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Agusan del Sur | |
|---|---|
 .jpg)   From top, left to right:Wawa River,Sibagat Hanging Bridge; Inside the Municipal Hall ofSan Luis; Agusan del Sur Provincial Capitol inProsperidad | |
 Flag  Seal | |
| Anthem:Hail, Agusan del Sur[1] | |
 Location in the Philippines | |
OpenStreetMap  | |
| Coordinates:8°30′N125°50′E / 8.5°N 125.83°E /8.5; 125.83 | |
| Country | Philippines |
| Region | Caraga |
| Founded | 17 June 1967 |
| Capital | Prosperidad |
| Largest city | Bayugan |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Santiago B. Cane Jr. (NUP) |
| • Vice Governor | Patricia Anne B. Plaza (NUP) |
| • Legislature | Agusan del Sur Provincial Board |
| Area | |
• Total | 9,989.52 km2 (3,856.98 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 4th out of 82 |
| Highest elevation | 1,678 m (5,505 ft) |
| Population (2024 census)[3] | |
• Total | 740,531 |
| • Rank | 41st out of 82 |
| • Density | 74.1308/km2 (191.998/sq mi) |
| • Rank | 76th out of 82 |
| Demonym | South Agusanon |
| Divisions | |
| • Independent cities | 0 |
| • Component cities | |
| • Municipalities | |
| • Barangays | 314 |
| • Districts | Legislative districts of Agusan del Sur |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (PHT) |
| IDD : area code | +63 (0)85 |
| ISO 3166 code | PH-AGS |
| Spoken languages | |
| Income classification | 1st class |
| Website | agusandelsur |
Agusan del Sur, officially theProvince of Agusan del Sur (Cebuano:Habagatang Agusan;Butuanon:Probinsya hong Agusan del Sur;Filipino:Lalawigan ng Agusan del Sur), is a landlockedprovince inCaragaregion,Mindanao,Philippines. Its capital is the municipality ofProsperidad. It is bordered on the northwest byAgusan del Norte andMisamis Oriental; east bySurigao del Sur; southeast byDavao Oriental; mid-south byDavao de Oro; southwest byDavao del Norte and, mid-west byBukidnon. It is the fourth largest province in the country in terms of area, with the size of 3,856 sq miles.
Agusan del Sur is the largest and the only landlocked province in the CARAGA region.Bayugan is the only city and it is also the most populous city in the province.
Agusan derives its name from the Agusan wordagasan, meaning "where the water flows", referring to theAgusan River that splits the land and meanders south to north in a 250-kilometre (160 mi) rush toButuan Bay. It is third largest river in the country and served as highway for the Spanish colonizers in gaining access to inner northeastern Mindanao.
The history of Agusan del Sur is essentially linked with that of its sister province, Agusan del Norte.
Agusans pre-Hispanic cultural history is traced back to the great influence of theMajapahit Empire through the discovery of an 8-inch (200 mm) tall image of a woman in pure gold at Maasam, Esperanza in 1917 and molten jars unearthed at Bah-bah, Prosperidad. The aborigines of Agusan del Sur are the ancestors of the present day Mamanwas, who were driven to the hinterlands by waves ofMalay immigrants. These immigrants, in turn, sought the protection of the interior jungles because of the forays and the constant raids of theMoros, who were seafaring people confined to coastal areas where they started their settlements.
TheAugustinian Recollects established a mission in Linao, in the vicinity of present-dayBunawan, in 1614. However, mission work was hampered by the hostility of the surrounding Manobo tribes. At the height of the power of theSultanate of Maguindanao in the mid-17th century, the Manobos of the Agusan Valley were in alliance withSultan Kudarat. Linao was attacked several times during the1629 Caraga Revolt and the 1649Sumuroy Revolt. Nevertheless, the Recollects were able to establish themselves in their mission work, and remained there until the middle of the 19th century.
In the late 19th century, the Recollects (under protest) turned over many of their mission territories, including those in the upper Agusan region, to the reconstitutedJesuit order (the Jesuits had been banned by Papal edict in the 1760s, and ejected from the Philippines in 1768). Missionary work was interrupted by thePhilippine Revolution when the Jesuits either fled or were arrested by revolutionaries.[citation needed] The territory of Agusan del Sur was governed as part of the province of Caraga during most of the Spanish period. In 1860, it was placed under thecomandancia of Butuan, a district of theprovince of Surigao.
