| Nasir ad-Din Muhammad | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Malik al-Kamil | |||||
 Al-Kamil (right) meetingFrederick II, in a mid 14th century manuscript of theNuova Cronica | |||||
| Sultan of Egypt | |||||
| Reign | 1218 – 6 March 1238 | ||||
| Predecessor | Al-Adil I | ||||
| Successor | Al-Adil II | ||||
| Sultan of Damascus | |||||
| Reign | 1238 | ||||
| Predecessor | As-Salih Ismail | ||||
| Successor | Al-Adil II | ||||
| Born | 1177 Cairo,Ayyubid Sultanate | ||||
| Died | March 6, 1238(1238-03-06) (aged 60–61) Damascus, Ayyubid Sultanate | ||||
| Consort |
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| Issue |
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| Dynasty | Ayyubid | ||||
| Father | Al-Adil I | ||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
Al-Malik al-Kamil Nasir ad-Din Muhammad (Arabic:الملك الكامل ناصر الدين محمد;c. 1177 – 6 March 1238), titledAbu al-Maʽali (Arabic:أبي المعالي), was an Egyptian ruler and the fourthAyyubid sultan of Egypt. During his tenure as sultan, the Ayyubids defeated theFifth Crusade. He was known to the Frankish crusaders asMeledin, a name by which he is referred to in some older western sources. As a result of theSixth Crusade, he ceded WestJerusalem to the Christians and is known to have met withSaint Francis.[2]
Al-Kamil was the son of theKurdish sultanal-Adil ("Saphadin"), a brother ofSaladin. Al-Kamil's father was laying siege to the city ofMardin (in modern-dayTurkey) in 1199 when he was called away urgently to deal with a security threat in Damascus. Al-Adil left al-Kamil to command the forces around Mardin continuing the siege.[3] Taking advantage of the Sultan's absence, the combined forces ofMosul,Sinjar andJazirat ibn Umar appeared at Mardin when it was on the point of surrender, and drew Al-Kamil into battle. Although he was badly defeated and retreated toMayyafariqin,[4] dissent and weakness among his opponents meant that Al-Kamil was able to secure Ayyubid rule in theJazira Region by takingHarran (in modern-day Turkey).[5][6]
In 1200, after proclaiming himself Sultan, Al-Adil invited Al-Kamil to come from the Eastern Territories to join him in Egypt as his viceroy (na'ib) in that country. Al-Adil's second son,Al-Mu'azzam Isa, had already been made prince of Damascus in 1198.[7] It appears that Al-Adil allowed Al-Kamil a fairly high degree of authority, since he oversaw much of the work on theCairo Citadel, issued decrees in his own name, and even managed to persuade his father to dismiss the powerful minister Ibn Shukr.[8] Al-Kamil remained viceroy until his father's death in 1218 when he became Sultan himself.
When Al-Adid died on 31 August 1218,[9] the Ayyubid domains were divided into three parts, with Al-Kamil ruling Egypt, his brotherAl-Muazzam Isa ruling in Palestine and Transjordan, and a third brother,Al-Ashraf Musa in Syria and the Jazira. Nominally the other two recognised Al-Kamil's supremacy as Sultan. Unusually for an Ayyubid succession, there was no obvious dissent or rivalry between the brothers at this point, partly because just before Al-Adil's death, Egypt had been attacked by the forces of theFifth Crusade.[10]
Al-Kamil took command of the forces which defended Damietta against the Crusaders. In 1219 he was almost overthrown by a conspiracy led by the amir Imad ad-Din ibn al-Mashtub, commander of theHakkariKurdish regiment, to replace him with his younger and more pliant brother al-Faiz Ibrahim. Alerted to the conspiracy, Al-Kamil had to flee the camp to safety and in the ensuing confusion the Crusaders were able to tighten their grip on Damietta. Al-Kamil considered fleeing to Yemen, which was ruled by his sonal-Mas'ud Yusuf, but the timely arrival of his brother Al-Muazzam from Syria with reinforcements brought the conspiracy to a swift end.[11]
Al-Kamil made many offers of peace to the Crusaders, all of which were rejected, due to the influence of thepapal legatePelagius. He offered to return Jerusalem and rebuild its walls (which his brother had torn down earlier in the year), and to return theTrue Cross (which he probably did not have). At one point he even met withFrancis of Assisi, who had accompanied the crusade.[12] Their meeting became a subject for painters likeGiotto,Taddeo di Bartolo andTaddeo Gaddi.[12]
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Due to famine and disease after theNile failed to flood, al-Kamil could not defend Damietta and it was captured in November 1219.[13] The sultan withdrew toal-Mansourah, a fortress further up the Nile. After this there was little action until 1221, when al-Kamil offered peace again, proposing to surrender the entire territory of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, except Transjordan, in return for the Crusaders evacuating Egypt[13] but was again refused. The Crusaders marched out towardsCairo, but al-Kamil simply opened the dams and allowed the Nile to flood, and finally the Crusaders accepted an eight-year peace. He retook Damietta in September.
In the following years there was a power struggle with his brother al-Mu'azzam, and al-Kamil was willing to accept a peace with emperor and King of SicilyFrederick II, who was planning theSixth Crusade. Al-Mu'azzam died in 1227, eliminating the need for a peace, but Frederick had already arrived in Palestine. After al-Mu'azzam's death, al-Kamil and his other brotheral-Ashraf negotiated a treaty, giving all ofPalestine (includingTransjordan) to al-Kamil andSyria to al-Ashraf. In February 1229 al-Kamil negotiated theTreaty of Jaffa, a ten-year peace with Frederick II and returned Jerusalem and other holy sites to theCrusader kingdom.[14]
The treaty of 1229 is unique in the history of the Crusades. By diplomacy alone and without major military confrontation, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and a corridor running to the sea were ceded to the kingdom of Jerusalem. Exception was made for the Temple area, the Dome of the Rock, and the Aqsa Mosque, which the Muslims retained. Moreover, all current Muslim residents of the city would retain their homes and property. They would also have their own city officials to administer a separate justice system and safeguard their religious interests. The walls of Jerusalem, which had been destroyed, were rebuilt, and the peace was to last for 10 years.[15]
After the treat with Frederick, al-Kamil turned his attention to Damascus. He sent al-Ashraf to begin operations against the city. He arrived to pen thesiege of Damascus on 6 May. After almost two months of intense fighting, the city surrendered on 25 June. It was given to al-Ashraf, while al-Muazzam's son,an-Nasir Dawud, had to settle for Transjordan.[16]
Although there was peace with the Crusaders, al-Kamil had to contend with theSeljuks and theKhwarezmians before he died in 1238.
His sonsas-Salih Ayyub andal-Adil II succeeded him in Syria and Egypt respectively, but the Ayyubid empire soon descended into civil war. In 1239 the treaty with Frederick expired, and Jerusalem came under Ayyubid control.
Al-Kamil exemplified the Islamiclaws of war. For example, after al-Kamil defeated the Fifth Crusade,Oliver of Paderborn praised and commented on how al-Kamil supplied the defeated Frankish army with food:[17]
Who could doubt that such goodness, friendship and charity come from God? Men whose parents, sons and daughters, brothers and sisters, had died in agony at our hands, whose lands we took, whom we drove naked from their homes, revived us with their own food when we were dying of hunger and showered us with kindness even when we were in their power.
— Oliverus Scholasticus,[18]
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Al-Kamil Born: 1177 Died: 6 March 1238 | ||
| Preceded by | Sultan of Egypt 1218 – 6 March 1238 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Sultan of Damascus 1238 | |
