and extending to 19 counties fromIBM'sWestchester County plants in the south to theCanada–US border in the north.
The annualFourth of July fireworks show at the Empire State Plaza(2009 show pictured)[203]
Albany's geographic situation—roughly equidistant from New York City to the south andMontreal to the north—makes it a convenient stop for nationally touring artists and acts. ThePalace Theatre andThe Egg are mid-sized forums for music, theater, and spoken-word performances; the Capital Repertory Theatre is smaller.[204] The MVP Arena is the city's largest musical venue for nationally and internationally prominent bands. It also hosts trade shows, sporting events, and other large gatherings.[205] Some people praise the cultural contributions of Albany and the greater Capital District;[104] others suggest that the city has a "cultural identity crisis" due to its widespread geography, which requires a car to reach most of what the area has to offer, a necessity not seen in larger and more densely populated metropolitan areas such as New York and Boston.[206]
In recent years, the city's government has invested resources to cultivate venues and neighborhoods that attract after-hours business.Madison Avenue,Pearl Street,Delaware Avenue andLark Street are the most active entertainment areas in the city. Many restaurants, clubs, and bars have opened since the mid-1990s, revitalizing areas that had once been abandoned and reclaiming old row houses, businesses, and apump station.[204] Bars are concentrated in three areas: about two blocks on Park Street, downtown; along Lark Street, home to smaller bars, which fit the neighborhood's artistic and eclectic style; and Western and Madison Avenues, in midtown, centered on theCollege of Saint Rose andSUNY Albany's downtown campus and drawing younger people.[207] Much of the bar restaurant scene features classic Irish Pubs.[208]
Alive at 5 is a free, weekly concert series held downtown during the summer on Thursdays;[209] with 10 concerts in 2010, total attendance was roughly 100,000.[210] TheTulip Festival is set in Washington Park and celebrates the city's Dutch heritage, which began withPinkster Festival, an African-Dutch Celebration.[211] This traditional Albany event marks the beginning of spring as thousands of tulips bloom in the park in early May;[212] attendance to the Tulip Festival in 2010 was approximately 80,000.[210] Another large festival in Albany is the Capital Pride Parade and Festival, a majorgay pride event held each June, attended by an estimated 30,000 spectators annually from across Upstate New York.[213]
ThePrice Chopper Fabulous Fourth and Fireworks Festival at the Empire State Plaza celebratesIndependence Day with musical performances and the region's largest fireworks display.[203]Freihofer's Run for Women is a5-kilometer run through the city that draws more than 4,000 participants from across the country; it is an annual event that began in 1978.[214]The Albany Chefs' Food & Wine Festival: Wine & Dine for the Arts is an annual Festival that hosts more than 3500 people over 3 days. The Festival showcases more than 70 Regional Chefs & Restaurants, 250 Global Wines & Spirits, a NYS Craft Beer Pavilion, 4 competitions (The Signature Chef Invitational, Rising Star Chef, Barista Albany and Battle of the Bartenders) and one Grand Gala Reception, Dinner & Auction featuring 10 f Albany's Iconic Chefs. The Albany Chefs' Food & Wine Festival donates all net proceeds to deserving Albany Arts Organizations and is held the Thursday-Saturday preceding Martin Luther King Weekend. Smaller events include the African American Family Day Arts Festival each August at the Empire State Plaza;[203] the Latin Fest, held each August at the Corning Preserve;[215] the Albany Jazz Festival, an annual end-of-summer event held at the Corning Preserve;[216] and Lark Fest, a music and art festival held each fall.[217]
Because of Albany's historical and political significance, the city has numerous museums, historical buildings, and historic districts. Albany is home to theNew York State Museum, theNew York State Library and theNew York State Archives; all three facilities are in theCultural Education Center at the south end ofEmpire State Plaza and are free to the public.[218] TheUSSSlater (DE-766), a decommissionedWorld War IIdestroyer escort that was restored in 1998, is amuseum ship docked in the Hudson River at Quay Street. It is the only ship of its kind still afloat.[219] The Albany Heritage Area Visitors Center, at the corner of Clinton Avenue and Broadway at Quackenbush Square, hosts a museum, gift shop, and the Henry Hudson Planetarium.[220] In early 2012, theIrish American Heritage Museum opened in downtown Albany. The museum is home to exhibits highlighting the contributions of the Irish people in America.[221]
TheAlbany Institute of History and Art, on Washington Avenue near the Center Square Neighborhood and State Capitol, is "dedicated to collecting, preserving, interpreting and promoting interest in the history, art, culture of Albany and the UpperHudson Valley region." The museum's most notable permanent exhibits include an extensive collection of paintings by theHudson River School and an exhibit onAncient Egypt featuring the institute's "Albany Mummies".[222]
Albany has been the subject, inspiration, or location for many written and cinematic works. Many[vague]non-fiction works have been written on the city. One of the city's more notable claims to fame isIronweed (1983), the 1984Pulitzer Prize-winning book by Albany nativeWilliam Kennedy.Ironweed was the third in a series of books by Kennedy known as the "Albany Cycle".[227][228] The elusive authorTrevanian also grew up in Albany and wroteThe Crazyladies of Pearl Street (2005), about a North Albany neighborhood along Pearl Street. The book is considered a semi-autobiographical memoir.[229]
This 1789 etching shows the Dutch influence on the architecture of early Albany.
