al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi | |
|---|---|
| Emir of Sicily | |
| In office 948–953 | |
| Succeeded by | Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 911 |
| Died | November/December 964 (Aged 53) |
| Relations | Ali ibn Abi'l-Husayn (father),Ahmad (son),Abu'l-Qasim Ali (son),Ammar ibn Ali (brother) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Fatimid Caliphate |
| Years of service | ca. 943–964 |
| Commands | Governor ofTunis,Emir of Sicily |
Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi al-Husayn al-Kalbi (Arabic:ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺍﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ الكلبي,romanized: al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Abī al-Ḥusayn al-Kalbī), known inByzantine sources asBoulchasenes (Greek:Βουλχάσενης) andAboulchare (Ἀβουλχαρέ),[1] was the firstKalbidEmir of Sicily. A member of an aristocratic family within the ruling circle of theFatimid Caliphate, he helped suppress the great revolt ofAbu Yazid in 943–947 and was sent as governor ofSicily from 948 until 953, when he returned toIfriqiya. He was succeeded in Sicily by his sonAhmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi, but led several campaigns in Sicily andsouthern Italy against theByzantines in 955–958, as well as the raid againstAlmeria that sparked a brief conflict with theCaliphate of Córdoba in 955. He died atPalermo in 964, during another campaign against the Byzantines.
As evidenced by hisnisba, Hasan hailed from the ArabBanu Kalb tribe, and belonged to an aristocratic family established inIfriqiya since theMuslim conquest of the Maghreb. The family had evidently embraced theFatimid regime after the overthrow of theAghlabids in 909, and his fatherAli had served the Fatimids with distinction, being killed by the rebellious populace inAgrigento in 938, and both Hasan and his brother Ja'far were close associates ofJawdhar, the powerful chamberlain and chief minister of Caliphal-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah.[2]
Hasan first came to prominence during theKharijite revolt ofAbu Yazid, which lasted from 944 to 947 and spread across Ifriqiya, almost resulting in the downfall of the Fatimid Caliphate.[3][4] During this conflict, Hasan madeConstantine his base, and with the aid of theKutamaBerbers was able to reclaim for the Fatimids the north of Ifriqiya, includingBéja andTunis, of which he was appointed governor.[5]
Following the death of Abu Yazid and the end of his revolt, Caliph al-Mansur sent him toSicily, where another revolt had broken out inPalermo in April 947, overthrowing the Fatimid governor,Ibn Attaf. At the same time theByzantines, encouraged by Fatimid weakness, had stopped paying the tribute agreed in 932 for their possessions in Sicily andsouthern Italy.[1][4][6] Sailing to Sicily, Hasan suppressed the rebellion in Palermo with such swiftness and severity that the Byzantines hastened to pay three years' worth of arrears of the tribute, although it is unclear whether this was done by the central government inConstantinople or was a local initiative.[1][6]
At the same time, the Byzantines came into contact with the Fatimids' western rivals, theUmayyadCaliphate of Córdoba inal-Andalus, for joint action against the Fatimids.[7] EmperorConstantine VII also sent reinforcements to Italy under the commandersMalakenos andMakroioannes, which arrived atOtranto and united with the local forces of thetheme ofCalabria under itsstrategos,Paschalios. In response, Hasan notified al-Mansur and asked for reinforcements. An army of 7,000 cavalry and 3,500 infantry was prepared, and under the command of the eunuchFaraj Muhaddad arrived at Palermo in June 951.[1][8] A year later, in June/July, the two Fatimid commanders sailed from Sicily and invaded Calabria, attacking several towns, includingGerace andCassano. The Byzantine troops not only failed to confront them, but withdrew toBari, and the besieged towns preferred to ransom themselves rather than suffer the consequences of a sack. After Cassano, the Fatimids withdrew to their winter quarters atMessina, although al-Mansur had commanded them to remain in Italy.[1][9]
