Aksu | |
|---|---|
 Tianbai Shopping Center  North Xingfu Road  Duolang River  Century Square  Crossing of South Minzhu Road and West Tuanjie Road | |
.png) Location of Aksu City (pink) in Aksu Prefecture and Xinjiang | |
  Aksu Location of the city centre in Xinjiang Show map of Xinjiang Aksu Location of Aksu in China Show map of China | |
| Coordinates (Aksu City government):41°11′06″N80°17′25″E / 41.1850°N 80.2904°E /41.1850; 80.2904 | |
| Country | China |
| Autonomous region | Xinjiang |
| Prefecture | Aksu |
| Municipal seat | Lengger Subdistrict |
| Township-level divisions | 7subdistricts, 2towns, 4townships, 5 other areas |
| Area | |
• Total | 14,668 km2 (5,663 sq mi) |
| Population (2020)[1] | |
• Total | 695,000 |
| • Density | 47.4/km2 (123/sq mi) |
| Ethnic groups | |
| • Major ethnic groups | Uyghurs,Han Chinese |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard[a]) |
| Postal code | 843000 |
| Area code | 0997 |
| GDP (2020)[2] | CNY¥25.125 billion US $3.64 billion |
| GDP per capita | CNY¥36,151 US $5,239 |
| - Growth |  5.8% |
| Website | akss |
| Aksu City | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uyghur name | |||||||||||
| Uyghur | ئاقسۇ | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 阿克苏市 | ||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 阿克蘇市 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Aksu (Uyghur:ئاقسۇ,Aqsu;Chinese:阿克苏;pinyin:Ākèsū) is a city in and the seat ofAksu Prefecture,Xinjiang, lying at the northern edge of theTarim Basin. The name Aksu literally means "white water" (in Turkic) and is used for both theoasis town and theAksu River.
The economy of Aksu is mostly agricultural, with cotton, in particular long-staple cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), as the main product. Also produced are grain, fruits, oils and beets. The industry mostly consists of weaving, cement and chemical industries.
The land currently under the administration of the Aksu City is divided in two parts, separated by theAral City. The northern part hosts the city center, while the southern part is occupied by theTaklamakan Desert.
The name Aksu comes from the name of theAksu River[3] which is theUyghur word for "white water".[4] It istransliterated asAkesu in ChinesePinyin.
From theFormer Han dynasty (125 BCE to 23 CE) at least until the earlyTang dynasty (618–907 CE), Aksu was known asGumo姑墨 [Ku-mo].[5][6] The ancient capital town of Nan ("Southern Town") was likely well south of the present town.
During the Han dynasty, Gumo is described as a "kingdom" (guo) containing 3,500 households and 24,500 individuals, including 4,500 people able to bear arms. It is said to have produced copper, iron andorpiment.[7] The territory of Gumo was roughly situated in the counties ofBaicheng andWensu and the city of Aksu of nowadays.[8]
During the Buddhist era, it was known asBharuka,[9]Bohuan andBaluka,[10]Bolujia (inpinyin),Po-lu-chia (inWade–Giles).
The Chinese pilgrimXuanzang visited this "kingdom" in 629 CE and referred to it as Baluka.[11] He recorded that there were tens ofSarvastivadinvihāras in the kingdom and over 1000Buddhist monks. He said the kingdom was 600li from east to west, and 300li from north to south. Its capital was said to be sixli in circumference. Xuanzang reported that the "native products, climate, temperament of the people, customs, written language and law are the same as in the country of Kuci or modernKucha", some 300 km or 190 mi to the east, "but the spoken language is somewhat different" from the Kuchean language, which is also known asTocharian B and West Tocharian. He also stated that fine cotton and hemp cloth made in the area was traded in neighbouring countries.[12]
In the 7th, 8th, and early 9th centuries, control of the entire region was often contested byTang China, theTibetan Empire, and theUyghur Khaganate; cities frequently changed hands. Tibet seized Aksu in 670, but Tang forces reconquered the region in 692.
