Ouattara has two children, David Dramane Ouattara and Fanta Catherine Ouattara, from his first marriage to American Barbara Jean Davis. In 1991, Ouattara marriedDominique Nouvian, a French Algerian-bornCatholic businesswoman of maternal Jewish descent.[9] Their wedding was held in the town hall of the16th arrondissement of Paris.
Ouattara was an economist for theInternational Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C.[3] from 1968 to 1973, and afterwards he was theChargé de Mission in Paris of the Banque Centrale des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (West African Central Bank) from 1973 to 1975.[2][3] With the BCEAO, he was then Special Advisor to the Governor and Director of Research from February 1975 to December 1982 and Vice Governor from January 1983 to October 1984. From November 1984 to October 1988 he was Director of the African Department at the IMF, and in May 1987 he additionally became Counsellor to the Managing Director at the IMF.[3] On 28 October 1988 he was appointed as Governor of the BCEAO, and he was sworn in on 22 December 1988.[10] Ouattara has a reputation as a hard worker, keen on transparency and good governance.[1]
In April 1990, the IMF under the Structural Adjustment Program forced the Ivorian president,Félix Houphouët-Boigny, to accept Ouattara as Chairman of the Inter-ministerial Committee for Coordination of the Stabilization and Economic Recovery Programme of Côte d'Ivoire. While holding that position, Ouattara also remained in his post as BCEAO Governor. He subsequently became Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire on 7 November 1990, still under the IMF imposition,[3][10] after whichCharles Konan Banny replaced him as Interim BCEAO Governor.[10] He also held the position ofMinister of Economy and Finance from October 1990 to November 1993.[11]
While serving as prime minister, Ouattara also tried, illegally and against the constitution, to carry out presidential duties for a total of 18 months, including the period from March to December 1993, when Houphouët-Boigny was ill.[12] Houphouët-Boigny died on 7 December 1993, and Ouattara announced his death to the nation, saying that "Côte d'Ivoire is orphaned".[13][14] A brief power struggle ensued between Ouattara andHenri Konan Bédié, the president of the National Assembly, over the presidential succession in total disregard for the constitution that clearly gave Bedié the legal right to lead the country if Houphouet became unfit. Bédié prevailed and Ouattara resigned as prime minister on 9 December.[15] Ouattara then returned to the IMF as Deputy Managing Director, holding that post from 1 July 1994[2][3] to 31 July 1999.[3]
Prior to theOctober 1995 presidential election, theNational Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire approved an electoral code that barred candidates if either of their parents were of a foreign nationality and if they had not lived in Côte d'Ivoire for the preceding five years. It was widely thought these provisions were aimed at Ouattara. Owing to his duties with the IMF, he had not resided in the country since 1990. Also, his father was born in Burkina Faso. TheRally of the Republicans (RDR), an opposition party formed as a split from the rulingDemocratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI) in 1994, sought for Ouattara to be its presidential candidate. In late June 1995, RDR Secretary-GeneralDjéni Kobina met with Ouattara, at which time, according to Kobina, Ouattara said: "I'm ready to join you."[16] The party nominated Ouattara as its presidential candidate on 3 July 1995[17] at its first ordinary congress.[18] The government would not change the electoral code, however,[16] and Ouattara declined the nomination.[19][20] The RDRboycotted the election, along with theIvorian Popular Front (FPI) ofLaurent Gbagbo, leaving the PDCI's candidate, incumbent presidentHenri Konan Bédié, to win an easy victory.[16]
While serving as Deputy Managing Director at the IMF, in March 1998, Ouattara expressed his intention to return to Côte d'Ivoire and take part in politics again.[21] After leaving the IMF in July 1999, he was elected President of the RDR on 1 August 1999 at an extraordinary congress of the party,[22] as well as being chosen as its candidate for the next presidential election.[23] He said he was eligible to stand in the election, pointing to documents he said demonstrated that he and his parents were of Ivorian birth.
He was accused of forging these papers, prompting investigations.[24][25] President Bédié described Ouattara as aBurkinabé and said that Houphouët-Boigny "wanted Alassane Ouattara to concern himself only with the economy".[26] Ouattara's nationality certificate, issued in late September 1999,[27] was annulled by a court on 27 October.[27][28] An arrest warrant for Ouattara was issued on 29 November, although he was out of the country at the time; he nevertheless said that he would return by late December.[29]
On 24 December,the military seized power, ousting Bédié. Ouattara returned to Côte d'Ivoire after three months in France on 29 December, hailing Bédié's ouster as "not a coup d'état", but "a revolution supported by all the Ivorian people".[30][31]
A new constitution, approved by referendum in July 2000, controversially barred presidential candidates unless both of their parents were Ivorians,[32] and Ouattara was disqualified from the2000 presidential election.[33] The issues surrounding this were major factors in theFirst Ivorian Civil War, which broke out in 2002.
When asked in an interview about Ouattara's nationality, Burkinabé PresidentBlaise Compaoré responded, "For us, things are simple: he does not come from Burkina Faso, neither by birth, marriage, or naturalization. This man has been Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire."
