In the 4th century AD it became the metropolis ofNarbonensis Secunda. It was occupied by theVisigoths in 477. In the succeeding century, the town was repeatedly plundered by theFranks andLombards, and was occupied by theSaracens in 731 and byCharles Martel in 737. Aix, which during theMiddle Ages was the capital ofProvence, did not reach its zenith until after the 12th century, when, under the houses ofBarcelona/Aragon andAnjou, it became an artistic centre and seat of learning.[6]
Aix passed to the crown of France with the rest of Provence in 1487, and in 1501Louis XII established there the parliament of Provence, which existed until 1789. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the town was the seat of the Intendance of Provence.[6] Current archeological excavations in the Ville des Tours, amedievalsuburb of Aix, have unearthed the remains of aRomanamphitheatre.[9] A deposit of fossil bones from the Upper Continental Miocene gave rise to a Christian dragon legend.[10]
Aix-en-Provence is situated in the south of France, in a plain overlooking theArc river, about 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) from the right bank of the river. The city slopes gently from north to south and theMontagne Sainte-Victoire can easily be seen to the east. Aix's position in the south of France gives it a warm climate, though more extreme thanMarseille due to the inland location. It has an average January temperature of 6 °C (43 °F) and a July average of 24 °C (75 °F). It has an average of 300 days of sunshine and only 58 days of rain.[11] While it is partially protected from theMistral, Aix still occasionally experiences the cooler and gusty conditions it brings.
The narrow streets of AixLes Deux GarçonsThe Cathedral CloistersCobbled square with shuttered historic façades and a central fountain in the old town of Aix-en-Provence.
TheCours Mirabeau is a wide thoroughfare, planted with double rows ofplane trees, bordered by fine houses and decorated by fountains. It follows the line of the old city wall, and divides the town into two sections. The new town extends to the south and west; the old town, with its narrow, irregular streets, and its old mansions dating from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, lies to the north. Situated on this avenue, which is lined on one side with banks and on the other with cafés, is the Deux Garçons, the most famousbrasserie in Aix. Built in 1792, it was frequented by the likes ofPaul Cézanne,Émile Zola andErnest Hemingway.[13] On 3 November 2019, Les Deux Garçons was devastated by a fire that engulfed the entire building, leaving the much loved establishment just a shell.[14]
The Cathedral of the Holy Saviour (Aix Cathedral) is situated to the north in themedieval part of Aix. Built on the site of a formerRoman forum and an adjacent basilica, it contains a mixture of all styles from the 5th to the 17th century, including a richly decorated portal in theGothic style with doors elaborately carved inwalnut. The interior contains 16th-century tapestries, a 15th-centurytriptych depictingKing René and his wife on the side panels, as well as aMerovingianbaptistery, itsRenaissance dome supported by original Roman columns. The archbishop's palace (Palais de l'Archêveché) and aRomanesquecloister adjoin the cathedral on its south side.[15] TheArchbishopric of Aix is now shared withArles.
Place de l'Hôtel de Ville with theHôtel de Ville on the rightSaint-Jean-de-Malte
Among its other public institutions, Aix also has the second most importantAppeal Court (Palais de Justice) outside of Paris, located near the site of the former Palace of the Counts (Palais des Comtes) ofProvence.
TheHôtel de Ville (town hall), a building in the classical style of the middle of the 17th century, looks onto a picturesque square (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville). It contains some fine woodwork and tapestries. At its side rises a handsome clock-tower, erected in 1510.[16] Also on the Place de l'Hôtel de Ville is the formerCorn Exchange (1759–1761) (Halle de Grains). This ornately decorated 18th-century building was designed by the Vallon brothers. Nearby are the remarkablethermal springs, containing lime andcarbonic acid, that first drew theRomans to Aix and gave it the nameAquae Sextiae. Aspa was built in 1705 near the remains of theancient Romanbaths ofSextius.[17]
Aix is often referred to as the city of a thousand fountains.[18] Among the most notable are the 17th-century Fontaine des Quatre Dauphins (Fountain of the Four Dolphins) in the Quartier Mazarin, designed by Jean-Claude Rambot,[19] and three of the fountains down the central Cours Mirabeau: at the top, a 19th-century fountain depicts the "good king"René holding theMuscat grapes that he introduced toProvence in the 15th century; halfway down is a natural hot water fountain (34 °C), covered in moss, dating back to the Romans; and at the bottom, at la Rotonde, the hub of modern Aix, stands a monumental fountain from 1860 beneath three giant statues representing art, justice and agriculture. In the older part of Aix, there are also fountains of note in the Place d'Albertas and the Place des Trois-Ormeaux.[citation needed]
Aix is the birthplace of Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne. A walking trail links sites including his childhood home, Jas de Bouffan, and his former studio, Atelier Cézanne. The white limestone mountain Sainte-Victoire overlooks the city and was a frequent subject of Cézanne's works.[citation needed]
Aix has long been a university town:Louis II of Anjou granted aroyal charter for a university in 1409. Today Aix-en-Provence remains an important educational centre, with many teaching and research institutes:
Arts et Métiers ParisTech, an engineering graduate school that settled a campus in the city in 1843. This teaching and research center (CER) let the students attend courses focused on industrial and mechanical engineering.
