| A400M Atlas | |
|---|---|
.jpg) AGerman Air Force A400M in flight | |
| General information | |
| Type | Strategic/tactical airlift /Aerial refueling |
| Manufacturer | Airbus Defence and Space |
| Status | In service |
| Primary users | German Air Force |
| Number built | 130 as of 31 January 2025[1] |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 2007–present |
| Introduction date | 2013 |
| First flight | 11 December 2009[2] |
TheAirbus A400M Atlas[nb 1] is aEuropean four-engineturbopropmilitary transport aircraft. It was designed byAirbus Military, nowAirbus Defence and Space, as atactical airlifter withstrategic capabilities to replace older transport aircraft such as theTransall C-160 and theLockheed C-130 Hercules.[3] The A400M is sized between the C-130 and theBoeing C-17 Globemaster III. It can carry heavier loads than the C-130 and can userough landing strips. In addition to its transport capabilities, the A400M can performaerial refueling andmedical evacuation when fitted with appropriate equipment.
The A400M'smaiden flight took place on 11 December 2009 fromSeville Airport, Spain. Between 2009 and 2010, the A400M faced cancellation as a result of development programme delays and cost overruns; however, the customer nations chose to maintain their support for the project. A total of 174 A400M aircraft had been ordered by eight nations by July 2011. In March 2013, the A400M receivedEuropean Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) certification and the first aircraft was delivered to theFrench Air Force in August 2013.
The project has its origins in the Future International Military Airlifter (FIMA) group, established in 1982 as ajoint venture betweenAérospatiale,British Aerospace (BAe),Lockheed, andMesserschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) with the goal of developing a replacement for both theC-130 Hercules andTransall C-160.[4] Varying requirements and the complications of international politics meant that progress on the initiative was slow. In 1989, Lockheed decided to withdraw from the grouping. Lockheed independently developed an upgraded Hercules, theC-130J Super Hercules. With the addition ofAlenia of Italy andCASA of Spain, the FIMA group becameEuroflag.
Project management evaluated twin and quadturbofan engine configurations, a quadpropfan configuration, and a quadturboprop configuration, eventually settling on the turboprop option.[5] Since no existing turboprop engine in the western world was powerful enough to reach the projected cruise speed of Mach 0.72, a new engine design was required. Originally, the SNECMA M138 turboprop, based on theM88 turbofan core, was selected, but this powerplant was found to be incapable of satisfying the requirements.[6][7] In April 2002, Airbus Military issued a newrequest for proposal (RFP), whichPratt & Whitney Canada with thePW180 andEuroprop International answered. In May 2003, Airbus Military selected theEuroprop TP400-D6.United Technologies alleged that the selection was a result of political interference.[8][9]
A Europrop partner executive said in April 2003 that Airbus was close to selecting the P&WC offer, claiming it was more than €400 million (US$436.7 million) cheaper than Europrop's bid.[10] As the original deadline for the engine decision passed, Airbus CEONoel Forgeard said P&WC's bid was nearly 20 percent less expensive and declared that "As of today Pratt and Whitney is the winner without doubt; a much lower offer could make us change our minds.", inviting Europrop to revise its offering, which it reportedly reduced in price by 10 or 20 percent.[11] A later report described the revised bid as exceeding P&WC's bid by €120 million.[12]
The original partner nations were France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Belgium, and Luxembourg. These nations decided to charge theOrganisation for Joint Armament Cooperation (OCCAR) with the management of the acquisition of the A400M. Following the withdrawal of Italy and revision of procurement totals, the revised requirement amounted to 180 aircraft. The first flight was forecast to occur in 2008 and first delivery in 2009. In April 2005, South Africa joined the programme, with theDenel Saab Aerostructures receiving a contract for fuselage components.[13] Malaysia was the second country outside Europe to be involved. Malaysia through CTRM is responsible for manufacturing composite aero components for the aircraft.[14]