Albany's initial architecture incorporated many Dutch influences, followed soon after by those of the English.[239]Quackenbush House, aDutch Colonial brick mansion, was builtc. 1736;[240]Schuyler Mansion, aGeorgian-style mansion, was built in 1765;[241] and the oldest building in Albany is the 1728Van Ostrande-Radliff House at 48 Hudson Avenue.[242] Albany's housing varies greatly, with mostly row houses in the older sections of town, closer to the river. Housing type quickly changes as one travels westward, beginning with two-family homes of the late 19th century, and one-family homes built after World War II in the western end of the city.[243]
Architecture from the 1960s and 1970s is well represented in the city, especially at theW. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus (1950s and 1960s) and on the uptown campus of theUniversity at Albany (1962–1971). The state office campus was planned in the 1950s by governorW. Averell Harriman to offer more parking and easier access for state employees.[250] The uptown SUNY campus was built in the 1960s under Governor Rockefeller on the site of the city-owned Albany Country Club. Straying from the popularopen campus layout, SUNY Albany has a centralized building layout with administrative and classroom buildings at center surrounded by four student housing towers. The design called for much use of concrete and glass, and the style has slender, round-topped columns and pillars reminiscent of those atLincoln Center in New York City.[251]
Downtown has seen a revival in recent decades, often considered to have begun withNorstar Bank's renovation of the former Union Station as its corporate headquarters in 1986.[t] The Knickerbocker Arena (MVP Arena) was originally slated for suburban Colonie,[253] but was instead built downtown and opened in 1990.[254] Other development in downtown includes the construction of theState Dormitory Authority headquarters at 515 Broadway (1998);[255] theState Department of Environmental Conservation building, with its iconic green dome, at 625 Broadway (2001);[256] theState Comptroller headquarters on State Street (2001);[257] theHudson River Way (2002), apedestrian bridge connectingBroadway to the Corning Preserve;[258] and 677 Broadway (2005), "the first privately owned downtown office building in a generation".[259][260]
Albany has teams in three top-level professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada (Albany FireWolves,New York Atlas, andAlbany Firebirds), and several minor-league sports teams with varying levels of support.[263]
Albany has more than 60 public parks and recreation areas.[283]Washington Park was organized as the Middle Public Square in 1806. Its current location has been public property since theDongan Charter of 1686 gave the city title to all property not privately owned. Washington Park was designed byJohn Bogart and John Cuyler in 1870,[284] and opened for public use the following year. The original lake house, designed by Frederick W. Brown, was added in 1876. The park had previously been used as a cemetery; its graves were moved toAlbany Rural Cemetery. Washington Park is a popular place to exercise and play sports; skate during the winter; people-watch duringTulip Fest; and attend plays at the amphitheater during the summer.[284][285][286][287]
