Al-Qassam Brigades, also known as theIzz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades (EQB;[36][note 1]Arabic:كتائب الشهيد عز الدين القسام,romanized: Katāib al-Shahīd 'izz al-Dīn al-Qassām,lit. 'Battalions ofmartyr Izz ad-Din Al-Qassam'), named afterIzz ad-Din al-Qassam, is themilitary wing[39][40][41] of thePalestinian nationalistSunniIslamist organizationHamas.[37][42][43][44][45][46] Led byMohammed Deif until hisdeath on 13 July 2024, the Al-Qassam Brigades is the largest and best-equipped militia operating within theGaza Strip in recent years.[37]
Created in mid-1991,[47] it was at the time concerned with blocking theOslo Accords negotiations.[48][49] From 1994 to 2000, the Al-Qassam Brigades has claimed responsibility for carrying out a number of attacks againstIsraelis.[37]
At the beginning of theSecond Intifada, the group became a central target ofIsrael. The Al-Qassam Brigades operated several cells in theWest Bank. Hamas retained a forceful presence in the Gaza Strip, generally considered its stronghold.Yahya Sinwar, Hamas political leader in the Gaza Strip from February 2017 to October 2024, was the main military leader in the Brigades in Gaza during theGaza war.[50][51] Afterhis killing, Sinwar was succeeded by his brotherMohammed.
The Al-Qassam Brigades are explicitly listed as a terrorist organization by theEuropean Union,[52]Australia,[53]New Zealand,[54]Egypt,[55] and theUnited Kingdom.[56][57] Though not explicitly mentioning EQB, theUnited States[58][59] andCanada[60] have designated its parent entity, Hamas, as a terrorist organization;[61] former Brigade leader Mohammed Deif was classified as aSpecially Designated Global Terrorist by the US underExecutive Order 13224.[62][63]
The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades is the military wing of thePalestinian organizationHamas, operating in theGaza Strip.[37][42] It was led byMohammed Deif and, before his death on 10 March 2024, his deputy,Marwan Issa.[37]
The Al-Qassam Brigades is named afterIzz ad-Din al-Qassam, aMuslim preacher andmujahid who fought inSyria,Libya, andPalestine.[47][64] In 1930, al-Qassam organised and established theBlack Hand, a militant organisation that was opposed toZionism and British and French rule in theLevant.[64] Before dying in a shootout with thePalestine Police Force in 1935, al-Qassam exhorted his followers to embrace martyrdom and fight until the last bullet, which turned him into a role model for Palestinian nationalists.[65]
According to the Al-Qassam Brigades, its aims are:
The Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades are an integral part of Hamas. While they are subordinate to Hamas's broad political goals and its ideological objectives, they have a significant level of independence in decision making.[53]
In 1997, political scientists Ilana Kass and Bard O'Neill described Hamas' relationship with the Brigades as reminiscent ofSinn Féin's relationship to theProvisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and quoted a senior Hamas official: "The Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigade is a separate armed military wing, which has its own leaders who do not take their orders [from Hamas] and do not tell us of their plans in advance."[66]
Carrying the IRA analogy further, Kass and O'Neill argued that the separation of the political and military wings shielded Hamas' political leaders from responsibility for terrorism with theplausible deniability provided made Hamas an eligible representative for peace negotiations as had happened with Sinn Féin politicianGerry Adams.[67]
The fighters' identities and positions in the group often remain secret until their death. Even when they fight against Israeli incursions, all the militiamen wear a characteristic black hood on which the group's green headband is attached. The Brigades operate on a model of independent cells. Even high-ranking members are often unaware of the activities of other cells. This allows the group to constantly regenerate after member deaths.[68]