The A400M is positioned as an intermediate size and range between the Lockheed C-130 and theBoeing C-17, carrying cargo too large or too heavy for the C-130, while able to use rough landing strips.[15]
In January 2009,EADS announced that the first delivery was postponed from 2009 until at least 2012, and indicated that it wanted to renegotiate.[16] EADS maintained the first deliveries would begin three years after the first flight. In January 2009,Financial Times Deutschland reported that the A400M was overweight by 12 tons and may not have been able to meet a key performance requirement, the ability to airlift 32 tons. Sources toldFTD that it could only lift 29 tons, insufficient to carry aninfantry fighting vehicle like thePuma.[17] In response to the report, the chief of theGerman Air Force stated: "That is a disastrous development," and that it could delay deliveries to the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) until 2014.[18] The Initial Operational Capability (IOC) for the Luftwaffe was later delayed and alternatives, such as a higher integration of European airlift capabilities, were studied.[19]
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On 29 March 2009, Airbus CEO Tom Enders toldDer Spiegel that the programme could possibly be abandoned without changes.[20] OCCAR reminded participating countries that they could terminate the contract before 31 March 2009.[21] In April 2009, theSouth African Air Force announced that it was considering alternatives to the A400M due to delays and increased cost.[22] On 5 November 2009, South Africa announced the cancellation of its order .[23] On 12 June,The New York Times reported that Germany and France had delayed a decision whether to cancel their orders for six months while the UK planned to decide in late June. The NYT also quoted a report to theFrench Senate from February 2009, noting: "the A400M is €5 billion over budget, 3 to 4 years behind schedule, [and] aerospace experts estimate it is also costing Airbus between €1 billion and €1.5 billion a year."[24]
In 2009, Airbus acknowledged that the programme was expected to lose at least €2.4 billion and could not break even without export sales.[8] APricewaterhouseCoopers audit projected that it would run €11.2 billion over budget, and that corrective measures would result in an overrun of €7.6 billion.[25] On 24 July 2009, the seven European nations announced that the programme would proceed and formed a joint procurement agency to renegotiate the contract.[26] On 9 December 2009, theFinancial Times reported that Airbus requested an additional €5 billion subsidy.[27] In January 2010, Airbus repeated that the A400M could possibly be scrapped, costing it €5.7 billion unless €5.3 billion was added by partner governments.[28] Delays had already increased its budget by 25%.[29] Airbus executives reportedly regarded the A400M as competing for resources with theA380 andA350 XWB programmes.[30]
In June 2009, Lockheed Martin said that both the UK and France had requested details on the C-130J as an alternative to the A400M.[31]
In November 2010, Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Spain and Turkey finalised the contract and agreed to lend Airbus Military €1.5 billion. The programme was then at least three years behind schedule. The UK reduced its order from 25 to 22 aircraft and Germany from 60 to 53, decreasing the total order from 180 to 170.[32]
In 2013, France's budget for 50 aircraft was €8.9bn (~US$11.7bn) at a unit cost of €152.4M (~US$200M), or €178M (~US$235M) including development costs.[33] The2013 French White Paper on Defence and National Security cut the tactical transport aircraft requirement from 70 to 50.[34] As the A400M was unable to perform helicopter in-flight refuelling, France announced in 2016 that it would purchase four C-130Js.[35] In July 2016, French aerospace laboratoryONERA confirmed successfulwind tunnel trials of a 36.5 m (120 ft) hose and drogue configuration to permit helicopter refuelling by the A400M. Prior tests found instability in the intended 24 m (79 ft) hose due tovortices generated by thespoilers, deployed to achieve 108-130 kt air speed.[36]