The Tang general Tang Jiahui led the Chinese to defeat an Arab-Tibetan attack in theBattle of Aksu (717).[13] The attack on Aksu was joined byTürgesh KhanSuluk.[14][15] BothUch Turfan and Aksu were attacked by the Turgesh, Arab, and Tibetan force on 15 August 717. Qarluqs serving under Chinese command, under Arsila Xian, a Western Turkic Qaghan serving under the Chinese Assistant Grand Protector General Tang Jiahui defeated the attack. Al-Yashkuri, the Arab commander and his army fled to Tashkent after they were defeated.[16][17]
Tibet regained the Tarim Basin in the late 720s, and the Tang dynasty again annexed the region in the 740s. TheBattle of Talas led to the gradual withdrawal of Chinese forces, and the region was then contested between the Uyghurs and Tibetans.
Aksu was positioned on a junction of trade routes: the northern Tarim routeSilk Road, and the dangerous route north via theTian Shan'sMuzart Pass to the fertileIli Valley.[18]
In 1207–1208, Aksu submitted toGenghis Khan who founded theMongol Empire. The area had been part of the whole Mongol Empire before it was occupied by the independent-mindedChagatai Khanate under theHouse of Ögedei in 1286 from the hands of Kublai'sYuan dynasty. After the decline of the Yuan dynasty and the split of the Chagatai Khanate in the mid-14th century, Aksu became a territory of the khanate ofMoghulistan. Later Aksu fell under the power of Turkic and Mongol warlords. Like most ofXinjiang, Aksu fell under the control of theKhojas and theDzungar Khanate. Along withKashgar, Asku played an important role in east–west exchange.[20]
TheQing dynasty of China conquered theDzungar Khanate during the final stage of theDzungar–Qing Wars in the late 1750s. By 1760, the whole Xinjiang including Aksu became the territory of the Qing dynasty. The Aksu region was given immediate legitimacy by the Qing government, which also gave it the name Wensu Independent Department (溫宿直隸州) and appointed an imperial agent to supervise its activity.[20]
Aksu was seized byYaqub Beg during theDungan Revolt of 1864–1877. Yakub Beg seized Aksu fromChinese Muslim forces.[21] After thereconquest of Xinjiang, the Qing dynasty formed Aksu Prefecture as part of the newXinjiang Province in 1884.[20] After the fall of Yakub Beg, a learned cleric namedMusa Sayrami (1836–1917), who had occupied positions of importance in Aksu under both rebel regimes, authoredTārīkh-i amniyya (History of Peace), which is considered by modern historians as one of the most important historical sources on the period.[22]
British Army officerFrancis Younghusband visited Aksu in 1887 on his overland journey fromBeijing toBritish India. He described it as being the largest town he had seen on his way from the Chinese capital, with a population of about 20,000, besides other inhabitants of the district and a garrison of about 2,000 soldiers. "There were large bazaars and several inns—some for travellers, others for merchants wishing to make a prolonged stay to sell goods."[23]
After the fall of the Qing dynasty, Aksu County (阿克蘇縣) was established by theRepublic of China In 1913.[3]
TheBattle of Aksu occurred here on 31 May 1933.[24]Isma'il Beg, a Uighur, became the rebel Tao-yin of Aksu.[25] After the outbreak of theIli Rebellion, theIli National Army forces led byAbdulkerim Abbas attempting to take Aksu were repelled byNational Revolutionary Army defenders commanded by Zhao Hanqi after two bitter sieges in September 1945.