Other parks in Albany includeLincoln Park, Buckingham Park, the Corning Preserve, the Albany Skyway and the Pine Bush. Lincoln Park, southwest of the Empire State Plaza, was organized in 1886 and was originally known as Beaver Park.[288] Today, the park has a pool that is open during the summer months.Buckingham Lake Park is between Manning Boulevard andRoute 85 in the Buckingham Pond neighborhood; it contains a pond with fountains, a footpath, a playground, and picnic tables.[289] The Albany Riverfront Park at the Corning Preserve has an 800-seatamphitheatre that hosts events in non-winter months, most notably theAlive at 5 summer concert series. The Preserve's visitors center details the ecology of the Hudson River and the local environment.[290] The park has a bike trail and boat launch[290] and was effectively separated from downtown byInterstate 787 until the opening of theHudson River Way in 2002.[258]
Other public parks include Westland Hill Park, Hoffman Park, Beverwyck Park,[291] and Liberty Park, today a small circular grassy patch in downtown on Hudson Avenue, which is Albany's oldest park.[292] Ridgefield Park is home to the clay courts of the Albany Tennis Club, one of the oldest tennis clubs in the United States.[293] The municipalgolf course,New Course at Albany, was constructed in 1929 as the Albany Municipal Golf Course, later renamed the Capital Hills at Albany, and remodeled in 1991.[294]
Albany has astrong mayor-council government, which functions under theDongan Charter, granted by colonial governorThomas Dongan in 1686 when Albany was incorporated. A revised charter was adopted by referendum in 1998, but was legally reckoned as an amendment to the Dongan Charter. This gives Albany the distinction of having the oldest active city charter in the United States and "arguably the longest-running instrument of municipal government in theWestern Hemisphere."[12][295] Themayor, who is elected every four years, heads theexecutive branch of city government.[296] The current mayor,Kathy Sheehan, was first elected in 2013.[297] The Common Council represents thelegislative branch of city government and is made up of fifteen council members (each elected from oneward) and anat-large Common Council President.[295] The current president is Corey Ellis;[298] he began his term in January 2018.[299]
While Albany has its own city government, it has also been the seat ofAlbany County since the county's formation in 1683 and the capital of New York since 1797. As such, the city is home to all branches of the county and state governments, as well as its own.Albany City Hall sits on Eagle Street, opposite the State Capitol,[300] and the Albany County Office Building is on State Street.[301] The state government has offices scattered throughout the city.[citation needed]
Albany's politics have been dominated by theDemocratic Party since the 1920s;Daniel (Uncle Dan) O'Connell established apolitical machine in the city with the election ofWilliam Stormont Hackett as mayor in 1922.[306] Prior to that,William Barnes Jr. had set up aRepublican machine in the 1890s. Barnes' success is attributed to the fact that he owned two newspapers in Albany and that he was the grandson ofThurlow Weed, the influential newspaper publisher and political boss.[307] O'Connell's organization overcame Barnes' in 1922 and survived well into the 1980s (even after his death). In many instances, votes were outright bought.[308]
Gerald Jennings' upset in the 1993 Democratic mayoralprimary over Harold Joyce, who had the Democratic Party's formal endorsement and had only recently been its county chairman, is often cited as the end of the O'Connell era in Albany.[309] In the early 21st century, Albany continued to be dominated by the Democratic Party. Democratic Party enrollment in the city was 38,862 in 2009, while Republican enrollment was 3,487.[310] As of 2022, every elected city position had been held by a Democrat since 1931.[311]
In November 2013, Kathy Sheehan became the first woman to be elected Mayor of Albany.[312]
WTEN(headquarters pictured),WXXA, andSpectrum News broadcast from within city limits.