In April 2016, production faults affecting 14 propeller gearboxes (PGBs) produced by Italian supplierAvio Aero were discovered. The issue, involving aheat treatment process that weakened the ring gear, affected no other PGBs; the units involved needed changing. Airbus noted: "pending full replacement of the batch, any aircraft can continue to fly with no more than one affected propeller gearbox installed and is subject to continuing inspections." Another PGB issue involved input pinion plug cracking, which could release small metallic particles into the oil system, which is safeguarded by a magnetic sensor. Only engines 1 and 3, which have propellers that rotate to the right, were affected. TheEuropean Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) issued an Airworthiness Directive mandating immediate on-wing inspection, followed by replacement if evidence of damage was found.[37] On 27 April 2016, Airbus warned there may be a substantial PGB repair cost.[38] An interim PGB fix was certified in July 2016, greatly extending inspection intervals.[39]
In May 2016, Airbus confirmed that a cracking behaviour identified during quality control checks in 2011 was found in a French A400M's fuselage part. Not impacting safety, it could be repaired during regular maintenance/upgrade schedules.[40][41] The aluminium-zincalloy, known as7000 series, was used in several central frames. Its chemistry, along with environmental conditions, led to crack propagation. The alloy was excluded from future aircraft. A retrofit to remove it from early A400Ms, which could take up to seven months, was considered.[42][43][44]
On 29 May 2016, Enders conceded in an interview published inBild am Sonntag that some of the "massive problems" of the A400M were of Airbus' own making: "We underestimated the engine problems...Airbus had let itself be persuaded by some well-known European leaders into using an engine made by an inexperienced consortium." Furthermore, it had assumed full responsibility for the engine.[45] On 27 July 2016, Airbus confirmed that it took a $1 billion charge over delivery issues and export prospects.[46] Enders also stated that "Industrial efficiency and the step-wise introduction of the A400M's military functionalities are still lagging behind schedule and remain challenging."[47]
Before the first flight, required airborne test time on theEuroprop TP400 engine was achieved using a C-130testbed aircraft, which first flew on 17 December 2008.[48] On 11 December 2009, the A400M'smaiden flight was carried out from Seville.[2] In April 2010, the second A400M made its first flight.[49] In July 2010, the third A400M took to the air, at which point the fleet had flown 400 hours over more than 100 flights.[50] In July 2010, the A400M passed ultimate-load testing of the wing.[51] In October 2010, Airbus announced the start of refuelling and air-drop tests.[52] By October 2010, the A400M had flown 672 hours of the 2,700 hours expected to reach certification.[53] In November 2010, the first paratroop jumps were performed. Enders and A400M project manager Bruno Delannoy were among the skydivers.[54]
In late 2010, simulated icing tests were performed on the MSN1 flight test aircraft using devices installed on the wing'sleading edges. These revealed an aerodynamic issue causing horizontal tailbuffeting, resolved via a six-week retrofit to install anti-icing equipment fed withbleed air. Production aircraft are similarly fitted.[55] Winter tests were done inKiruna, Sweden in February 2011.[56] In March 2012, high-altitude start and landing tests were performed atLa Paz at 4,061.5 m (13,325 ft) andCochabamba at 2,548 m (8,360 feet) inBolivia.[57][58]
By April 2011, a total of 1,400 flight hours over 450 flights had been achieved.[59] In May 2011, the TP400-D6 engine received certification from the EASA.[60] In May 2011, the A400M fleet had totaled 1,600 hours over 500 flights. By September 2011, the total increased to 2,100 hours and 684 flights.[61] Due to a gearbox problem, an A400M was shown on static display instead of a flight demonstration at the 2011Paris Air Show.[62] By October 2011, total flight hours had reached 2,380 over 784 flights.[55]
In May 2012, the MSN2 flight test aircraft was due to spend a week conducting unpaved runway trials on a grass strip atCottbus-Drewitz Airport in Germany.[63] Testing was cut short on 23 May, when, during a rejected takeoff test, the left side main wheels broke through the runway surface. Airbus Military stated that it found the aircraft's behaviour was "excellent". The undamaged aircraft returned to Toulouse.[63]
At the 2012Royal International Air Tattoo, the aircraft was officially named "Atlas"[64][65]
In March 2013, the A400M was grantedtype certification by the EASA, clearing its entry to service.[66]