During theSecond Intifada, the leaders of the group were targeted by numerous airstrikes that killed many members, includingSalah Shehade andAdnan al-Ghoul. The former leader of the Brigades,Mohammed Deif, survived at least seven assassination attempts.[68]
In 1984, SheikhAhmed Yassin,Ibrahim al-Makhadmeh, SheikhSalah Shehada, and others began preparing for the establishment of an armed organization to resistIsraeli control, with a focus on acquiring weapons for futureresistance activities. Members of the group were, however, arrested and the weapons were confiscated.[47][71]
In 1986, Shehada formed a network of resistance cells, calledal-Mujahidun al-Filastiniun ('Palestinian fighters'), who targeted Israeli troops and "traitors." This network operated until 1989, with their most famous operation being the 1989 kidnapping and killing of two Israeli soldiers:Avi Sasportas and Ilan Saadon.[47][72]
Hamas was officially established on 14 December 1987, forming other similar networks asal-Mujahidun al-Filastiniun, such as theAbdullah Azzam Brigades.[72] In the summer of 1991, during theFirst Palestinian Intifada (1987–1994), the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades were established, with their first act being the assassination of the rabbi ofKfar Darom.[72]
The international community, and more specifically theUnited Nations, considers the practice of war combatants using civilians ashuman shields to be a violation of theGeneva Conventions standards of war,[73][74][75] and considersindiscriminate attacks (e.g., byrockets orsuicide bombers)[76] on civilian populations asillegal under international law.[77]
The EQB's transition to a recognised militant organisation began during the establishment of theOslo Accords to assistHamas efforts in blocking them.[78]
The year 2004 was pivotal in the development of Al-Qassam Brigades from a loosely-formed militia, into a structured organization with a defined chain of command.[79] TheIsrael Defense Forces (IDF)'s assassinations of local leadersAhmed Yassin andAbdel Aziz al-Rantisi resulted in decision-making power being transferred to leaders exiled in Damascus, which ultimately led to greater influence and funding from Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah.[80][79]
The Gaza strip was divided into six or seven regional divisions, headed by a division commander with responsibility over defined sectors of territory.[79] Each division commander oversaw regiment commanders and company commanders, who were responsible for small areas such as neighborhoods.[79] A focuson tunnel warfare was selected as a primary means of combating the IDF.[79]
On 3 August 2004, the firstYasin missile–a homebrew anti-tankrocket-propelled grenade–was launched.[81] The group developed other homemade weapons, such as rocket launchers (al-Bana,Batar) and theQassam rocket.[82][83]
In 2003 and 2004, the Brigades in Gaza resisted incursions by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), including thesiege of Jabalya in October 2004.
In 2005, as PresidentMahmoud Abbas had taken direct control of thePA security forces, which were loyal to the president'sFatah movement, the Hamas government in the Gaza Strip formed a separate 3,000-strong paramilitary police force, called theExecutive Force,[84] consisting of Al-Qassam Brigades members.[85][86][87][88]
In June 2006, the Al-Qassam Brigades were involved in the operation which led to the capture of Israeli soldierGilad Shalit.[89] The Al-Qassam Brigades engaged in heavy fighting in the Gaza Strip duringOperation Summer Rains, launched by the IDF. It was the first time in over 18 months that the brigades were actively involved in fighting against Israeli soldiers. In May 2007, the brigades acknowledged they lost 192 fighters during the operation.[90]
In January 2007, Abbas outlawed the Executive Force and ordered that its then-6,000 members be incorporated into the PA security forces under his command. The order was resisted by the Hamas government,[91] which instead announced plans to double the size of the force to 12,000 men.[92] The Al-Qassam Brigades and the Executive Force took part in theHamas takeover of Gaza in June 2007.