On 19 August 1983, Aksu County became Aksu City (阿克苏市).[3][26] The city government began operation on 7 May 1984.[26] Aksu was the site of abombing in 2010. On 23 January 2013, 802.733 km2 (309.937 mi2) of territory was transferred from Aksu city toAral city.[26]
_delegates_in_Beijing%2c_China%2c_in_1761.jpg)
Aksu City is divided into two non-contiguous areas. The northern area is inhabited and the southern area is in theTaklamakan Desert. The southern area ends at a strait line in the desert along the 39°28′57″N parallel that divides it fromLop County (Luopu) andQira County (Cele) inHotan Prefecture (Hetian).[27][28]
The kingdom borderedKashgar to the south-west, andKucha,Karasahr thenTurpan to the east. Across the desert to the south wasKhotan.
Aksu has acold desert climate (Köppen climate classificationBWk) with extreme seasonal variation in temperature. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) in January to 24.1 °C (75.4 °F), and the annual mean is 10.8 °C (51.4 °F). Precipitation totals only 80.6 mm (3.17 in) annually, and mostly falls in summer, as compared to an annual evaporation rate of about 1,200 to 1,500 mm (47 to 59 in); there are about 2,800–3,000 hours of bright sunshine annually. The frost-free period averages 200–220 days.
| Climate data for Aksu, elevation 1,107 m (3,632 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 8.8 (47.8) | 14.4 (57.9) | 27.9 (82.2) | 34.5 (94.1) | 36.0 (96.8) | 37.4 (99.3) | 39.6 (103.3) | 38.6 (101.5) | 34.6 (94.3) | 29.4 (84.9) | 22.4 (72.3) | 9.8 (49.6) | 39.6 (103.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) | 5.4 (41.7) | 14.4 (57.9) | 22.8 (73.0) | 27.3 (81.1) | 30.6 (87.1) | 32.0 (89.6) | 30.8 (87.4) | 26.6 (79.9) | 19.7 (67.5) | 9.8 (49.6) | 0.7 (33.3) | 18.3 (64.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −7.4 (18.7) | −0.9 (30.4) | 8.0 (46.4) | 15.9 (60.6) | 20.2 (68.4) | 23.3 (73.9) | 24.7 (76.5) | 23.5 (74.3) | 19.0 (66.2) | 11.6 (52.9) | 2.9 (37.2) | −5.0 (23.0) | 11.3 (52.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −12.4 (9.7) | −6.1 (21.0) | 2.1 (35.8) | 9.3 (48.7) | 13.5 (56.3) | 16.4 (61.5) | 17.9 (64.2) | 17.0 (62.6) | 12.5 (54.5) | 5.2 (41.4) | −2.0 (28.4) | −9.1 (15.6) | 5.4 (41.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −25.2 (−13.4) | −24.4 (−11.9) | −10.9 (12.4) | −3.1 (26.4) | 2.7 (36.9) | 6.0 (42.8) | 8.7 (47.7) | 8.3 (46.9) | 1.4 (34.5) | −4.5 (23.9) | −12.9 (8.8) | −23.4 (−10.1) | −25.2 (−13.4) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 2.2 (0.09) | 3.1 (0.12) | 3.7 (0.15) | 4.1 (0.16) | 10.2 (0.40) | 19.7 (0.78) | 15.1 (0.59) | 13.5 (0.53) | 10.0 (0.39) | 4.4 (0.17) | 2.4 (0.09) | 3.5 (0.14) | 91.9 (3.61) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.3 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 3.6 | 6.4 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 3.9 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 41.1 |
| Average snowy days | 5.8 | 3.1 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 5.8 | 16.9 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 70 | 59 | 45 | 38 | 41 | 46 | 50 | 54 | 57 | 58 | 65 | 74 | 55 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 182.3 | 184.9 | 208.9 | 240.2 | 278.0 | 292.3 | 309.9 | 286.7 | 263.0 | 256.2 | 197.4 | 158.2 | 2,858 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 61 | 61 | 56 | 59 | 61 | 65 | 68 | 68 | 72 | 76 | 68 | 56 | 64 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[29][30] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[31] | |||||||||||||
