al-Faluja الفالوجة al-Faluga | |
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 Souk in Faluja, pre 1948 | |
.jpg) 1870s map.jpg) 1940s map.jpg) modern map.jpg) 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Al-Faluja (click the buttons) | |
  al-Faluja Location withinMandatory Palestine | |
| Coordinates:31°37′29″N34°44′52″E / 31.62472°N 34.74778°E /31.62472; 34.74778 | |
| Palestine grid | 126/114 |
| Geopolitical entity | Mandatory Palestine |
| Subdistrict | Gaza |
| Date of depopulation | Feb-March 1949[3] |
| Area | |
• Total | 38.0 km2 (14.7 sq mi) |
| Population (1945) | |
• Total | 4,670[1][2] |
| Cause(s) of depopulation | Forced out byYishuv forces |
| Current Localities | Kiryat Gat,[4]Shahar,[4]Noga,[4]Nir Chen,[4]Nehora[4] |
al-Faluja (Arabic:الفالوجة) was aPalestinian Arab village in theBritish Mandate for Palestine, located 30 kilometers northeast ofGaza City. Al-Faluja absorbed settlers from various areas, includingDura.[5]
The village and the neighbouring village ofIraq al-Manshiyya formed part of the Faluja pocket, where 4,000Egyptian troops, who had entered the area as a result of the1948 war, were besieged for four months by the newly establishedIsrael Defense Forces.
The1949 Armistice Agreements allowed for a peaceful transfer of those areas outside Gaza to Israeli control, allowing Egyptian troops to remain in Gaza.[6] Following the agreements, the Arab residents were harassed and abandoned the villages. TheIsraeli town ofKiryat Gat, as well as themoshavRevaha, border the site of the former town.
The town was founded on a site that had been known as "Zurayq al-Khandaq", named "Zurayq" from the blue-coloredlupin that grew in the vicinity. Its name was changed to "al-Faluja" in commemoration of aSufi master, Shahab al-Din al-Faluji, who settled near the town after migrating there fromIraq in the 14th century. He died in al-Faluja and his tomb was visited by the SyrianSufi teacher and traveller Mustafa al-Bakri al-Siddiqi (1688-1748/9), who travelled through the region in the first half of the eighteenth century.[7]
In 1596, during theOttoman era, Al-Faluja was under the administration of thenahiya ofGaza, part of theSanjak of Gaza, with a population of 75Muslim households, an estimated 413 persons. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat, barley, sesame, fruits, vineyards, beehives, goats, andwater buffalo; a total of 5,170akçe. Half of the revenue went to awaqf.[8]
In 1838,Robinson notedel Falujy as a Muslim village in the Gaza district,[9][10] though he did not visit it.[11]
In 1863Victor Guérin found six hundred inhabitants in the village. He also noticed near awell, two ancient columns of gray-white marble, and next to awali, a third similar but rather destroyed.[12] An Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that Faluja had a population of 670, in 230 houses, though the population count only included men.[13][14]
In 1883, thePalestine Exploration Fund'sSurvey of Western Palestine described al-Faluja as surrounded on three sides by awadi. It had twowells and a pool to the east, a small garden patch to the west, and the village houses were built fromadobe bricks.[15]
In the1922 census of Palestine conducted by theBritish Mandate authorities, Al-Faluja had a population of 2,482 inhabitants; 2,473 Muslims, 3 Jews and 6 Christians,[16] where the Christians were all of the Orthodox faith.[17] The population increased in the1931 census to 3,161 inhabitants; 2 Christians and all the rest Muslim, in a total of 683 houses.[18]
The nucleus of the village was centered around the shrine of Shaykh al-Faluji. Its residential area began to expand in the 1930s and eventually crossed over to the other side of the wadi, which henceforth divided al-Faluja into northern and southern sections. Bridges were constructed across the wadi to facilitate movement between the two sides, especially during the winter when the water often flooded and caused damage. The center of al-Faluja shifted to the north where modern houses, stores, coffee houses, and a clinic were erected. The village had also two schools; one for boys (built in 1919) and the other for girls (built in 1940).[7]
In the1945 statistics Al-Faluja had a population of 4,670, all Muslims,[1] with a total of 38,038dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[2] Of this, 87 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 36,590 for cereals,[19] while a total of 517 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[20]
Al-Faluja was in the territory allotted to the Arab state under the 1947UN Partition Plan.[21] During the war, the men of the village blockaded the local Jewish communities and attacked convoys being sent to bring them food, water, and other supplies.[22]
On 24 February 1948, the village was attacked by Jewish forces.[23] A battle between Jewish forces and villagers in al-Faluja on 14 March 1948 left thirty-seven Arabs and seven Jews dead, as well as scores of Arabs and four Jews wounded. Israeli sources at the time told theNew York Times that a supply convoy, protected by armored cars of theHaganah, "had to fight its way through the village." A Haganah demolition squad returned later in the day and blew up ten houses in the village, including the town hall.[24]
