| Personal information | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1973-12-26)26 December 1973 (age 51) Edinburgh, Scotland |
| Occupation | Alpine skier ♂ |
| Skiing career | |
| Disciplines | Slalom |
| World Cup debut | 1996 |
| Retired | 2009 |
Alain Baxter (born 26 December 1973) is a Scottish formeralpine skier who was formerly a professional specialising in theslalom discipline. He is best known for failing adrug test after finishing third in themen's slalom of the2002 Winter Olympics, resulting in him being controversiallystripped of the bronze medal; he would have become the first British person to win an Olympic medal in a skiing event. The use of a nasal inhaler purchased in the US had led to the presence of a banned substance in Baxter's urine. He was allowed to return to competition, although his appeal to have the medal reinstated failed. He competed in FIS events from 1991 to 2009 and became known as "The Highlander". In the World Cup events, he achieved eleven top-fifteen finishes and four top-ten results.
Baxter was born on 26 December 1973 inEdinburgh, Scotland.[1] He is the son of Iain and Sue Baxter, who were both British Ski Team members. Baxter's father named him afterAlan Breck Stewart, a character from theRobert Louis Stevenson novelKidnapped, who was a rebellious Highlander.[2] The French spelling led some to believe he was named after the 70s French skiing starAlain Penz.[3] He was educated at Kingussie High School.[2]
At 16 years of age, he was selected to the British Alpine Ski Team in 1991.[4] Baxter's first 10 years of competition were achieved without him having access to any significant funding.[5] Austrian journalists gave him thesobriquet "The Highlander".[6] He steadily worked his way through the world rankings, making the top 100 in time for the1998 Nagano Winter Olympics.[7] At Nagano in thegiant slalom he straddled a gate and was disqualified, having been 15th-fastest at the checkpoint just before.[8] He finished 31st in thegiant slalom.[9]
His best result in World Cup was 4th atÅre 11 March 2001.[10] This was Britain's highest placed Alpine finish in twenty years.[9] He had three other top 10 finishes in 2001.[10] In 2001, at Wengen he finished seventh in the World Cup Slalom, the best performance by a Britain at the Swiss resort.[11]
Ahead of the 2002 Winter Olympics, ski technology was developing rapidly and Baxter knew that his sponsorHead, was struggling to keep up the progress made by other ski manufacturers.[8]
In theSalt Lake City Olympics of 2002, Baxter made British Olympic history on 23 February by becoming the first British skier to win a medal (Bronze) in alpine skiing.[12] In themen's slalom, Baxter was in eighth place in the first run, then rose to third after the second run.[13] Before the competition he had dyed his hair in the pattern of theSaltire cross ofSt Andrew: theflag of Scotland.[14] TheBritish Olympic Association (BOA) ordered him to remove the political symbol, but the blue dye he used to try to obliterate the white saltire was a different shade, and the saltire pattern could still clearly be seen when he won his medal.[15]
On 1 March, as he was leaving the Olympic village to return home, Baxter was informed by the BOA that a sample he submitted had tested positive for a restricted substance.[16] Baxter returned home toAviemore to a hero's welcome and a parade around the town in an open top bus. On 5 March the BOA released a statement on his behalf, revealing that he had failed a drugs test, with his urine having tested positive for the prohibited substance, methamphetamine.[17] Baxter stated that he had not knowingly ingested, and that he would not make any further statement until the IOC's inquiry and disciplinary commissions ruled on his case.[18] After the first sample tested positive, a disciplinary stage was expected to follow and the British Olympic Association offered their support.[19] TheInternational Olympic Committee (IOC) held a private two-day hearing in Lausanne, where Baxter would be able to speak, with the outcome expected the following week.[20][21] On 21 March, Baxter held a press conference in London, where he offered an explanation that he believed a nasal inhaler that he had used had been the cause of the positive test.[22] the IOC announced the decision of their executive board that Baxter was disqualified and was told toreturn his medal. Baxter returned the medal, for it to be awarded to AustrianBenjamin Raich.[23]
Baxter had provided a urine sample immediately after the race on 23 February.[24] Initial reports were that his urine sample contained a trace amount ofmethamphetamine, a banned stimulant. The BOA formally asked the IOC to carry out a split test on Baxter's sample on the basis that there are two forms of the drug.[25] The more advanced tests showed that the substance present waslevomethamphetamine, alevorotary isomer of methamphetamine, which has no significant stimulant properties. Baxter later proved the source of levomethamphetamine was from aVicks inhaler that he had used in the United States. He had been unaware that the contents were different from those found in the UK version. TheInternational Ski Federation accepted his explanation and on 2 June announced they would require him to serve a ban of 3 months,[26][27] on the basis that this was a first offence of unintentionally using a prohibited substance.[28] This sanction meant he would miss the first month of the 2002–3 World Cup season and an appeal was lodged in late June.[28]
The British Ski and Snowboard Federation appealed to theCourt of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) and the case was heard on 30 September 2002. The appeal was successful and his ban was overturned.[29] This gave the Baxter camp great hope for the next appeal to have his medal returned.