Assembly of the first A400M began at the Seville plant ofEADS Spain in early 2007. Major assemblies built at other facilities abroad were brought to the Seville facility byAirbus Beluga transporters. In February 2008, four Europrop TP400-D6 flight test engines were delivered for the first A400M.[67] Static structural testing of a test airframe began in March 2008 in Spain.[68] By 2010, Airbus planned to manufacture 30 aircraft per year.[69] The Turkish partner,Turkish Aerospace Industries, delivered the first A400M component to Bremen in 2007.[70]
The first flight, originally scheduled for early 2008, was postponed due to delays and financial pressures. EADS announced in January 2008 that engine issues had been responsible for the delay. The rescheduled first flight, set for July 2008, was again postponed. Civil certification under EASA CS-25 was followed by certification for military uses. In June 2008, the A400M was rolled out in Seville at an event presided byKing Juan Carlos I of Spain.[71]
On 12 January 2011, serial production began.[72] In August 2013, the first A400M was delivered to theFrench Air Force. It was formally handed over during a ceremony in September 2013.[73][74] In August 2013, the first Turkish A400M conducted its maiden flight from Seville.[75] In March 2015, Malaysia received its first A400M.[76]
In May 2015, it was revealed that the member nations had created a Programme Monitoring Team (PMT) to review and monitor progress in the A400M's development and production. The PMT inspects the final assembly line in Seville and other production sites. Early conclusions observed that Airbus lacked an integrated approach to production, development and retrofits, treating these as separate programmes.[77]
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On 9 May 2015, an A400Mcrashed in Seville on its first test flight.[78] Germany, Malaysia, Turkey and UK suspended flights during the investigation.[79] Initial focus centered on whether the crash had been caused by new fuel supply management software for trimming the fuel tanks to enable certain manoeuvres; Airbus issued an update instructing operators to inspect all Engine Control Units (ECUs).[80] A key scenario examined by investigators was that the torque calibration parameter data had accidentally been wiped on three engines during software installation, preventingFADEC operations.[81] On 3 June 2015, Airbus announced that investigators had confirmed "that engines one, two and three experienced power frozen after lift-off and did not respond to the crew's attempts to control the power setting in the normal way."[82]
On 11 June 2015, Spain's Ministry of Defence announced that prototypes could restart test flights and that further permits could soon be granted.[83] The RAF lifted its suspension on A400M flights on 16 June 2015, followed the next day by the Turkish Air Force.[84] On 19 June 2015, deliveries restarted.[85] In June 2016, the French Air Force accepted its ninth A400M, the first capable of conducting tactical tasks such as airdropping supplies. The revised standard includes the addition of cockpit armour and defensive aids system equipment, plus clearance to transfer and receive fuel in-flight.[86]
_Aircrew_members_prepare_an_A400M_Atlas.jpg)
The Airbus A400M provides substantial improvements to payload, range, internal volume and operational capacity over theTransall C-160 andLockheed C-130 that it replaces or augments. It can carry up to 37 tonnes (41 short tons) over 2,000 nmi (3,700 km; 2,300 mi).[87] The cargo box is 17.71 m (58.1 ft) long excluding ramp, 4.00 m (13.12 ft) wide, and 3.85 m (12.6 ft) high (or 4.00 m (13.12 ft) aft of the wing).[88] and can be configured to transportcargo ormilitary personnel, dropparatroops, conductmedical evacuations or carry out aerial refuelling. It can operate out of short, soft landing strips and fly long-range cargo.[88] A typical cargo load might include six Land Rovers and their trailers, or two light armoured vehicles, or a dump truck and excavator, or aPatriot missile system, or aPuma orCougar helicopter, or a truck and 25-ton trailer.[89]
The A400M features afly-by-wire flight control system with sidestick controllers andflight envelope protection. Like other Airbus aircraft, it has a fullglass cockpit. Most systems are loosely based on those of the A380, but modified for the military mission. The hydraulic system has dual 20.7 MPa (3,000 psi) channels powering the primary and secondary flight-control actuators, landing gear, wheel brakes, cargo door and optional hose-and-drogue refuelling system. As with the A380, there is no third hydraulic system. Instead, there are two electrical systems. One is a set of dual-channel electrically powered hydraulic actuators, the other an array of electrically/hydraulically powered hybrid actuators. The dissimilar redundancy provides more protection against battle damage.[90]
