al-Khalisa الخالصة al-Khalsa | |
|---|---|
 Themosque of al-Khalisa, currently a museum for the history of Kiryat Shemona | |
| Etymology: Pure, sincere[1] | |
.jpg) 1870s map.jpg) 1940s map.jpg) modern map.jpg) 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Al-Khalisa (click the buttons) | |
  al-Khalisa Location withinMandatory Palestine | |
| Coordinates:33°12′52″N35°34′02″E / 33.21444°N 35.56722°E /33.21444; 35.56722 | |
| Palestine grid | 203/290 |
| Geopolitical entity | Mandatory Palestine |
| Subdistrict | Safad |
| Date of depopulation | May 11, 1948[4][5] |
| Area | |
• Total | 11.3 km2 (4.4 sq mi) |
| Population (1945) | |
• Total | 1,840[2][3] |
| Cause(s) of depopulation | Influence of nearby town's fall |
| Secondary cause | Whispering campaign |
| Current Localities | Kiryat Shemona |
Al-Khalisa was aPalestinianArab village situated on a low hill on the northwestern edge of theHula Valley of over 1,800 located 28 kilometers (17 mi) north ofSafad. It was depopulated in the1948 Palestine war.
Al-Khalisa was founded by theBedouin from the 'Arab al-Ghawarina clan, who constituted the bulk of the village's population. Under theOttoman Empire, in the 1596tax records, it had a population of 29Muslim households, an estimated 160 persons, and was under the administration of thenahiya ("subdistrict") of Jira, part ofSanjak Safad. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, orchards, beehives, in addition to water buffalos and a water-powered mill; a total of 5,449akçe.[6][7]
In 1875,Victor Guérin traveled in the region, and noted about Al-Khalisa (which he calledKhalsah): "At the bottom and west of thistell, is a small village of very recent foundation, called Khalsah; it was built on the site and partly with the materials of another older one. The gardens that surround it are watered by the waters of l'A'ïn Dahab."[8]In 1881, thePEF'sSurvey of Western Palestine described al-Khalisa as a village built of stone, surrounded by streams, with a population of 50.[9]
The houses of the village were built of bricks and basalt stones cut from the hillside. Al-Khalisa had a boys' elementary school which also admitted students from neighboring villages. The residents drew their drinking water from several springs.[4] It was one of five villages in theGalilee to be governed by avillage council that administered in local affairs.[10]
The leader of 'Arab al-Ghawarina clan was Sheikh Kamal Hussein al-Youssef,[11] resident of Al-Khalisa, his forefathers controlled the Hula Valley from the 17th century.[12] According toMeron Benvenisti, he led the raid onTel Hai in 1920 while searching for Frenchmen. In the years preceding 1948, Sheikh Kamal established close relationships with the Jewish settlers, contributed to the establishment of Jewish settlements in the Hula Valley by helping them buy land, selling land to theJewish National Fund,[13] maintain peace and security, particularly during the 1936-9 revolt. He also joined the British duringWorld War II to help defeat the Nazis from the FrenchVichy regime in Syria.[12] But, according to Benvenisti, the veterans ofKfar Giladi did not forget or forgive, and cultivated Sheikh Kamal's enemyEmir Faour.[14] In March 1949, after theNakba, Sheikh Kamal reported on the Palestinians refugee’s state of mind: “All the refugees in Lebanon want to return. None of them have settled down; they’re not allowed to work, particularly not agricultural work. The Red Cross organization in Lebanon which is staffed entirely by Lebanese officials is stealing all it can; very little reaches the refugees.” Sheikh Kamal Hussein al-Youssef was murdered in 1949 by a Syrian intelligence agent.[13]
In the1931 census of Palestine, the population ofEl Khalisa was 1,369; 1,340 Muslims, 3 Jews and 26 Christians, in a total of 259 houses.[15]
In the1945 statistics, its population was 1,840, of which 20 wereChristians,[2] and the total land area were 11,280 dunams.[4][16] Of this, 5,586 dunams were irrigated or used for plantations, 3,775 for cereals,[17] while 20 dunams were classified as urban land.[18]
The residents of al-Khalisa fled their homes on 11 May 1948 following the rejection of approaches made by them to theHaganah asking for an "agreement".[19] According toYigal Allon, the commander ofOperation Yiftach, the villagers left following hisWhispering Campaign. This involved instructing the leaders of Jewish villages in the area to warn their neighbours that "a great Jewish reinforcement has arrived in Galilee and that it is going to burn all the villages of the Huleh." Post-war IDF analysis seems to undermine this claim. Allon himself writes that the fall ofSafad and the success ofOperation Matateh were also reasons for the villagers departure. He describes them as some of "the tens of thousands of sulky Arabs who remained in Galilee." He also states that "The building of the police station at Halsa (al-Khalisa) fell into our hands without a shot."[20][21]
The village's residents stated that after they fled, only the local militia remained, but withdrew after shelling from theJewish town ofManara and after seeing an armored unit approaching al-Khalisa.[22] Former villagers, interviewed inTel al-Zaatar camp inLebanon in 1973, recounted that when they returned to the village;
We found that theJews had burned and destroyed the houses belonging to Ali Zakayan, Abu Ali Muhammad Hamadih, Mustafa al-Haj Yusif, Issa Muhammad, Ali Salih Ahmad, Muhammad Arab al-Haj Mahmud, Salih Ismail, Sari al-Khadir, Dawud Hussein, Abdul-Raziq Hamid, Qassim Muhammead al-Salih and Ali Hussein Mahmud ... The village was in ruins.[23]
According toWalid Khalidi, 1992, "stone rubble from the houses markes the site. The school and the Mandate government´s office buildings stand abandoned, as does the village mosque and minaret. The level land surrounding the site is cultivated by settlement of Qirat Shemona, while the mountainous areas are either used as pastures or are wooded."[4]
According toMeron Benvenisti, 2000, "the mosque of al-Khalsa, one of the few structures that remain of that Galilee Arab village, is situated in a municipal park in the older section of the Jewish town ofKiryat Shemona. It serves as the local museum dedicated to the memory of townspeople who have fallen in Israel's various wars."[24]