The American College of the Mediterranean (ACM), an American-style degree-granting institution with programs in art, art history, business, communication, French language and culture, international relations, psychology and many others. ACM also includes a study abroad institute for undergraduates,IAU College.
Aix also has several training collèges, lycées, and a college of art and design. It has also become a centre for many international study programmes. Several lycées offerCPGE.
An important opera festival, theFestival international d'Art Lyrique, founded in 1948, now ranks with those inBayreuth,Salzburg andGlyndebourne. The director until 2018 wasBernard Foccroulle, organist and director ofla Monnaie in Brussels. The festival takes place in late June and July each year. The main venues in Aix itself are the outdoor Théâtre de l'Archévêché in the former garden of the archbishop's palace, the recently restored 18th-century Théâtre du Jeu de Paume, and the newly builtGrand Théâtre de Provence; operas are also staged in the outdoor Théâtre du Grand Saint-Jean outside Aix. Linked to the festival is the Académie européenne de musique, a summer school for young musicians with master classes by celebrated artists. Over the four-year period from 2006 until 2009,Sir Simon Rattle's version of Wagner'sRing Cycle with theBerlin Philharmonic was performed at the Aix festival. The current director of the festival isPierre Audi.
This takes place each year in June to coincide with the national 'Fête de la Musique.' There is a week of classical, jazz, and popular concerts held in different street venues and courtyards in the city. Some of these events are held in the ConservatoireDarius Milhaud, named in honour of the French composer, a native of Aix.
The dance companyBallet Preljocaj of the French dancer and choreographerAngelin Preljocaj has been located in Aix since 1996. In 2007 it took up residence in thePavillon Noir, a centre for dance performance, designed in 1999 by the architectRudy Ricciotti. The centre is one of nineteen of its kind in France, designatedCentre chorégraphique national.
Aix-en-Provence was part ofMarseille-Provence 2013, the year-long cultural festival when the region served as theEuropean Capital of Culture. Aix hosted several major cultural events including one half of the Grand Atelier du Midi gala exhibition and an episode of the Révélations pyrotechnical performance. The city also unveiled major new cultural infrastructure to coincide with Marseille-Provence 2013, including the Darius Milhaud Conservatory designed byKengo Kuma.
Le Musée de Tapisseries (Tapestry Museum), housed in the Archbishop's Palace and with a collection of tapestries and furniture from the 17th and 18th centuries.
Le Musée Paul Arbaud (Faïence/Pottery).
LeMusée Granet, a museum devoted to painting, sculpture and the archeology of Aix.[20] It recently underwent significant restoration and reorganization, prior to the international exhibition in 2006 marking the centenary ofCézanne's death.[21] Due to lack of space, the large archeological collection, including many recent discoveries, will be displayed in a new museum, still in the planning stages. The museum contains major paintings byJean-Dominique Ingres (among which the monumentalJupiter and Thetis), an authentic self-portrait byRembrandt, and works byAnthony van Dyck,Paul Cézanne,Alberto Giacometti andNicolas de Staël. In June 2011, the first part of the collection of theFondation Jean et Suzanne Planque opened at the Musée Granet, containing over 180 artworks. This legacy of the Swiss painter, dealer and art collectorJean Planque, a personal friend ofPablo Picasso, has been donated to the city for an initial period of 15 years. The collection contains over 300 works of art, including paintings and drawings byDegas,Renoir.Gauguin,Monet, Cézanne,Van Gogh, Picasso,Pierre Bonnard,Paul Klee,Fernand Léger, Giacometti andDubuffet. The full collection will be housed in a specially constructed annex in theChapelle des Pénitents Blancs, situated nearby: the expected opening is in 2013.