More than 30 percent of the airplane's structure is made ofcomposite materials. The 42.4 m (139 ft) span wing is primarily made ofcarbon fibre reinforced plastic components, including the wingspars, the 19 m (62 ft) long, 12–14 mm (0.47–0.55 in) thick wingskins, and other parts. The wing weighs about 6,500 kg (14,330 lb), and it can carry and lift up to 25,000 kg (55,116 lb) of fuel.[91] It has anaspect ratio of 8.1, a wide chord of 5.6 m (18 ft), and asweep angle of 15 degrees at 25 percentmean aerodynamic chord.[92]
The A400M has aT-tailempennage. Its vertical stabilizer is 8.02 m (26.3 ft) tall. The horizontal stabilizer spans 19.03 m (62.4 ft), with a sweep of 32.5 degrees.[92]
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TheRatier-Figeac FH385 propellers turn counterclockwise and the FH386 clockwise.[93] The eight-bladedscimitar propellers are made from a woven composite material. The aircraft is powered by four Europrop TP400-D6 engines rated at 8,250 kW (11,000 hp) each.[88] The TP400-D6 engine is the most powerful turboprop engine in the West to enter operational use.[60]
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The pair of propellers on each wingturn in opposite directions, with the tips of the propellers advancing from above towards the midpoint between the two engines. This is in contrast to the overwhelming majority of multi-engine propeller driven aircraft where all propellers turn in the same direction. The counter-rotation is achieved by the use of a gearbox fitted to two of the engines, and only the propeller turns in the opposite direction. All four engines are identical and turn in the same direction. This eliminates the need to have two different "handed" engines on stock for the same aircraft, simplifying maintenance and supply costs. This configuration, dubbeddown between engines (DBE), allows the engine to produce more lift and lessens thetorque andprop wash on each wing. It also reducesyaw in the event of an outboard engine failure.[94] Due to these benefits, the vertical stabilizer can be reduced by 17 percent in size, while the size of the horizontal stabilizer can be shrunk by 8 percent.[92]
Aforward-looking infrared enhanced vision system (EVS) camera provides an enhanced terrain view in low-visibility conditions. The EVS imagery is displayed on theHUD for low-altitude flying, demonstrating its value for flying tactical missions at night or in clouds.[90] EADS and Thales provide the new Multi-Colour Infrared Alerting Sensor (MIRAS) missile warning sensor for the A400M.[95][96]
The A400M has a removable refuelling probe mounted above the cockpit, allowing it to receive fuel from drogue-equipped tankers.[88] Optionally, the receiving probe can be replaced with a fuselage-mounted UARRSI receptacle for receiving fuel from boom equipped tankers.[97] The aircraft can act as a tanker when fitted with two wing mounted hose and drogue under-wing refuelling pods or a centre-line Hose and Drum unit.[88] The refuelling pods can transfer fuel to other aircraft at a rate of 2,640 lb/min (20.0 kg/s).[89]
The A400M features deployable baffles in front of the rear side doors, intended to give paratroops time to get clear of the aircraft before they are hit by the slipstream.[98]
_A_French_Air_Force_A400M_Atlas_performs_multiple_airdrops_at_Yakima_Training_Center.jpg)
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On 29 December 2013, the French Air Force performed the A400M's first operational mission: an aircraft flew toMali in support ofOperation Serval.[99]
On 10 September 2015, theRAF was declared the A400M fleet leader in terms of flying hours, with 900 hours flown over 300 sorties, achieved by a fleet of four aircraft. Sqn. Ldr. Glen Willcox of the RAF's Heavy Aircraft Test Squadron confirmed that reliability levels were high for an aircraft so early in its career, and that night vision goggle trials, hot and cold soaking, noise characterization tests and the first tie-down schemes for cargo had already been completed. In March 2015, the RAF's first operational mission occurred, flying cargo toRAF Akrotiri,Cyprus.[100]
In September and October 2017, A400Ms from France, Germany and the UK participated in disaster relief operations followingHurricane Irma in theCaribbean, delivering aPuma helicopter, food, water and other aid supply, and evacuating stranded people.[101][102]