TheTimes Union is Albany's primary daily newspaper and the only one based close to the city; its headquarters moved from within city limits to suburbanColonie in the 1960s after a dispute with Mayor Corning over land needed for expansion.[332] Its circulation totals about 73,000 on weekdays and 143,000 on Sundays.[333] Serving Albany to a lesser degree areThe Daily Gazette, based in Schenectady,[334] andThe Record, of Troy.[335]Metroland is the alternative newsweekly in the area, publishing each Thursday,[336] whileThe Business Review is a business weekly published each Friday.[337] TheLegislative Gazette, another weekly newspaper, focuses exclusively on issues related to the Legislature and the state government.[338]
As of 2010, the Albany-Schenectady-Troymedia market is the 63rd-largest in the country in terms ofradio[339] and the 57th-largest in terms oftelevision audiences.[340] It is a broadcast market with historical significance. The pioneering influence ofGeneral Electric in Schenectady directly contributed to the area emerging as the birthplace of station-based television withWRGB; the station was also the first affiliate ofNBC.[341] In 1947, the region was home to the first independently owned and operated commercialFM radio station in the United States:W47A.[341]WGY was the second commercial radio station in New York and the twelfth in the nation.[341] The Capital District is home toABC affiliateWTEN 10,[342]CBS affiliateWRGB 6 (also operatingCW affiliateWCWN 45),[343]Fox affiliateWXXA 23,[344]NBC affiliateWNYT 13 (also operatingMyNetworkTV affiliateWNYA 51),[345] andPBS member stationWMHT 17.Charter Communications hostsSpectrum News Capital Region, the area's only local 24-hour news channel.[346] The area has numerous[vague]radio stations.[citation needed]
View north along I-787 from the US 9/US 20/South Mall Arterial "circle" interchange in downtown Albany
TheNew York State Thruway is the most prominent highway serving Albany. From Albany westward, it is part ofInterstate 90, connecting Albany with major cities such asSyracuse,Rochester andBuffalo. To the south, it becomes part ofInterstate 87 and leads to New York City. A short un-tolled section of Interstate 90 extends around the northern and eastern portions of Albany before linking back up with the Berkshire extension of the Thruway, which leads to theMassachusetts Turnpike and ultimately toBoston. North of Albany, Interstate 87 follows theNorthway to Canada atChamplain;Autoroute 15 continues intoQuebec, linking Albany toMontreal.Interstate 787 links downtown Albany to the southbound I-87/Thruway to the south, while to the north, it links with the free portion of Interstate 90 before continuing to Troy, Watervliet, Colonie, and Menands. By way ofRoute 7, I-787 connects to the Northway.[347][better source needed]
Since the closure ofUnion Station on Broadway, area passenger-rail service is provided byAmtrak at theAlbany-Rensselaer station across the river in Rensselaer. In 2009, the station saw more than 720,000 passengers, making it Amtrak's second-busiest in New York, behind Manhattan'sPenn Station.[348] Amtrak provides service south to New York City; north to Montreal, and Burlington (Vermont); west to Niagara Falls, Toronto and Chicago; and east to Boston.[citation needed]
TheCapital District Transportation Authority (CDTA) provides bus service throughout Albany and the surrounding area, including Schenectady, Troy, and Saratoga Springs.[351] The city was once served by anurban streetcar service maintained by the United Traction Company. As in many American cities, after the advent of the automobile,light rail services declined in Albany and were replaced by bus and taxi services.[352]Greyhound Lines,[353]Trailways,[354]Peter Pan,[355]Short Line,Vermont Translines, and Yankee Trails[356] buses all serve a downtown terminal. Brown Coach provides commuter service.[357] Low-cost curbside bus service from the SUNY Albany campus and the Rensselaer station is also provided byMegabus, with direct service to New York City.[citation needed]
Albany, long an important Hudson River port, today serves domestic and international ships and barges through thePort of Albany-Rensselaer, on both sides of the river. The port has the largest mobile harbor crane in the state of New York.[359] TheNew York State Barge Canal, the ultimate successor of the Erie Canal, is in use today, largely by tourist and private boats.[360]
The city ofNijmegen, Netherlands connected with Albany followingWorld War II. With the help of the Catholic university in Albany, the Catholic University of Nijmegen (Radboud University Nijmegen) rebuilt its partly destroyed library, with over 50,000 books being donated to the Dutch university. To show its gratitude for post-war assistance, the city sent Albany 50,000tulip bulbs in 1948; this act led to the establishment of the annual Tulip Festival.[104] Most of the other connections were made in the 1980s during Mayor Whalen's term in office as part of his cultural expansion program.[104]
^MSN Encarta states that this nickname "resulted from the meeting here in 1754 of the Albany Congress, which adopted Benjamin Franklin's Plan of Union, the first formal proposal to unite the colonies.[3]
^In this instance,assiduity, "the quality of acting with constant and careful attention."[4]
^This name would later be adopted by the city ofSchenectady, to the west.[18]
^TheDongan Charter incorporated Albany three months after New York City's charter was ratified. However, the latter forfeited its charter duringLeisler's Rebellion, making Albany's the oldest effective charter in the country.[29][30]