Aksu City included 7subdistricts, 3towns, 3townships and five other areas:[4][26][32]
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Uyghur (UEY) | Uyghur Latin (ULY) | Administrative division code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subdistricts | ||||||
| Lengger Subdistrict | 兰干街道 | Lángàn Jiēdào | لەڭگەر كوچا باشقارمىسى | lengger kocha bashqarmisi | 652901001 | |
| Yengibazar Subdistrict | 英巴扎街道 | Yīngbāzhā Jiēdào | يېڭىبازار كوچا باشقارمىسى | yëngibazar kocha bashqarmisi | 652901002 | |
| Qizil Kowruk Subdistrict (Hongqiao Subdistrict) | 红桥街道 | Hóngqiáo Jiēdào | قىزىل كۆۋرۈك كوچا باشقارمىسى | qizil köwrük kocha bashqarmisi | 652901003 | |
| Yengisheher Subdistrict (Xincheng Subdistrict) | 新城街道 | Xīnchéng Jiēdào | يېڭىشەھەر كوچا باشقارمىسى | yëngisheher kocha bashqarmisi | 652901004 | |
| Nancheng Subdistrict | 南城街道 | Nánchéng Jiēdào | جەنۇبىي شەھەر كوچا باشقارمىسى | jenubiy sheher kocha bashqarmisi | 652901005 | |
| Kokyar Subdistrict | 柯柯牙街道 | Kēkēyá Jiēdào | كۆكيار كوچا باشقارمىسى | kökyar kocha bashqarmisi | 652901006 | |
| Dolan Subdistrict | 多浪街道 | Duōlàng Jiēdào | دولان كوچا باشقارمىسى | dolan kocha bashqarmisi | 652901007 | |
| Towns | ||||||
| Qaratal Town (Kara Tal[33]) | 喀拉塔勒镇 | Kālātǎlè Zhèn | قاراتال بازىرى[34] | qaratal baziri | 652901100 | |
| Aykol Town[35][36] | 阿依库勒镇 | Āyīkùlè Zhèn | ئايكۆل بازىرى | Ayköl baziri | 652901101 | |
| Egerchi Town (Igerchi[37]) | 依干其镇 | Yīgànqí Zhèn | ئېگەرچى بازىرى[38] | Ëgerchi baziri | 652901102 | |
| Townships | ||||||
| Bextügman Township[39] | 拜什吐格曼乡 | Bàishítǔgémàn Xiāng | بەشتۈگمەن يېزىسى[40] | beshtügmen yëzisi | 652901201 | |
| Topluq Township[41] | 托普鲁克乡 | Tuōpǔlǔkè Xiāng | توپلۇق يېزىسى[42] | topluq yëzisi | 652901202 | |
| Qumbash Township | 库木巴什乡 | Kùmùbāshí Xiāng | قۇمباش يېزىسى[43] | qumbash yëzisi | 652901203 | |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 561,822 | — |
| 2010 | 535,657 | −0.48% |
| 2015 | 513,682 | −0.83% |
| [26] | ||
Although the Tarim Basin is largely dominated by the Uyghurs, there are many Han Chinese in Aksu due to the presence ofbingtuan state farms here.[44] The Chinese government had encouraged migration to Xinjiang from the late 1950s and early 1960s onwards, and by 1998, Han Chinese formed the majority in the urban area of Aksu. In 2015, 44.67% of the population was Han Chinese.[45]
As of 1999, 57.89% of the population of Aksu City was Han Chinese and 40.75% of the population was Uyghur.[46] In the 2000 census, a figure of 561,822 was recorded for the city's population. In the 2010 census figure, the population in the city of Aksu dropped slightly to 535,657.[47] The difference may be partly due to boundary changes.[48]
As of 2015, 278,210 (54.16%) of the 513,682 residents of the city wereUyghur, 226,781 (44.14%) wereHan Chinese and 8,691 were from other ethnic groups.[49]
Industries in the city include textiles, construction, chemicals and others. Agricultural products include rice, wheat, corn and cotton. The local speciality is apple and thin-shelled walnuts.[3]
