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Al-Qata'i | |
|---|---|
  Al-Qata'i Location in Egypt | |
| Coordinates:30°01′N31°14′E / 30.017°N 31.233°E /30.017; 31.233 | |
| Country |  Egypt |
Al-Qaṭāʾi (Arabic:القَطائِع) was the short-livedTulunidcapital of Egypt, founded byAhmad ibn Tulun in the year 868 CE. Al-Qata'i was located immediately to the northeast of the previous capital,al-Askar, which in turn was adjacent to the settlement ofFustat. All three settlements were later incorporated into the city ofCairo, founded by theFatimids in 969 CE. The city was razed in the early 10th century CE, and the only surviving structure is theMosque of Ibn Tulun.[dubious –discuss]
Each of the new cities was founded with a change in the governance of the Middle East:Fustat was the firstArab settlement in Egypt, founded byAmr ibn al-A'as in 642 following theArab conquest of Egypt.Al-Askar succeeded Fustat as capital of Egypt after the move of thecaliphate from theUmayyad dynasty inDamascus to theAbbasids inBaghdad around 750 CE.
Al-Qata'i ("The Quarters") was established byAhmad ibn Tulun when he was sent to Egypt by the Abbasid caliph to assume the governorship in 868 CE. Ibn Tulun arrived with a large military force that was too large to be housed in al-Askar. The city was founded on the Gabal Yashkhur, a hill to the northeast of the existing settlements that was said to have been the landing point forNoah's Ark after theDeluge, according to a local legend.
Al-Qata'i was modelled to some degree afterSamarra inIraq, where Ibn Tulun had undergone military training. Samarra was a city of sections, each designated for a particular social stratum or subgroup. Likewise, certain areas of al-Qata'i were allocated to officers, civil servants, specific military corps, Greeks, guards, policemen, camel drivers, and slaves.[1] The new city was not intended to replace Fustat, which was a thriving market town, but rather to serve as an expansion of it. Many of the government officials continued to reside in Fustat.
The focal point of al-Qata'i was the largeceremonial mosque, named for Ibn Tulun, which is still the largestmosque in terms of area in Cairo. Among other architectural features, the mosque is noted for its use ofpointed arches two centuries before they appeared in European architecture. The historianal-Maqrizi reported that a new mosque had to be built because the existing ceremonial mosque in Fustat, named for Amr ibn al-A'as, could not accommodate Ibn Tulun's personal regiment at theFriday prayer. Ibn Tulun's palace, the Dar al-Imara ("House of the Emir") was built adjacent to the mosque and a private door allowed the governor direct access to the pulpit, orminbar. The palace faced a large parade ground and park, featuring gardens and a hippodrome.
Ibn Tulun also commissioned the construction of anaqueduct to bring water to the existing town, and amaristan (hospital), the first such public institution in Egypt, founded in 873. An endowment was established to fund both in perpetuity. Ibn Tulun secured a significant income for the capital through various military campaigns, and many taxes were abolished during his rule. Following Ibn Tulun's death in 884, his sonKhumarawayh focused much of his attention on enlarging the already lavish palace structures. He also built several irrigation canals and a sewage system in al-Qata'i.
In 905, Egypt was reoccupied by the Abbasids, and, in retaliation for the Tulunids long military campaigns against the caliphate, the city was plundered and razed, leaving only the mosque standing. Administration was then transferred back to al-Askar, which had become geographically indistinct from Fustat.
After the founding of al-Qahira in 969, Fustat/al-Askar and al-Qahira eventually grew together, building over the remains of the Tulunid capital and incorporating the Mosque of Ibn Tulun into the new urban landscape.
| Preceded by | Capital of Egypt 868-905 | Succeeded by |