President Gbagbo affirmed on 6 August 2007 that Ouattara could stand in the next Ivorian presidential election.[34] Ouattara was designated as the RDR's presidential candidate at its Second Ordinary Congress on 1–3 February 2008; he was also re-elected as President of the RDR for another five years. At the congress, he invited the former rebelNew Forces, from whom he had previously distanced himself, to team up with the RDR for the election.[35]
At the time, Ouattara said publicly that he did not believe Gbagbo would organize transparent and fair elections.[36]
The RDR and the PDCI are both members of the Rally of Houphouëtistes, and while Ouattara and Bédié ran separately in the first round, each agreed to support the other if only one of them made it into a potential second round.[35]
The presidential elections that should have been organized in 2005 were postponed until November 2010. The preliminary results announced independently by the president of the Electoral Commission from the headquarters of Ouattara due to concern about fraud in that commission.[clarification needed] They showed a loss for Gbagbo in favour of former prime minister Alassane Ouattara.[37]
The ruling FPI contested the results before theConstitutional Council, charging massive fraud in the northern departments controlled by the rebels of the New Forces. These charges were contradicted by United Nations observers (unlike African Union observers). The report of the results led to severe tension and violent incidents. The Constitutional Council, which consisted of Gbagbo supporters, declared the results of seven northern departments unlawful and that Gbagbo had won the elections with 51% of the vote – instead of Ouattara winning with 54%, as reported by the Electoral Commission.[37] After the inauguration of Gbagbo, Ouattara—who was recognized as the winner by most countries and the United Nations—organized an alternative inauguration. These events raised fears of a resurgence of the civil war; thousands of refugees fled the country.[37]
Hillary Clinton and Ouattara respond to questions from reporters during their joint press conference at the Presidential Palace in Abidjan, 2012
In 2010, a colonel of the Ivory Coast armed forces, Nguessan Yao, was arrested in New York in a year-longU.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement operation charged with procuring and illegal export of weapons and munitions: 4,0009 mm handguns, 200,000 rounds of ammunition, and 50,000 tear-gas grenades, in violation of a UN embargo.[40] Several other Ivory Coast officers were released because they had diplomatic passports. His accomplice, Michael Barry Shor, an international trader, was located inVirginia.[41][42]
The 2010 presidential election led to the2010–2011 Ivorian crisis and the Second Ivorian Civil War. International organizations reported numerous human-rights violations by both sides. In the city ofDuékoué, hundreds of people were killed. In nearbyBloléquin, dozens were killed.[43] UN and French forces took military action against Gbagbo.[44] Gbagbo was taken into custody after a raid into his residence on 11 April 2011. The country was severely damaged by the war, and observers say it will be a challenge for Ouattara to rebuild the economy and reunite Ivorians.[45]
The developments in the country were welcomed by world leaders. U.S. PresidentBarack Obama applauded news of the developments in Côte d'Ivoire, andCNN quoted U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton as saying Gbagbo's capture "sends a strong signal to dictators and tyrants.... They may not disregard the voice of their own people".[46]
In a controversial move in November 2012, President Ouattara sacked his government in a row over a new marriage law that would make wives joint heads of the household. His own party supported the changes, but the elements of the ruling coalition resisted, with the strongest opposition coming from the Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire.[47]
Shinzo Abe with Alassane Ouattara at the Guest House Akasaka Palace in 2019
Ouattara won a second five-year term in 2015 with almost 84% of the vote. With 2,118,229 votes, or 83.66% of votes cast, and a 54.63% turnout, his victory was a landslide compared to the 50% required to avoid a run-off and the 9% of his closest rival, FPI leaderPascal Affi N'Guessan.[48]
At the RDR's Third Ordinary Congress on 9–10 September 2017, it was expected that Ouattara would be elected as President of the RDR, but he instead proposedHenriette Diabaté for the post, and she was duly elected by acclamation.[49]
In March 2020, Ouattara announced he would not run again in the presidential elections of 31October 2020,[50] and supported Prime MinisterAmadou Gon Coulibaly as the presidential candidate of the RDR. After the sudden death of Coulibaly on 8July 2020, Ouattara considered putting forward Defense Minister Hamed Bakayoko, before changing his mind due to alleged links to drug trafficking. In July, he announced a run for a third term in office. His candidacy was controversial, for the Ivorian constitution permits only two presidential terms. The Constitutional Court ruled that the first term under a different constitution did not count for the purposes of the two-term rule of the current constitution, thus allowing Ouattara's candidacy; this led to violent protests in Abidjan and throughout the country.[51] Theelection of October 2020 was thus boycotted by a large part of the opposition, and saw the reelection of Alassane Ouattara with 95.31% of the votes under a 53.90% turnout.[citation needed]
^abcdef"Profile at IMF website". Archived from the original on 21 December 2005. Retrieved2011-04-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), 12 December 2005.
^"Jul 2000 – Referendum on new constitution",Keesing's Record of World Events, Volume 46, July 2000 Cote d'Ivoire, p. 43661.
^Daddieh, Cyril K. (2001). "Elections and Ethnic Violence in Côte d'Ivoire: The Unfinished Business of Succession and Democratic Transition".African Issues.29 (1–2):14–19.doi:10.2307/1167104.JSTOR1167104.
^DiCampo, Peter (27 April 2011)."An Uncertain Future".Ivory Coast: Elections Turn to War. Pulitzer Center.Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved17 July 2018.
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