In June 2008, Egypt brokered a ceasefire, which lasted until 4 November when Israeli forces crossed into Gaza and killed six Hamas fighters. This resulted in an increase in rocket attacks on Israel, going from two in September and October to 190 in November 2008. Both sides said the other had broken the truce.[93][94]
The Izz al Din al-Qassem Brigades are organized into formal military structures with established command hierarchies. The al Qassem Brigades organize themselves from thesquad, all the way to thebrigade level, similar to conventional militaries. Strategies centered on targeted killings to remove key Hamas leaders are ineffective, as Hamas is capable of promoting low ranking members to replace those assassinated.[95]
The forces are mainly divided into five brigades, divided geographically. Each brigade is divided into multiple battalions, with 30 total battalions. Each battalion is associated with a major settlement. They may be relocated and change their areas of responsibility during conflicts.[95]
The current brigades and battalions identified by theInstitute for the Study of War are,[95]
As a result of the Israeli invasion of Gaza Hamas suffered heavy losses and multiple battalions were dismantled by the IDF. According to the ISW by September 2024 Hamas is fighting in a disorganized manner through small, de-centralized cells of fighters.[96][better source needed] ISW and American Enterprise Institute's Critical Threats Project had noted in August 2024 that these cells are capable of merging to rebuild the battalions or regenerating the destroyed battalions by recruitment when IDF withdraws from areas.[97]
Hamas fighters are largely recruited from unemployed minors, aged under 18. About 50,000 Gazan youths under 18 registered for "security" training.[98][99][100] Recruitment is likely driven by the highest unemployment in the world, where 45% of Gazans are unemployed.[101][102] Al-Qassam spokesman Abu Obaida stated in a public speech in 2023 during theGaza–Israel conflict that 85% of their recruits are orphans desiring revenge whose parents were killed by the Israeli Defense Forces.[103][104][105]
Since its establishment in December 1987, the military capability of the Brigades has increased markedly, from rifles toQassam rockets and more.[106] Although the Brigades manufacture their own weapons,[107] anAssociated Press analysis found that the majority of their arms come fromChina,Iran, andRussia, as well asNorth Korea and formerWarsaw Pact countries. The Associated Press was unable to determine whether Hamas obtains weapons directly from those nations or througharms trafficking.[108] China and North Korea have denied directly arming the Brigades,[109][110] but American, Israeli, and South Korean intelligence suggests that North Korea has,[109] while a Hamas official has stated the group received permission from Russia to copy its weapons. Iran is believed to smuggle weapons to the Brigades viaunderground tunnels in Gaza.[107]
The Brigades run their own intelligence division.[111]
The Brigades have a substantial inventory of light automatic weapons andgrenades, improvised rockets,mortars,bombs,suicide belts, andexplosives. The group engages inmilitary-style training, including training that takes place in Gaza, on a range of weapons designed to inflict significant casualties on civilian and military targets.[112][better source needed]
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The Brigades have a variety ofanti-tank guided missiles, including theKornet-E,Konkurs-M,Bulsae-2 (North Korean version of Fagot),9K11 Malyutka andMILAN missiles. They possessshoulder-launched anti-aircraft missiles (MANPADS), such as theSA-7B,SA-18 Igla missiles, and it is believed a number ofSA-24 Igla-S that it received from Libya.
While the number of members is known only to the Brigades leadership, in 2011, Israel estimated that the Brigades have a cadre of several hundred members who receive military-style training, including training in Iran andSyria.[113][better source needed] Additionally, the Brigades have an estimated 30,000 operatives "of varying degrees of skill and professionalism" who are members of the internal security forces, Hamas, and their supporters. These operatives can be expected to reinforce the Brigades in an "emergency situation."[114] Other sources estimate their strength at 30,000–50,000.[5][115] An October 2023 estimate provides a figure of 40,000 fighters, with expertise in cyber security, naval warfare, and other specializations.[116]
According to a statement by CIA directorGeorge Tenet in 2000, possibly referring to the Brigades, Hamas has pursued a capability to conductattacks with toxic chemicals.[106] There have been reports of Hamas operatives planning and preparing attacks incorporating chemicals. In one case, nails and bolts packed into explosives detonated by a Hamas suicide bomber in a December 2001 attack inBen-Yehuda Street inJerusalem were soaked inrat poison.[106] In 2014, they launched the firstPalestinian reconnaissance (UAV) aircraft, calledAbabeel1.