The British Olympic Association assisted with, and publicly funded, an appeal against the loss of his medal. In October 2002 his medal appeal was heard by the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne.[30] The basis of the appeal was that the form of methamphetamine in the USA Vickslevomethamphetamine is an inactiveisomer ofmethamphetamine. The CAS and the IOC agreed that he had not intentionally ingested the substance.[31] Under the strict liability doctrine, athletes are liable if they inadvertently take any form of potentially performance-enhancing substance, and a large number of athletes have lost medals as a result. Cold cures and other over-the-counter medicines are the most common sources of trace levels of amphetamines and otherstimulants. His appeal rested on whether levAmphetamine was performance-enhancing,Vicks and other expert witnesses explained that it was a decongestant, and had negligible stimulant properties.Dr Don Catlin maintained that the banned list did not specify isomers so all forms were on the banned list and the strict liability doctrine applied. This was particularly controversial since 100 US athletes who won 19 medals tested positive for stimulants at his laboratory, and were cleared to continue competing, and Dr. Catlin was named as part of a 3-man committee that routinely allowed US Olympians such asCarl Lewis to continue competing despite failing drugs tests.[32][33] The vast majority of athletes named in Wade Exum's papers tested positive for stimulants found in over-the-counter cold medicines. Most were cleared after explaining that they had taken the substances inadvertently.[34][35]
The Baxter Appeal team headed by ProfessorArnold Beckett, a former member of the IOC medical commission, thought Dr Catlin's position was "inconsistent". He stated, "The things we are being told about in the USA make me very angry, particularly in relation to Alain Baxter's case. He did not take a banned substance, as levAmphetamine was not on the list, but it was Dr Catlin's evidence which the appeal committee believed."
The court upheld the IOC's decision to disqualify Baxter.[30][36] The CAS judgement found that "The panel is not without sympathy for Mr Baxter, who appears to be a sincere and honest man who did not intend to obtain a competitive advantage in the race."[30]: 8 Nevertheless, they found that his offence had been committed and as such would not reinstate the medal.[37] In December 2002, Raich received the bronze medal.[38]
In October 2002, on the eve of the appeal decision, Baxter's sponsorDrambuie, announced that their continued sponsorship for him in the 2002-03 season.[39] In 2004 he won his seventh British Slalom title,[40] a record that was unequalled untilDave Ryding also won a seventh title in 2016.[41]
While his form never quite reached the same heights as they did inSalt Lake City, Alain Baxter remained the highest ranked and most recognisable male alpine skier in the UK. He was well respected by the more established skiing nations and his talent was the best the UK had produced.
He competed in the2006 Winter Olympics at Turin, where he finished 16th in theslalom.[42]
In 2008, facing ongoing difficulties for funding, he posed naked for photographer Trevor Yerbury to produce a "tastefully nude" calendar.[43][44][45] Affected by a chronic back injury, he announced his retirement from competitive skiing in April 2009, age 35.[46]
Following retirement from competition, Baxter ran a ski shop and ski boot fitting service in Stirling.[47][48] In February 2014 an online petition was launched to return his medal.[49] There was renewed interest in the petition in 2016.[50]
In May 2021, GB Snowsport announced that Baxter was to join the men's Alpine World Cup Squad, having been appointed as a high performance coach for the team.[51]
In his youth, Baxter played ice hockey for Aviemore Blackhawks.[2] He was offered a contract to be a professional ice hockey player but he did not take this up, opting to concentrate on skiing.[9] He also playedshinty, and turned out forKincraig Shinty Club when that club was still active.[52][53]
Baxter won the 2004 BritishSuperstars event, defeatingDu'aine Ladejo who had edged Baxter out for the 2003 title.[54][55]
At the time of announcing his retirement from downhill skiing in 2009, Baxter set out plans to try track-cycling.[56] He had some assistance from the Scottish Institute of Sport's talent transfer programme.[57] Baxter made his debut on a track bike racing atManchester Velodrome on 5 December 2009, in the 200m sprint in theRevolution series.[58] He had hopes of racing in theCommonwealth Games in 2010 in Dehli but was finding it difficult to get enough track time given his other commitments, including being part of the BBC's commentary team for the2010 Winter Olympics.[59]
In 2015, Baxter took part inRed BullCrashed Ice racing events in Belfast and Quebec as part of a Scottish side.[60][61] He qualified for the final in Quebec but withdrew from the final after sustaining broken ribs.[61]
His brother,Noel Baxter is also an alpine skier. His cousinLesley McKenna is a leading professionalsnowboarder and winner of two World Cups.
Baxter married businesswoman Sheila Dow in 2006,[62] after the two met atFinlay Mickel's wedding the previous year.[1][44] They have three children.[47]
In 2014, the decision was taken to name a housing development in Aviemore in his honour.[63] "Alain Baxter Court" opened the following year.[64]
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |