al-Khansāʾ | |
|---|---|
| الخنساء | |
| Born | c. 575 |
| Died | c. 645/646. |
| Occupation | Poet |
Tumāḍir bint ʿAmr ibn al-Ḥārith ibn al-Sharīd al-Sulamīyah (Arabic:تماضر بنت عمرو بن الحارث بن الشريد السُلمية), usually simply referred to asal-Khansāʾ (Arabic:الخنساء, meaning "snub-nosed", an Arabicepithet for agazelle asmetaphor for beauty) was a7th-centurytribeswoman, living in theArabian Peninsula. She was one of the most influential poets of thepre-Islamic and early Islamic periods.[1]
In her time, the role of a female poet was to writeelegies for the dead and perform them for the tribe in publicoral competitions. Al-Khansāʾ won respect and fame in these competitions with her elegies, and is widely considered as the finest author ofArabic elegies and one of the greatest and best known female Arab poets of all time.[2][3] In 629, she went toMedina with a deputation from her clan and, after meeting the Islamic prophetMuhammad, embraced the new religion. Her poetry was later recorded by Muslim scholars, who were studying unaltered Arabic of her time in order toexplicate the language of early Islamic texts.
Al-Khansāʾ was born and raised in theNajd in theArabian Peninsula into a wealthy family of the tribe of Sulaym, and was the daughter of the head of the al-Sharid clan.[3] According to both contemporary as well as later judgement, she was the most powerful female poet of her time. In pre-Islamic society, the role of a female poet, such as al-Khansā’, was to compose elegies for thetribesmen who fell in the battlefield. Her extraordinary fame rests mainly on her elegiac poetry composed for her two brothers, Sakhr and Mu‘āwiya, who were killed in tribal skirmishes of Banū Sulaym with Banū Murra and Banū Asad, predating Islam.
In 612, her brother Muʿawiyah was killed by members of another tribe. Al-Khansāʾ insisted that her brother, Ṣakhr, avenge Muʿawiyah's death, which he did. Ṣakhr was wounded in the process and died of his wounds a year later. Al-Khansāʾ mourned her two brothers' deaths in poetry, writing over a hundred elegies about the two of them alone,[3] and began to gain fame for her elegiac compositions, especially due to her powerful recitals.[3] The contemporary Arab poetal-Nabigha said to her, "You are the finest poet of thejinn and the humans." (Arabic:إنك أشعر الجن والإنس).[4] Similarly, another anecdote says that al-Nabigha told al-Khansāʾ, "IfAbu Basir[5] had not already recited to me, I would have said that you are the greatest poet of the Arabs. Go, for you are the greatest poet among those with breasts".[6] She responded by saying, "I'm the greatest poet among those with testicles, too".[7]
She was a contemporary ofMuhammad, and eventually converted toIslam.[3] It is said that Muhammad would ask her to recite some of her poetry for him, and he would love listening to her. Whenever she paused after a recital, he would gesture her to keep going and say, "Go on, Khunās!"[8][9][10][11]Muhammad even rated al-Khansāʾ overImru' al-Qais, the most famous poet of the classical Arabic tradition, as the one with greater poetic abilities.[12]
She was married at least twice, and had six children, all of whom were also poets and eventually converted to Islam.[3] Four of them, Yazīd, Muʿāwiyah, ʿAmr, and ʿAmrah, were killed in theBattle of Qadisiyah. When she received the news, she allegedly said, "Praise be to God who honored me with their martyrdom. And I have hope from my Lord that he will reunite me with them in the abode of his mercy." (Arabic:الحمد لله الذي شرفني بقتلهم، وأرجو من ربي أن يجمعني بهم في مستقر رحمته).[13]
She died in 645[14] or 646.[15]
The poems of al-Khansā’ are short and marked by a strong and traditional sense of despair at the irrevocable loss of life. Apart from her poetical talent, her significance lies in having raised the early Arabic elegiac tradition to the level ofqarīd[clarification needed] poetry instead ofsadj‘[clarification needed] orradjaz[clarification needed]. Her style and expression, which assured her a superiority in this genre, became stereotyped in the laterrithā’ poetry. As an outstanding poet and female figure in the history of Arabic literature, the position of al-Khansā’ is unique.[16] Al-Khansa’s elegies were later collected byIbn al-Sikkit (802–858 CE), a literary scholar of the earlyAbbasid era. Nearly a thousand lines of her poetry remain.[17][16]
