Parts of this article (those related to All but esp the table of lessors) need to beupdated. The reason given is: Out of date, due to mergers, etc. In particular, #1 and #2 merged.. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(September 2023)

Aircraft leases areleases used byairlines and other aircraft operators. Airlines lease aircraft from other airlines or leasing companies for two main reasons: to operate aircraft without the financial burden of buying them, as well as to provide temporary increase in capacity. The industry has two main leasing types: wet-leasing, which is normally used for short-term leasing, and dry-leasing which is more normal for longer-term leases. The industry also uses combinations of wet and dry. For example, when the aircraft is wet-leased to establish new services, then as the airline's flight or cabin crews become trained, they can be switched to a dry lease. In some markets, there may also be hybrid models, such as with crew provided by lessees.

Operating leases of jet airliners accounted for less than 2% of the fleet in 1976, then 15% in the early 1990s, 25% in 2000 and 40% in 2017, with lessors involved in 62% ofsecond-hand mid-life aircraft transactions since 2000: 42% in Europe and 29% in North America.^[1] In 2015, over $120 billion worth of commercial aircraft were delivered worldwide and half of the global lessors were based inIreland.^[2]

Having an aggressive growth mandate, more aggressive, smaller entrants have overpaid for many of their assets in the sale and leaseback market and are then undercharged on lease rates in order to win the business, with lower maintenance reserves and return conditions: lease-rate factors have fallen to 0.6% per month (7.2% per year), even reaching 0.55% (6.6% per year).^[3]

DespiteAir Berlin andMonarch Airlines bankruptcies, their leased aircraft have been rapidly placed at "normal market rates" due to traffic growth as globalrevenue passenger kilometers are up by 7.7% over one year through September 2017, andAirbus struggles to deliverA320neos due to engine supply delays.^[4]

In 2007,Beijing allowedChinese banks to start leasing units, and nine Chinese lessors were part of the 50 largest in 2017, led byICBC leasing in the top ten, having the value of their managed fleet grew by 15% since 2016.^[5] In a few cases, Chinese lessors forgot they had to get secondary leases and missed the redelivery timing, stranding aircraft for a few months.^[6]

Rentals are often anchored toLIBOR rates.A320neo andB737 MAX 8 lease rates are $20-30,000 higher than their predecessors: by 2018, a B737-8 can be leased for slightly more than $385,000 per month and a 12 year term with a good credit can be lower than $370,000 per month for an A320neo (0.74% of its around $49 millioncapital cost), generating $53 million of revenue and over $8.5 million in an end of lease compensation formaintenance, while still being worth $20 million.^[7]

Airlines that cannot afford a good deal on factory direct aircraft, or carriers who prefer to maintain flexibility, can lease their aircraft with anoperating lease or afinance lease.

A wet lease is a leasing arrangement whereby oneairline (thelessor) provides an aircraft, complete crew, maintenance, and insurance (ACMI) to another airline or other type of business acting as abroker of air travel (thelessee), which pays by hours operated. The lessee provides fuel and covers airport fees, and any other duties, taxes, etc. The flight uses theflight number of the lessee. A wet lease generally lasts 1–24 months. A wet lease is typically utilized during peak traffic seasons or annualheavy maintenance checks, or to initiate new routes.^[8] A wet-leased aircraft may be used to fly services into countries where the lessee is banned from operating.^[9] It can also be used to replace unavailable capacity or to circumvent regulatory or political restrictions.

They can also be considered a form of charter whereby the lessor provides minimum operating services, including ACMI, and the lessee provides the balance of services along with flight numbers. In all other forms of charter, the lessor provides the flight numbers. Variations of a wet lease include acode share arrangement, ablock seat agreement, and a capacity purchase agreement.