^The Plan of Union's original intention was to unite the colonies in defense against aggressions of the French to the north; it was not an attempt to become independent from the British crown.[42]
^A rough grid pattern was established in 1764, aligning the streets with Clinton Avenue, which marked the northern border of Albany at the time.Patroon of theManor of Rensselaerswyck Stephen Van Rensselaer II followed the same directional system north of Clinton Avenue on his lands; however, the two systems were not related otherwise, which is why cross streets north and south of Clinton Avenue do not align. The stockade surrounding the city was taken down shortly before the Revolutionary War, allowing for expansion. De Witt, city surveyor at the time, continued the grid pattern to the west and renamed on his 1794 map any streets named after theBritish royal family. Hawk Street is the only road that retained its original name; the rest were renamed after birds and mammals.[50][51]
^"The Colonie" made up the current area of Arbor Hill and was the more urban part of theManor of Rensselaerswyck, which surrounded Albany.[57] It is the source of the name of the current town and village of Colonie.[58] Though retaining the original Dutch spelling, the municipality retains a unique pronunciation—/ˌkɒləˈniː/—that even a preeminent Beverwijck historian can not explain.[59]
^Grondahl summarizes it as, "This hard-line position of isolationism on the part of themachine was a curse economically – but a strange blessing unintentionally in architectural terms. While downtown went to seed and plans for large-scale construction and improvements came to a virtual standstill in Albany without federal money, pockets of the city's historic housing stock escaped the wrecking ball."[93]
^Albany International Airport is the public-facing brand of the Albany County Airport,[96] which remains overseen by the Albany County Airport Authority.[97]
^The Empire State Plaza was originally known as the South Mall; theSouth Mall Arterial is the only remnant of that naming scheme.
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^Official records for Albany kept January 1874 to May 1938 at downtown and at Albany Int'l since June 1938. For more information, seeThreadex
^The percentages listed here were calculated using the raw population data given by the Census Bureau divided by the total population, rounded to the nearesthundredth. These percentages were calculated using the total population value of 97,856 as thedivisor, not the 94,233 people claiming one race.[145]
^These values were given in 1999 dollars; here they have been adjusted for inflation.[145]
^In 2009,Bank of America (which now ownsFleetBank, the bank that eventually bought Norstar) consolidated its operations in an office building on State Street, leaving the former train station vacant.[252] Mayor Corning made great efforts to save the building, which had been owned by his great-grandfather's railroad a hundred years before. He was able to do it when governor Rockefeller brought state money in to purchase the building.[99]
^Albany was once home to 12 charter schools[317] until the closing of New Covenant Charter School in 2010.[318] It was announced in July 2010 that the Harriet Gibbons High School, an alternative high school for at-risk ninth graders, would close after a negative report from theState Department of Education demanded the elimination of ineffective programs.[319]
^The Accountability and Overview Report[320] puts the class of 2009 at 513 students and the Comprehensive Information Report[321] states that 416 of them graduated.
^Christian Brothers Academy was located in various Albany locations throughout the 19th century and then moved to the University Heights neighborhood in 1937. The school moved out of the city to Colonie in 1998 and has remained there since.[324]
^Platt, K. W., & Rincón, L. P. (2009). Latino Migration within New York State: Motivations and Settlement Experience. "Insider's Guide: Albany isn't Smallbany".New York Makers. March 11, 2014. RetrievedJanuary 4, 2024.
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^Gordon, Marcy (March 9, 2004)."Bank Merger Clears Last Hurdle".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. E1. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedJuly 19, 2010.
^National Water Quality Assessment Program (December 16, 2009)."The Hudson River Basin". United States Geological Survey. Archived fromthe original on November 17, 2014. RetrievedOctober 10, 2010.
^Scruton, Bruce A. (January 18, 2005)."It's Winter, So Warm Up to It".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B1. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2010.
^"Homepage". Karaite Jewish Congregation Oraḥ Ṣaddiqim. 2010. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. RetrievedJune 22, 2010.This link is not active duringShabbat, which begins on Friday at sundown,local time, and ends the following Saturday night.
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^abFurfaro, Danielle T. (September 3, 2000)."City Bringing the Fun Downtown".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B3. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedJuly 20, 2010.
^DeMare, Carol (December 31, 2006)."The New Center of Attention".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. E1. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedJuly 20, 2010.
^"Women's 5K Run". USATF Adirondack Association, Inc. Archived fromthe original on March 28, 2010. RetrievedJuly 18, 2010.