Le Pavillon de Vendôme, a 17th-century mansion housing permanent and touring art exhibitions.
L'atelier Cézanne, the former studio of Paul Cézanne, now a museum, located in the northern outskirts of Aix. It has been preserved as it was at the time of the painter's death and contains many of his personal items and props used in his paintings.
Jas de Bouffan, the house and grounds of Cézanne's father, now partially open to the public.
Prior to 1989 Aix had several libraries, for example in the Parc Jourdan and the Town Hall. In 1989, many of these were moved to the Méjanes, an old match factory.
In 1993, the "Cité du Livre" was opened around the library. This has media spaces for dance, cinema and music, and a training facility for librarians. Adjacent to the Cité du Livre are the Grand Théâtre de Provence and the Pavillon Noir (see above).
To the east of Aix risesMontagne Sainte-Victoire (1,011 metres or 3,317 feet), one of the landmarks of the Pays d'Aix. It is accessible from the centre of Aix by road or on foot, taking the wooded footpath of Escrachou Pevou to theplateau of Bibemus.[22] It dramatically overshadows the small dam built byÉmile Zola's father and was a favourite subject and haunt ofPaul Cézanne throughout his lifetime. In the village ofLe Tholonet on the precipitous southern side of Mont Sainte-Victoire, there is awindmill that he used, and beyond that a mountain hut, therefuge Cézanne, where he liked to paint.
To the north, the mountain slopes gently down through woodland to the village ofVauvenargues. TheChâteau of Vauvenargues overlooking the village was formerly occupied by thecounts of Provence (includingRené of Anjou) and the Archbishops of Aix before it became the family home of themarquis de Vauvenargues.[23] It was acquired by the Spanish artistPablo Picasso in 1958, who was resident there from 1959 until 1962, when he moved toMougins. He and his wife Jacqueline are buried in its grounds,[24][25][26] which are not usually open to the public. From 2009 onwards, the château, which now belongs to Jacqueline's daughter Catherine Hutin, has been open to the public from June to September.[27]
Mont Sainte-Victoire has a complex network of paths, leading to the priory andCroix de Provence at the summit, to the large man-made reservoir of Bimont and to theRomanviaduct above le Tholonet.
Association football is represented in the city byAS Aix-en-Provence. Their best result was playing in French Division 1 in the 1967–68 season, but recent years see the team playing in amateur levels of the French football league system.
Rugby union clubProvence Rugby (previously known as Aix Rugby Club and Pays d'Aix Rugby Club) is based in the city. As of 2021[update], they play inRugby Pro D2, the second-tier French league.
The city holds a juniorfencing World Cup event for men's foil in January of each year. Local fencerErwann Le Péchoux was part of the team that won the gold medal in men's team foil at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
The manufacture ofcalissons, a lozenge-shapedconfection made fromalmonds, orange peel, sugar, and crystallized melon.[30] Each year in early September, there is a mass in French and Provençal in themedieval church of St Jean de Malte to bless the calissons –la bénédiction des calissons. This ceremony has been held since the 17th century to mark the deliverance of Aix from theplague. It is currently accompanied by a colourfulprovencalpageant, involving most of the local calisson manufacturers and their wares. About calissons, Provençal novelistMarcel Pagnol wrote that, to make true calissons "'You need one-third almonds, one-third fruit confits, one-third sugar, and a quarter savoir faire.''[31]
Saffron: The Safranière de Provence is an organic saffron producer situated near Aix-en-Provence.[37]
The airlineTwin Jet has its head office in Aix-en-Provence.[38]
From 1990 to 2000, criminal organizations established complexextortion rings inMarseille extending to Aix-en-Provence and the greaterFrench Riviera. Since 2002,Le Milieu is known for, in addition to its extortion rings, largecounterfeiting andwhite-collar crime operations. Due to increased financial regulation,Le Milieu has collectively pushed tointegrate their crime profits into the legal economy.[citation needed]
A set of ancient roads radiate out from Aix to the surrounding countryside, the Pays d'Aix. There are also a large number of modernautoroutes connecting Aix to nearby towns. There are autoroutes northwards to Avignon and to theLuberon; southwards toMarseille; and eastwards toAubagne and the Mediterranean coast of Provence; and toNice and other towns on theFrench Riviera. Aix and Marseille are equidistant from theMarseille Provence Airport (MRS) atMarignane on theÉtang de Berre which features domestic and international scheduled passenger service. There is another airport at Les Milles, which is mostly used by general aviation. There is a frequent bus shuttle service from the main bus station in Aix which also serves thenearby TGV station at l'Arbois, in the middle of the countryside about 16 kilometres (10 mi) from Aix.
