Hasanwayhid dynasty | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 959–1015 | |||||||||||
| Capital | Dinavar | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Kurdish[1] | ||||||||||
| Religion | Shia Islam (Twelver) | ||||||||||
| Government | Emirate | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | 959 | ||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1015 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
TheHasanwayhids orHasanuyids (Kurdish: حەسەنوویییەکان) were aTwelver Shia[2]Kurdish dynasty reigning the western parts of Iran such asIranian Azerbaijan andZagros Mountains betweenShahrizor andKhuzestan from c. 959 to 1015.[3][4] The last Hasanwayhid ruler died in 1015 in Sarmadj, south ofBisotun, as theSeljuks began entering the region.[4]
The Hasanwayhids were preceded in the region by the Aishanid, or 'Ishania, a Kurdish tribe. This particular group had ruled territories in the districts of Dinawar, Hamadan, and Nahavand. Their emirs, Ghanim and Windad (sons of a certain Ahmad), had usurped the rule from the Abbasid caliphate for fifty years, until their deaths in 960–1. The next generation of Aishanid emirs could not maintain control of their family castles: Ghanim's son, Dizam, was defeated by the Buyid armies, and Windad's son, 'Abd al-Wanhab, was taken prisoner by a rival Kurdish group and handed over to the first Hasanwayhid ruler, Hasanwayh. Hasanwayh was a maternal nephew of Ghanim and Windad, and he obtained the castles of their Aishanid relatives.[5]
The name of the dynasty was aneponym to their first rulerHasanwayh ibn Husayn from the Barzikani tribe. A vassal of theBuyid dynasty,[6] Hasanwayh supported them against theSamanids which enabled him in gaining some power.[4] He would ultimately control much ofLorestan,[7]Dinavar,Nahavand andHamadan and was powerful to such degree in which the Buyids refrained from disturbing him.[8] The influence of Hasanwayh reachedAzerbaijan.[2]
After his death in 979, his sonBadr ibn Hasanwayh became ruler and achieved notable gains including imposing order, developing a strong financial administration, building roads and markets in the mountains, securing the safety of pilgrims crossing his territory and striking coins.[4] Like his father, he continued to pledge his allegiance to the Buyids.[6]
Badr ibn Hasanwayh was succeeded by his grandson Zahir in 1014 but only kept power for a year as he was expelled by BuyidShams al-Dawla and shortly after killed.[8] TheAnnazids took large parts of its western territory and became their immediate successors. The eastern parts were taken by the Buyids, while theKakuyids took the southern portions. All of the formerly held Hasanwayhids territory was ultimately taken byTughril.[2]
TheSarmaj Castle was built by the Hasanwayhids.[2]