During the Gaza war, the IDF published its intelligence about the Hamas military in the Gaza Strip.[111] They put the strength of the Qassam Brigades there at the start of the war at 30,000 fighters, organised by area in five brigades, consisting in total of 24 battalions and c. 140 companies. Each regional brigade had a number of strongholds and outposts, and included specialised arrays for rocket firing, anti-tank missiles, air defenses, snipers, and engineering.[111]
On 8 January 2024, Israel discovered the largest known weapons factory of Hamas in Bureij. The site was opened for reporters by the IDF which contained, metal tubes and components as well as shell casings were stacked in an overground workshop area and long metal racks holding missiles could be seen. An elevator lead into a tunnel where rockets were stored and is connected to a tunnel network which allowed Hamas to transport rockets underground to launch sites.[117] The same month, Israel reported that it discovered a "massive" stockpile of Chinese weaponry used by Hamas.[118]
| Date | Event | Killed | Injured | Responsibility claimed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 April 1993 | a Hamas suicide car bomb killed two inMehola Junction bombing. | |||
| 19 October 1994 | asuicide bomber detonates on a bus inTel Aviv[119] | 22 | 56 | Hamas |
| 25 December 1994 | a suicide bomber detonates at a bus stop inJerusalem[119] | 12 | ||
| 9 April 1995 | two suicide bombers detonate in Gaza[120] | 8 (1 American + 7 IDF soldiers) | 50 | Hamas |
| 21 August 1995 | a suicide bomber detonates on a bus[120] | 5 (1 American + 4 IDF soldiers) | 100 | Hamas |
| 9 September 1996 | the abduction and murder of IDF soldierSharon Edri.[121][122] | 1 | ||
| 21 March 1997 | a Hamas suicide bomber detonated at a Tel Aviv sidewalk café.[120] | 3 women | 46 | |
| 4 September 1997 | three suicide bombers detonate in Jerusalem.[123] | 4 | up to 200 | Hamas |
| 27 August 1998 | a bomb in a garbage bin explodes in Tel Aviv duringrush hour[123] | 14 | Hamas | |
| 19 October 1998 | two grenades thrown into a crowd at theBe'er Sheva bus station during rush hour.[124] | 59 | Hamas | |
| 29 October 1998 | a Hamas suicide car bomber attempts to ram a school bus head-on near theGush Katif Junction. An IDF jeep escorting the bus blocked the bomber who detonated the vehicle, killing the driver of the jeep and injuring 2 others. Six people in the bus received light injuries.[124] | 1 | 8 |
| Date | Event | Killed | Injured | Responsibility claimed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 January 2001 | a Hamas suicide car bomber detonates in the city ofNetanya. One victim died 7 days later.[125] | 1 | 59 | |
| 14 February 2001 | a Hamas suicide bomber plowed a bus into a crowd and detonated.[126] | 8 | 21 | |
| 4 March 2001 | a Hamas suicide bomber detonates in the city of Netanya.[125] | 3 | 68 | |
| 28 March 2001 | a Hamas suicide bomber blew himself up amidst a group of students waiting at a bus stop inQalqilya in theWest Bank.[125] | 2 | 4 | |
| 22 April 2001 | a Hamas suicide bomber blew himself upKfar Saba.[125] | 1 | 50 | |
| 18 May 2001 | a Hamas suicide bomber blew himself up at the entrance of a shopping mall in the city of Netanya.[125] | 5 | 100+ | |
| 1 June 2001 | Dolphinarium massacre — a suicide bomber linked to Hamas denotes outside a Tel Aviv nightclub.[127][128] | 21 (16 teens) | 76 | |
| 9 August 2001 | Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing — a suicide bomber detonates in Jerusalem. | 15 | 130 | Hamas |
| 4 September 2001 | a Hamas suicide bomber detonates inWest Jerusalem.[125] | 15 | ||
| 26 November 2001 | a suicide bomber detonates at theErez Crossing.[129] | 2 | Hamas | |
| 1 December 2001 | two suicide bombers detonated one after the other followed by a car bomb in a mall in West Jerusalem.[129] | 11 | 130+ | Hamas |
| 2 December 2001 | a suicide bomber boarded an Israeli bus traveling from theNave Sha'anan district inHaifa; paying the driver with a large bill, he then blew himself.[129] | 15 | 40 | Hamas |
| 9 March 2002 | a suicide bomber explodes in the crowded Moment café in the center ofJerusalem.[130] | 11 | 54 (10 serious) | Hamas |