The Caliph sharply rebuked the commanders and ordered them to return to the Italian mainland, but this did not happen until the next spring. On 7 May 952, Hasan defeated the Byzantine army under Malakenos and Paschalios at Gerace. He then laid siege to the town and sackedPetracucca. Following the defeat at Gerace, Constantine VII sent an envoy, John Pilatos, who arranged a truce with Hasan, followed by a treaty concluded on 7 September before al-Mansur. Not only did the Byzantines agree to resume payment of tribute, but before leaving Calabria, Hasan erected a mosque atReggio and had the Byzantines swear to respect the Muslims' right to worship and call the prayer there, and that any Muslim prisoner who sought refuge there would be set free. The treaty also stipulated that, if "as much as a single stone" were removed from it, all churches in Sicily and Ifriqiya would be razed.[1][10]
Following the death of al-Mansur on 19 March 953, Hasan returned to Ifriqiya to present himself to the new ruler,al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah. There he remained thereafter, retaining his position as one of the chief commanders, and as head of the Kalbid family. His post as governor in Sicily passed to his sonAhmad.[1][10] This dynastic succession heralded the beginning of Kalbid rule over Sicily as Fatimid viceroys,[11] which lasted until the civil strife and the political fragmentation of the island in the 1030s.[12]
In 955, war was renewed, when an Andalusian merchant ship intercepted a Fatimid ship carrying diplomatic correspondence; fearing that it would alert Fatimid privateers, the Andalusians not only removed its rudder, but took along the case containing the dispatches it carried. Enraged, al-Mu'izz ordered Hasan to pursue, but he was unable to catch the ship before it reached the port ofAlmeria. Without hesitating, Hasan took his squadron into the harbour, plundered it and the arsenal, burned the Umayyad ships anchored there, and returned to Ifriqiya.[13][14] The Umayyads responded by sending admiralGhalib with a fleet of 70 vessels to Ifriqiya. The Umayyad fleet raided the port ofal-Kharaz and the environs of Susa andTabarqa.[15][16]
Fatimid sources report that the Umayyads proposed joint action with Byzantium, but although an expeditionary force underMarianos Argyros was sent to Italy, it occupied itself with suppressing local revolts rather than engaging the Fatimids, and the Byzantine envoys offered to renew and extend the existing truce. Al-Mu'izz however, determined to expose the Umayyads' collaboration with the infidel enemy and emulate the achievements of his father, refused.[15][17][18] The Caliph dispatched twofleets to Sicily, the first under Hasan's brotherAmmar ibn Ali al-Kalbi, and the second later under Hasan himself andJawhar al-Siqilli. The Fatimid sources report that the Byzantine fleet was heavily defeated in theStraits of Messina, and that the Fatimids plundered Calabria, whereupon Marianos Argyros visited the caliphal court and arranged for a renewal of the truce. In 957 however the Byzantines under theprotokarabos Basil destroyed the mosque at Reggio and raidedTermini, near Palermo. Hasan suffered heavy losses in a storm offMazara, which dispersed his fleet and killed many of the crews; the survivors were then attacked by the Byzantines, who destroyed 12 ships. Another effort by Argyros to renew the truce in autumn failed, and in the next year, Hasan and Ammar defeated his forces in Sicily. However, Emperor Constantine VII sent reinforcements to Italy and soon after, as it was returning from Calabria to Sicily, the Fatimid fleet was again wrecked in a storm, in which Ammar perished (on 24 September 958, according to theCambridge Chronicle). As a result, al-Mu'izz accepted the proposals for a renewed five-year truce in 958.[1][17][19]
Following theByzantine reconquest of Crete in 960–961, where the Fatimids, constrained by their truce with the Empire and the distances involved, were unable or unwilling to interfere,[20][21] the Fatimids once more turned their attention to Sicily, where they decided to reduce the remaining Byzantine outposts: Taormina, the forts in theVal Demone andVal di Noto, andRometta. Taormina fell to Hasan's son Ahmad on Christmas Day 962, after more than nine months of siege, and in the next year his cousin,al-Hasan ibn Ammar al-Kalbi,laid siege to Rometta. The garrison of the latter sent for aid to EmperorNikephoros II Phokas, who prepared a major expedition, led by thepatrikiosNiketas Abalantes and his own nephew,Manuel Phokas, which landed at Messina in October 964.[22][23][24] At the same time, Hasan led Berber troops as reinforcements to Sicily to assist the efforts to capture Rometta. While the Fatimid army defeated the Byzantines before Rometta and then destroyed their fleet at theBattle of the Straits, Hasan himself remained in Palermo, where he died in November/December 964 at the age of 53.[1][25]
| Preceded byas Fatimid governor of Sicily | Kalbid emir ofSicily (for theFatimid Caliphate) 948–953 | Succeeded by |