In July 2018, the German Luftwaffe used an A400M in combat conditions for the first time, transporting 75 soldiers fromWunstorf Air Base toMazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan.[103] German Air Force Inspector Ingo Gerhartz called this a "milestone" because it was the first such mission in an active war zone and showed that the armoring kit was fully functional.[104]
In September 2018, the French Air and Space Force announced that they had logged 10,000 flying hours with their fleet of 14 A400Ms, mostly flying supply missions forOperation Barkhane.[105]
The German government had planned to sell the last 13 A400Ms out of its order of 53 aircraft but failed to attract any buyers. In 2017, the German parliament decided to employ them in service at Wunstorf in northern Germany instead. In January 2019, GermanMinister of DefenceUrsula von der Leyen announced that 10 A400Ms were to be used to form a multinational airlift wing based atLechfeld Air Base in southern Germany.[106] The plan was abandoned in 2022 due to a lack of interest from potential partner nations.[107]
In 2019, a German A400M tanker replaced theAirbus A310 MRTT deployed toMuwaffaq Salti Air Base inJordan, to refuel allied aircraft as part of theGerman intervention against ISIL.[108]
In August 2021, a total of 25 A400Ms were deployed by Belgium, France, Germany, Spain, Turkey and the UK to assist in theKabul Airport evacuations.[109][110][111][112] German A400Ms evacuated 5,347 people over the course of 35 flights.[113]
In September 2023, Royal Air Force A400M transported British search and rescue teams to Morocco after aMw 6.9 earthquake had ravaged the country.[114]
In October 2024, the German Air Force tested the A400M's "mixed airdrop" capability atScheuen drop zone at Air Base Celle, combining personnel and cargo drops from 400 meters at 220 km/h in different configurations. Overseen byBAAINBw, the trials built on earlier NATO-standard CDS pallet trials conducted duringGrafenwöhr exercises in 2020 and confirmed the A400M's ability to deploy up to 4 metric tons of cargo and 108 paratroopers in a single sortie. Final military certification depends on further trials and data analysis, while Airbus certification has been granted.[115]
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| Date | Country | Orders | Deliveries | Date of service entry | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27 May 2003 |  Germany | 53 | 47[1] | December 2014[133] | Order reduced from 60 to 53 (plus 7 options).[134] |
 France | 50 | 24[1] | August 2013[135] | ||
 Spain | 27 | 14[1] | November 2016[136] | Original budget of €3,453M increased to €5,493M in 2010.[137] Delivery of 13 aircraft has been delayed until 2025–2030.[138] | |
 United Kingdom | 22 | 22[139] | November 2014[140] | Initial order reduced from 25 to "at least 22".[141] A purchase of additional aircraft is planned for the late 2020s.[142] | |
 Turkey | 10 | 10[1][143] | April 2014[144] | ||
 Belgium | 7 | 7[1] | December 2020[145] | ||
 Luxembourg | 1[1] | 1[146] | October 2020[146] | Stationed in Belgium as a part of a bi-national fleet.[147] | |
| 8 December 2005 |  Malaysia | 4 | 4[1] | March 2015[148] | First non-NATO country to purchase the A400M. Final A400M delivered in March 2017.[148] |
| 1 September 2021 |  Kazakhstan | 2[126] | 1[149] | December 2024[149] | |
| 18 November 2021 |  Indonesia | 2 (4 options) | 0 | Expected 2026[125] | Two A400Ms in MRTT configuration were ordered to boost the country's military airlift and aerial refueling capabilities; aletter of intent contains options for four additional aircraft.[123] |
| Total | 178[1] | 130[1] |
An A400M crashed on 9 May 2015, when aircraft MSN23, on its first test flightcrashed shortly after take-off fromSan Pablo Airport in Seville, Spain, killing four Spanish Airbus crew and seriously injuring two others. Once airborne, the crew contacted air traffic controllers just before the crash about a technical failure,[150] before colliding with an electricity pylon while attempting an emergency landing.[151] The crash was attributed to theFADEC system being unable to read engine sensors properly due to an accidental file-wipe, resulting in three of its four engines remaining in "idle" mode during takeoff.[152]
Data from Airbus Defence & Space specifications[153][154]
General characteristics
Performance
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
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