| 31 March 2002 | Matza restaurant massacre — a suicide bomber detonates in an Arab restaurant in Haifa.[131] | 15 | 40+ | Hamas |
| 10 April 2002 | a suicide bombing on a bus nearKibbutzYagur, east of Haifa.[131] | 8 (6 IDF soldiers + 2 civilians) | 22 | Hamas |
| 7 May 2002 | a suicide bombing in a crowded pool hall inRishon Lezion, southeast of Tel-Aviv.[132] | 16 | 55 | Hamas |
| 19 May 2002 | a suicide bomber disguised as a soldier, blew himself up in the market inNetanya.[132] | 3 | 59 | Hamas and thePFLP |
| 18 June 2002 | Patt junction massacre — a suicide bomber detonates on a bus in Jerusalem. | 19 | 74+ | Hamas |
| 16 July 2002 | a terrorist attack on a bus traveling fromBnei Brak toEmmanuel, wherein an explosive charge was detonated next to the bullet-resistant bus. The terrorists waited in ambush, reportedly wearing Israeli army uniforms, and opened fire on the bus.[133] | 9 | 20 | Hamas,Al Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, and theDFLP |
| 31 July 2002 | a cell-phone detonated bomb exploded in the Frank Sinatra student center cafeteria on theHebrew University'sMt. Scopus campus.[134] | 9 (5 Americans) | 85 | Hamas (expressed regret for the American deaths) |
| 4 August 2002 | a suicide bombing of anEgged bus takes place at theMeron junction in theGalilee.[135] | 9 | ~50 | Hamas |
| 27 February 2008 | during February 2008, 257 rockets and 228 mortars were fired from the Gaza Strip into the western Negev causing 5 injuries, and on 27 February, the death of a 47-year-old student atSapir College. Hamas has previously claimed responsibility for rocket barrages.[136] | 1 | Hamas | |
| 7 October 2023 | In a cross-border land incursion dubbedOperation Al-Aqsa Flood, some 3,000 militants infiltrated Israel using trucks, motorcycles, bulldozers, speedboats, and powered paragliders; attacked multiple population centers and military targets in the Gaza periphery, includingSderot,Re'im,Zikim,Be'eri,Holit,Kfar Aza,Netiv HaAsara,Nir Oz,Alumim, andNahal Oz; killed at least 1,400 people; and took over 200 people hostage. | 1,200+ | Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), Lions' Den |
On 3 September 2005, after Israel's withdrawal from settlements in the Gaza Strip, the Al-Qassam Brigades revealed for the first time the names and functions of its commanders on its website as well as in a printed bulletin distributed to Palestinians.[137] On 12 July 2006, theIsraeli Air Force bombed a house in theSheikh Radwan neighborhood of Gaza City, where Mohammed Deif, Ahmad al-Ghandur, and Raid Said were meeting. The three-story house was completely leveled, killing Hamas official Nabil al-Salmiah, his wife, their five children and two other children. Two of the three brigades leaders present escaped with moderate wounds. Deif received a spinal injury that required four hours of surgery.[138]
On 1 January 2009,Nizar Rayan, a top Hamas leader who served as a liaison between the Palestinian organization's political leadership and its military wing, was killed in an Israeli Air Force strike duringOperation Cast Lead.[139] The day before the attack, Rayan had advocated renewal ofsuicide attacks on Israel, declaring, "Our only language with the Jew is through the gun".[140] A 2,000-pound bomb was dropped on his house, also killing his 4 wives (Hiam 'Abdul Rahman Rayan, 46; Iman Khalil Rayan, 46; Nawal Isma'il Rayan, 40; and Sherine Sa'id Rayan, 25) and 11 of their children (As'ad, 2; Usama Ibn Zaid, 3; 'Aisha, 3; Reem, 4; Miriam, 5; Halima, 5; 'Abdul Rahman, 6; Abdul Qader, 12; Aaya, 12; Zainab, 15; and Ghassan, 16).[141][142][143][144] On 3 January 2009, Israeli aircraft attacked the car in which Abu Zakaria al-Jamal, a leader of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam armed wing, was traveling. He died of the wounds suffered in the bombing.[145] The following day, the Israeli Air Force struck and killed in Khan Yunis two senior Brigrade leaders, Hussam Hamdan and Muhammad Hilo, both of whom the Israelis blamed for attacks against Israel. According to Israeli authorities Hamdan was in charge of rocket attacks againstBeersheba andOfakim, while Hilo was reportedly behind Hamas' special forces in Khan Yunis.[146] On 15 January 2009, the Israeli Air Force bombed a house inJabaliya, killing a prominent Brigades commander named Mohammed Watfa. The strike targeted the Palestinian Interior MinisterSaid Seyam, who was also killed.[147]
