Heraldry, the art and science ofarmorial design, first emerged inEurope during the 11th century, born out of necessity on the battlefield. As armies grew in size and complexity, symbols painted on shields and banners became essential for identifying allies, enemies and military leaders alike. Over time, these symbols evolved from practical battlefield markers into convoluted expressions of lineage, authority and identity, giving rise to a codified system we now know asheraldry.[1]
The term “heraldry” originates from the figure of theherald, a court official tasked with overseeing the use of armorial symbols. Heralds maintained records of coats of arms, organized ceremonies and ensured that emblems adhered to established norms. In Albanian tradition, this figure is known askasnec, a native term that underscores how deeply heraldry was embedded in local culture.[2]
Changes in heraldic design often mirrored real-world shifts: territorial expansion or loss, vassalage, strategic marriages, political alliances and the division of noble families into distinct branches.
Scholar and albanologistMilan Šufflay notes that heraldry was used in Albanian ceremonies and chancelleries from a very early period, stimulated by interaction with French knights and nobility. In line with these customs, theThopia andBalsa families had yielded their ownstandards andminted their owncoins.[3]
Andrea Thopia altered his family’s arms after marrying into French royalty, incorporating the fleur-de-lis of the Angevin crown. TheMuzaka, upon receiving the Byzantine title ofdespot, added the imperial double-headed eagle to their emblem, later including the six-pointed star of the Balsa, under whose domain they fell. A nephew ofSkanderbeg, having risen to ecclesiastical rank, introduced the Christian triangle symbolizing theHoly Trinity into his inherited arms.
By the late middle ages, heraldic composition had reached its artistic pinnacle. Originally limited to symbols on shields, heraldry expanded to include crests, helmets, mantling and supporters, forming the full coat of arms.[4]
Albanian heraldry was not confined to aristocratic families. As towns grew in wealth and independence, guilds, religious communities and even artisan associations adopted their own emblems. Statutes and coats of arms existed for cities likeScutari,Alessio,Durazzo,Dulcigno,Drivasto andZvaq. Trade guilds included the blacksmiths ofPeja, tanners ofElbasan and weapon-makers ofHajmel.[5]
Much of Albania’s heraldic legacy was eventually forgotten, from centuries of occupation and conflict. Ottoman rule actively discouraged and suppressed the symbols of nobility, leading to the destruction of towns, fortresses and cultural monuments.
The second chapter in Albanian heraldry unfolded during the 16th and 17th centuries, as many noble families sought refuge abroad.
Families like theAlbani,Cocco,Durazzo, Giura andZaguri rose to prominence within the Patrician class, amassing wealth and political influence. Others, such as the Petta, Macri, Boccali, Basta and Crescia distinguished themselves in military and administrative roles.
This noble heritage was also reflected in ecclesiastical heraldry. Bishops and clerics likeKonstandin Kastrioti,Pjetër Bogdani andNikollë Mekajshi wove ancestral symbols into their episcopal arms. Later families such as the Vulgari,Lapazaya and Parrino continued this tradition, often blending inherited Albanian motifs with new religious or academic elements.[6]
Heraldry extended beyond coats of arms and found wider use in seals, which served as necessary instruments of authority in the medieval world.
Surviving examples include those ofGjon Kastrioti andStrazimir Balsa, as well as documented references to civic seals, many of whom are nonexistent in visual form.
The most remarkable of all is the seal of Skanderbeg, bearing the double-headed eagle, now the national symbol of Albania.[7]