At Aix, the line from Paris branches to Marseille and Nice; it takes about 3 hours to get from Paris to Aix by TGV. Aix also has a railway station near the centre,Gare d'Aix-en-Provence, with connections to Marseille,Pertuis andBriançon in theFrench Alps. A frequent and rapid shuttle bus service for commuters operates between the bus station in Aix and Marseille. There are many other long distance and local buses from the bus station. The city also offers a "city pass" available in 24, 48, and 72-hour packages for visiting tourists.[43] The "pass tourisitque" is offered at the Aix-en-Provence Tourist Office, the Atelier de Cézanne, and the official Aix tourism website.[43]
In the town itself, there is an inexpensive municipal bus service, including a dial-a-bus service ("proxibus"), apark-and-ride service and tiny electrified buses for those with mobility problems – these are six-seater vehicles that circulate at a speed of 16 km/h (10 mph).[44] The central old town of Aix is for the most part pedestrianised. There are large underground and overground parking structures placed at regular intervals on the "boulevard exterieur", the predominantlyone-wayring road that encircles the old town. Access to the old town is by a series of often narrow one-way streets that can be confusing to navigate for the uninitiated.[45][46]
As well as overland routes, two "rivers" flow through Aix, the Arc and the Torse, neither of which can remotely be described as navigable.
The local Aix dialect, rarely used and spoken by a rapidly decreasing number of people, is part of the provencal dialect of theOccitan language. The provencal for "Aix-en-Provence" is "Ais de Prouvènço"[ˈajdepʀuˈvɛ̃sɔ]. Most of the older streets in Aix have names in both Provençal and French.
Ysabel, the tenth novel of the best-selling Canadian authorGuy Gavriel Kay, was set and written in Aix.
Italian electroacoustic artistGiuseppe Ielasi's albumAix[49] was produced in Aix-en-Provence, hence the title.
This is also the site of an alleged sighting and landing of a UFO in 1981 that is taken seriously byGEIPAN, the department within the French Space Agency responsible for investigating aerospace phenomena.[50]
Jean-Baptiste Marie de Piquet, Marquis of Méjanes (1729–1786), who bequeathed to the town his collection of between 60 and 80 thousand books, which later became the municipal library, the Bibliothèque Méjanes
Nina Simone (1933–2003), American singer, songwriter, pianist, civil rights activist, lived here in 1993–2003
Christophe Rousset (born 1961), conductor and harpsichordist, grew up here
Charles Trenet (1942–2001), poet, painter and singer, wrote several evergreens here
Bradley Cooper (born 1975), American actor, spent 6 months as an exchange student here whilst studying an English major and French minor atGeorgetown University.
^"Aix en Provence (13)"(PDF).Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records (in French). Meteo France. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 30 March 2018. Retrieved30 June 2024.
^Sarre, Claude-Alain (2007).Les Deux Garçons. Quatre Siècles d'Histoire au Coeur d'Aix-en-Provence. Université Aix.ISBN978-2-903449-92-6.
^Laurence Labrouche, "Ariane Mnouchkine: un parcours théâtral: le terrassier, l'enfant et le voyageur", L'Harmattan (1999),ISBN2-7384-8022-5, page 66, "la ville aux mille fontaines"
^Provence. Michelin Green Guide. Michelin. 1999.ISBN0-320-03732-0., page 69. The fountain was built in 1667,
^ab"Les villes partenaires".aixenprovence.fr (in French). Aix-en-Provence. 20 October 2020. Retrieved20 April 2021.
^Jessula, Georges (2003)."Darius Milhaud, Compositeur de Musique".Revue Juive:140–144. Since their marriage in 1892, Milhaud's parents lived in theBras d'Or in Aix-en-Provence, where their son grew up; however he was delivered at the home of his maternal grandparents in Marseille.
Busquet, Raoul (1954).Histoire de la Provençade des origines à la révolution française. Éditions Jeanne Lafitte.ISBN2-86276-319-5.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
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