On 30 July 2010, one of the leadersIssa Abdul-Hadi Al-Batran, aged 40, was killed at theNuseirat refugee camp in the central Gaza Strip by an Israeli airstrike.[148] On 14 November 2012,Ahmed Jaabari, the head of the Al-Qassam Brigade, was killed along with seven others in Gaza, marking the beginning of Israel's "Operation Pillar of Defense".[43][149] On 21 August 2014, an Israeli air strike killed Muhammad Abu Shamala, the sub-commander of Southern Gaza Strip;Raed al Atar, the commander of theRafah company and member of the Hamas high military council; and Mohammed Barhoum.[150] On 30 January 2018,Imad Al-Alami died as a result of injuries sustained while he was inspecting his personal weapon in Gaza City.[151]
Hamas confirmed in November 2023 that Israeli airstrikes had killedAhmed Ghandour, the commander of the Al-Qassam Brigade in northern Gaza;Ayman Siam, head of the rocket-firing unit; andFursan Khalifa, a senior commander in theWest Bank, as well as Ghandour's deputy Wael Rajab.[152]Marwan Issa, deputy leader of the Al-Qassam Brigades and second-in-command to Mohammed Deif, was reported to have beenkilled by Israeli forces on 10 March 2024.[153]
The international community, and more specifically theUnited Nations, considers the practice of war combatants to turn civilians intohuman shields as a violation of theGeneva Conventions standards of war,[73][74][75] and considers indiscriminate attacks (e.g., byrockets orsuicide bombers)[76] on civilian populations asillegal under international law.[77]
The Al-Qassam Brigades are explicitly listed as a terrorist organization by theEuropean Union,[52]Australia,[53]New Zealand,[54]Egypt,[55] and theUnited Kingdom.[56][57] Though not explicitly mentioning EQB, theUnited States[58][59] andCanada[60] have designated its parent entity, Hamas, as a terrorist organization;[61] Brigade leader Mohammed Deif has also been classified as aSpecially Designated Global Terrorist by the US underExecutive Order 13224.[62][63]
After Israel launched the ground invasion of Gaza on 27 October, the Qassam Brigades publicised many of their ambushes against Israeli vehicles on their military media for the battle of al-Aqsa Flood. Most of these videos, shot mainly from the fighters' point of view through aGoPro camera involve the ambush of vehicles, targeted by rockets before the militiamen retreat to their bases, though footage of sniper operations and targeting ground forces has been published as well.[citation needed]
Targets were highlighted with a flashinginverted red triangle.[154] Due to the nature of these attacks, being hit and run and militiamen turning away immediately after the round has been shot, as well as the Israeli vehiclesTrophy APS, it has been called into question how effective these attacks were and how many tanks were successful hit instead of the rockets being intercepted. In spite of this, the Qassam brigades have publicised videos on their military media showing successful hits where plates are seen being torn off tanks after being hit by rockets, or the aftermath of their ambushes showing ignited vehicles,[155][156] as well as captured uniforms and weapons from the IDF.videos in July 2024 also show the Qassam Brigades destroying and igniting a Namer and a Merkava, which were both equipped with a trophy APS.[157]
Hamas's military wing the Al-Qassam Brigades said Thursday that its fighters targeted several Israeli military vehicles across the Gaza Strip,
The Al-Qassam Brigades, the armed wing of Palestinian group Hamas, said Saturday that they ambushed Israeli forces in the southern Gaza Strip.
Hamas established its military unit, the Qassam Brigades, in 1992 to support its objective of armed resistance against Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories. The name is inspired by Syrian freedom fighter Ezzedine al-Qassam, who struggled against European colonisers in the Levant. After he was expelled to Palestine by the French colonialists, he took up the Palestinian cause, calling for armed resistance
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