Egyptian forces crossed into the former mandate on 15 May 1948 and a column of them were stopped by the Israelis nearAshdod. This column retreated to and encamped at al-Faluja andIraq al-Manshiyya, the so-called Faluja pocket. Between late October 1948 and late February 1949 some 4,000 Egyptian troops were encircled and besieged there by Israeli forces; the siege was a formative period forGamal Abdel Nasser, who was a major in the Egyptian army at Al-Faluja during the siege.[25]
As part of the terms of the February 4, 1949Israel–Egypt Armistice Agreement, the surrounded Egyptian forces (including future Egyptian PresidentGamal Abdel Nasser) agreed to return to Egypt.[26] The agreement (uniquely to the two villages), guaranteed the safety and property of the 3,140 Arab civilians (over 2,000 locals, plus refugees from other villages). The agreement, and a further exchange of letters filed with the United Nations, stated".... those of the civilian population who may wish to remain in al-Faluja and Iraq al-Manshiya are to be permitted to do so. ... All of these civilians shall be fully secure in their persons, abodes, property and personal effects."[27]
 | This sectionmay beunbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please helpimprove it by adding information on neglected viewpoints. Relevant discussion may be found on thetalk page.(December 2010) |
Few civilians left when the Egyptian brigade withdrew on 26 February 1949 but Israelis promptly violated the armistice agreement and began to intimidate the populace into flight.[23] United Nations observers reported to UN mediatorRalph Bunche that the intimidation included beatings, robberies, and attempted rape.[28] Quaker observers bore witness to the beatings
"Jane Smith (one of the Quaker party) has bandaged six men. The worst case was a man with two bloody eyes, a torn ear, and a face pounded until it was blue ... A young Arab told me: 'We could not sleep last night because of much shooting and because the Israeli soldiers came into the homes and tried to "make into" the Arab women.'"[29]
On 3 March they wrote that at"Iraq al Manshiya, the actingmukhtar or mayor told them that 'the people had been much molested by the frequent shooting, by being told that they would be killed if they did not go to Hebron, and by the Jews breaking into their homes and stealing things".Moshe Sharett (Israeli Foreign Minister) was very concerned at the international repercussions, especially the possible effect on Israeli-Egyptian relations. He was angry at the actions of the IDF, carried out without Cabinet authorization and behind his back and was not easily appeased. He used most uncharacteristic language"The IDF's actions" threw into question
our sincerity as a party to an international agreement ... One may assume that Egypt in this matter will display special sensitivity as her forces saw themselves as responsible for the fate of these civilian inhabitants. There are also grounds to fear that any attack by us on the people of these two villages may be reflected in the attitude of the Cairo Government toward the Jews of Egypt.
Sharett pointed out that Israel was seeking membership of the United Nations, and was encountering difficulties
over the question of our responsibility for the Arab refugee problem. We argue that we are not responsible ... From this perspective, the sincerity of our professions is tested by our behavior in these villages ... Every intentional pressure aimed at uprooting [these Arabs] is tantamount to a planned act of eviction on our part.
Sharett also protested that the IDF were carrying out a covert
whispering propaganda' campaign among the Arabs, threatening them with attacks and acts of vengeance by the army, which the civilian authorities will be powerless to prevent. This whispering propaganda (ta'amulat lahash) is not being done of itself. There is no doubt that here there is a calculated action aimed at increasing the number of those going to theHebron Hills as if of their own free will, and, if possible, to bring about the evacuation of the whole civilian population of [the pocket].
He also referred to the army's actions as"'an unauthorized initiative by the local command in a matter relating to Israeli government policy'".[30] Allon admitted (to Yadin) only that his troops had"beaten three Arabs ... There is no truth to the observers' announcement about abuse/cruelty [hit'alelut], etc. I investigated this personally."[31]
Morris further writes that the decision to cleanse the "Faluja pocket" population was approved by Israeli prime ministerDavid Ben-Gurion.[32] The last civilians left on 22 April,[23][32] and the order to demolish these (and a string of other) villages was made 5 days later by Rabin.[33]
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