Aksu is situated betweenÜrümqi andKashgar, with crucial transportation corridors betweensouthern andnorthern Xinjiang going through the city, such asChina National Highway 217,China National Highway 314, andG3012 Turpan–Hotan Expressway. The city is also a significnat stop on theSouthern Xinjiang Railway.[50]
Akesu Hongqipo Airport is considered a military airport in China (although also available for civil usage). Only aircraft registered in China can land in Aksu. This means if you are flying to Aksu from international origins you have to land in a major airport in China like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and change to China registered aircraft which tail number starts with B.[51]
Aksu, formerly the territory ofKucha (Chinese:龟兹), or Gumo, served as a significant station on the historicSilk Road, with various points of interest along the route.[52]Jengish Chokusu, recognized as the foremost peak ofTianshan Mountains, the enigmatic Grand Canyon, Tianshan Shenmu Garden,Yanshuigou [zh]Yardang Landscape,Taklamakan Desert, the primordialTugay forest along theTarim River, the largest inland river in China, and theKizil Thousand Buddha Caves, one of China's four major grottoes. Aksu was designated aNational Excellent Tourist City [zh] in 2006.[53][54]
Historical English-language maps including Aksu:
![Map of Aksu (labeled as A-K'O-SU (AK SU YANGI SHAHR)) and surrounding region from the International Map of the World (AMS, 1950)[b]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aA-k%2560o-su_NK-44_(1950)_-_panoramio.jpg)
![From the Operational Navigation Chart; map including Aksu (A-k'o-su) (DMA, 1985)[c]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aOperational_Navigation_Chart_F-6%2c_6th_edition.jpg)
阿克苏市，维吾尔语意为"白水城"，{...}市辖4乡2镇、5个街道和8个片区管委会，
The city bearing the Turkish name of Aksu was perhaps earlier called Bharuka and may overlie the ancient site, of which nothing has yet been found.
Neolithic artefacts from 5000 BC have been discovered in the Aksu area. By the first century BC news had reached the Chinese imperial court of the Kingdom of Baluka, one of the 36 kingdoms of the Western Regions.
aksu 717.
阿克苏市位于东经79°43′26″～82°00′38″，北纬39°28′57″～41°30′10″，
地处东经79°59′-81°83′，北纬36°30′-39°29′东邻策勒县，{...}北伸延入塔克拉玛干大沙漠与阿克苏市、阿瓦提县为邻，
统计用区划代码 名称 652901001000 栏杆街道 652901002000 英巴扎街道 652901003000 红桥街道 652901004000 新城街道 652901005000 南城街道 652901006000 柯柯牙街道 652901007000 多浪街道 652901100000 喀勒塔勒镇 652901101000 阿依库勒镇 652901200000 依干其乡 652901201000 拜什吐格曼乡 652901202000 托普鲁克乡 652901203000 库木巴希乡 652901401000 红旗坡农场 652901404000 实验林场 652901407000 纺织工业城 652901408000 经济技术开发区 652901409000 特色产业园区
Folk Art Group of Culture Center of Kara Tal Town in Aksu City
ئاقسۇ شەھىرى قاراتال بازىرى
Aykol township, Aksu city, Aksu prefecture
A poor villager named Habibulla Mamut from Aykol Town of Aksu City
Yiganchi (Igerchi)
ئاقسۇ شەھىرىنىڭ ئېگەرچى يېزىسى
依干其 Igarchi {...}
拜什吐格曼 Bextügman {...}
托普鲁克 Topluk {...}
ئاقسۇ شەھىرى بەشتۈگمەن يېزىسى
According to a staff member from the Topluq police station, officers have been searching all area hospitals, walk-in clinics, and public spaces in the vicinity of the village.
ئاقسۇ شەھىرىنىڭ توپلۇق يېزىسى
ئاقسۇ شەھىرى قۇمباش يېزىسى
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