Wet leases are occasionally used for political reasons. For instance,EgyptAir, an Egyptian government enterprise, for many years was not allowed to fly toIsrael under its own name, as a matter ofEgyptian government policy. Hence Egyptian civilian flights fromCairo toTel Aviv, required to exist under the terms of theEgypt–Israel peace treaty of 1979, were operated byAir Sinai, which wet-leased from EgyptAir to circumvent the political issue.^[10] In 2021, Egypt changed its policy and EgyptAir started operating flights to Israel under its own banner.^[11][12][13]

The global wet lease market is projected to grow from US$7.35 billion in 2019 to US$10.9 billion in 2029, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.1%.^{[citation needed]}

A dry lease is a leasing arrangement whereby an aircraft financing entity (lessor), such asAerCap orAir Lease Corporation, provides an aircraftwithout crew, ground staff, etc. Dry lease is typically used by leasing companies and banks, requiring the lessee to put the aircraft on its ownair operator's certificate (AOC) and provide aircraft registration. A typical dry lease lasts upwards of two years and bears certain conditions with respect to depreciation, maintenance, insurances, etc., depending also on the geographical location, political circumstances, etc.

A dry-lease arrangement can also be made between amajor airline and aregional airline, in which the major airline provides the aircraft and the regional operator provides flight crews, maintenance and other operational aspects of the aircraft, which then may be operated under the major airline's name or some similar name. A dry lease saves the major airline the expense of training personnel to fly and maintain the aircraft, along with other considerations (such as staggered union contracts, regional airport staffing, etc.).FedEx Express uses an arrangement of this type for its feeder operations, contracting to companies such asEmpire Airlines,Mountain Air Cargo,Swiftair, and others to operate its single- and twin-engined turbo-prop "feeder" aircraft in the US.DHL has a joint venture in the United States withPolar Air Cargo, a subsidiary ofAtlas Air, to operate their domestic deliveries.

In the United Kingdom, a wet lease refers to an aircraft lease in which the aircraft is operated under theair operator's certificate (AOC) of the lessor.^[14] An arrangement where the lessor provides the aircraft, flight crew and maintenance but the lessee provides the cabin crew is sometimes referred to as a "damp lease", a term especially used in theUK; it is also occasionally referred to as a "moist lease".^[8] In the UK, a dry lease is when an aircraft is operated under the AOC of the lessee.^[14]

At the end of July 2015, the top 50 aircraft lessors managed 8,184 aircraft: 511 turbopropregional airliners, 792regional jets, 5,612narrowbody and 1,253widebody airliners.^[15] In 2017, the 150 lessors are managing 8,400 aircraft worth $256 billion with 2,321 aircraft on backlog from 28 of them, their penetration having stabilised at 42.6%.^[16]Aircraft lessors are often banks,hedge funds or financial institutions.

Aircraft financing is a $140 billion industry, dominated by Ireland due to the rise and collapse in 1992 of pioneerGuinness Peat Aviation (GPA), of which the former executives manage the largest lessors: Aengus Kelly is the CEO ofAerCap, the world's largest, Domhnal Slattery heads the third largest,Avolon, and Peter Barrett runs the fourth,SMBC Aviation Capital while the second largest,GECAS, formed from the hulk of GPA.^[17]

Lessors have a preference fornarrowbodies overwidebodies due to more remarketing opportunities and the substantial reconfiguration time and cost a larger aircraft requires.Reconfiguring anAirbus A330-300 can cost $7 million and even more for aBoeing 777-300ER or anAirbus A380: introducingIFE - $1.5 million ($5,000 per seat), replacing business seats - $1.5 million ($30,000 each), replacing economy seats - $1 million ($5,000 each), a new lavatory or galley - $100,000, moving a monument - $35,000, class dividers - $50,000,passenger service units - $9,000 per passenger, sidewall panels - $6,000 each, updating the IFE database - $125,000, repainting the aircraft - $100,000, engineering costs - $100,000.^[18]

• Sophie Segal (20 July 2018)."Opinion: Eye-catching figures belie nuances of Farnborough deals".Flightglobal.

• Aircraft leasing companies
• Aviation agreements
• Vehicle rental
• Aircraft finance
• Leasing
• Economy of the Republic of Ireland

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