^O'Brien, Tim (August 30, 2009)."This Fest Did Not Rest".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. C1. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedJune 23, 2010.
^"Events: Jazz Festival". City of Albany Office of Special Events & Volunteer Services. RetrievedJune 22, 2010.
^"LarkFEST 2010". Mannix Marketing, Inc. RetrievedJune 22, 2010.
^Karlin, Rick (April 22, 2009)."Lights, Camera, Detour".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. A1. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedJuly 26, 2010.
^Churchill, Chris (October 8, 2009)."Bright Lights, Our City".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. C1. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedJuly 26, 2010.
^Lane, Anthony."Out of the Frame".The New Yorker. Condé Nast. RetrievedAugust 18, 2016.
^Barnes, Steve (April 11, 2010). "Albany Book Festival Showcases Power of Storytelling".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers.
^Grondahl, Paul (December 23, 2008)."This Old House Under Our Noses".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2010.
^Churchill, Chris (October 21, 2009)."A Landmark Soon to Fall Empty".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2010.
^Benjamin, Elizabeth (February 4, 1999)."DEC Firms Up Plans for Tower".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B7. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedJune 18, 2010.
^Cappiello, Dina (September 2, 2001)."Workers, DEC Tussle Over Office".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. D3. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedJune 18, 2010.
^McGuire, Mark (January 22, 2010)."Streaking Siena".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B1. Archived fromthe original on July 11, 2012. RetrievedJune 22, 2010.
^Campbell, Steve (October 22, 2002)."Area Fans Are Hard to Please".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. C1. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedJune 22, 2010.
^Dougherty, Peter (June 11, 2010)."AHL Hockey Back in Albany".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B1. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedJune 22, 2010.
^Dougherty, Peter (October 10, 2010)."AHL Devils Lose Debut".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. C1. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedNovember 20, 2010.
^Wilkin, Tim (June 14, 2010)."Legends See Success".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Corporation. p. C1. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedJune 28, 2010.
^Iorizzo, Pete (March 12, 2006)."Welcome to the Party".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. A1. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedJune 22, 2010.
^Singelais, Mark (June 9, 2010)."Giants Keeping Camp at UAlbany".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. C1. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedJune 22, 2010.
^"Lincoln Park". Washington Park Conservancy. RetrievedJune 3, 2010.
^Lisi, Michael (July 22, 2007)."Buckingham Pond, Albany".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2010.
^Huey, Paul R (2002).The Patroon's Garden and Liberty Park, Albany, New York.Waterford: New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.OCLC77589030.
^O'Brien, Tim (January 10, 2009)."Albany contenders".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2010.
^Waldman, Scott (June 20, 2010)."Failed School Offers Lesson".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. A1. Archived fromthe original on July 7, 2012. RetrievedJuly 11, 2010.
^Waldman, Scott (March 30, 2010)."Again, Board Says Close".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B1. Archived fromthe original on May 1, 2011. RetrievedApril 26, 2010.
^Rulison, Larry (September 22, 2009)."Visit Fuels Tech Talk".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. D1. Archived fromthe original on April 30, 2011. RetrievedJune 18, 2010.
^Anderson, Eric (November 20, 2008)."Port of Albany 'still thriving'".Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. C1. Archived fromthe original on July 13, 2012. RetrievedJuly 18, 2010.
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Burger, Joanna (2006).Whispers in the Pines: a Naturalist in the Northeast. Piscataway, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.ISBN0-8135-3794-0.(Full text viaGoogle Books.)
Gehring, Charles T. (2000).Fort Orange Records 1656–1678. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press.ISBN978-0-585-30922-4.
Kennedy, William (1983).O Albany! Improbable City of Political Wizards, Fearless Ethnics, Spectacular Aristocrats, Splendid Nobodies, and Underrated Scoundrels. Albany: Viking Press.ISBN978-0-670-52087-9.
Rittner, Don (2000).Images of America: Albany. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing.ISBN0-7385-0088-7.
Roberts, Warren (2010).A Place in History: Albany in the Age of Revolution, 1775–1825. Albany: SUNY Press.ISBN978-1-4384-3329-5.
Scheltema, Gajus; Westerhuijs, Heleen, eds. (2011).Exploring Historic Dutch New York. New York: Museum of the City of New York / Dover Publications.ISBN978-0-486-48637-6.
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