During theAmerican occupation,lumbering became an important activity in Agusan del Sur.Visayan migrants settled in the cleared plains, pushing Indigenous communities farther into the mountainous slopes.
In 1914, theprovince of Agusan was created by the American government.
The Agusan Valley was settled by a variety of cultural communities like theManobos, Mamanwas and Higaonons. Archeological excavations in the lower Agusan valley plains have uncovered evidence of strong relationships between the region and the Southeast Asian states. A golden image of Javan-Indian design unearthed in the 1920s and molten jars uncovered in Prosperidad are indications that the region had commercial and cultural ties with the coast.[citation needed]
In theSecond World War,Japanese troops landed in the province of Agusan in 1942 and occupied the province until their defeat by combined U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth troops as well as recognized guerrilla units in 1945 at theBattle of Agusan.
The general headquarters and military camp and base of thePhilippine Commonwealth Army was active from January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946, and the 10th Infantry Regiment of thePhilippine Constabulary was active again from October 28, 1944, to June 30, 1946, are military stationed in the province of Surigao was composed to engaging operations against the Japanese Occupation.[clarification needed]
During World War II, a unit of the joint Philippine-American defense force was located at Manot, Talacogon, in the interior of the Agusan Valley.
The province of Agusan del Sur was established on June 17, 1967, underRepublic Act No. 4969 providing for the division of the province of Agusan intoAgusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur.[4]
In January 1970, the first set of provincial officials assumed office after the provincial election of November, 1969. The same law provided that the capital of Agusan del Sur be the municipality of Prosperidad. The Government Center has been set up in Barangay Patin-ay.
The 21-year administration ofFerdinand Marcos, which included 14 years of one-man rule under Marcos, saw the rise of ethnic conflicts and the overall degradation of peace and order in Agusan del Sur and throughout Mindanao[5] - first in the form of conflicts between local Mindanaoan Muslims and Christian settlers which the Marcos administration had encouraged first to migrate and then to form militias,[6][7] and later in the form of Muslim secessionist movements arising from outrage after the 1986Jabidah massacre.[8][9] Additionally, an economic crisis in late 1969 led to social unrest throughout the country, and violent crackdowns on protests led to the radicalization of many students,[10] with some joining theNew People's Army, bringing theCommunist rebellion to Mindanao.[11] In September 1972, Marcos was nearing the end of this last term allowed under the Philippines 1935 constitution when he placed the entirety of the Philippines under Martial Law, a period historically remembered forits human rights abuses,[12][13] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[14]
Numerous cults tapped by Marcos' military as force multipliers in their efforts against the Muslim secessionists and the communists.[15] In Agusan del Sur, 1975 saw the formation of the "Lost Command" group by Philippine Army Lieutenant Colonel Carlos Lademora, which was described byNewsweek as "a clandestine army of 275 to 400 irregulars whose ostensible mission is to search out and destroy the enemies of President Ferdinand Marcos on the Philippine island of Mindanao."[16] Named after a 1966 action movie, the group soon became known for its brutal tactics, and was specifically called out for such byAmnesty International in the report for its November 1981 Factfinding Mission to the Philippines.[15][17]
The municipality ofBayugan became a component city by virtue ofRepublic Act No. 9405 which sought to convert the municipality into a city. The law was ratified on June 21, 2007. However, the cityhood status was lost twice in the years 2008 and 2010 after theLCP questioned the validity of the cityhood law. The cityhood status was reaffirmed after thecourt finalized its ruling on February 15, 2011 which declared the cityhood law constitutional.
In 1976, the province's land area was 8,568 square kilometres (3,308 sq mi), making it the seventh largest province in the country. After claiming the disputed boundary betweenDavao del Norte,Butuan and with the creation ofSibagat, Agusan del Sur now has an area of 8,966 square kilometres (3,462 sq mi).
The municipalities ofLoreto,La Paz,Esperanza, andSan Luis are the four largest municipalities in land area comprising almost 60% of the province's total land area.Santa Josefa andTalacogon, also river towns, have the smallest land area.
Forestland constitutes 76% of the total land area or 6,827.5 square kilometres (2,636.1 sq mi) while the alienable and disposable constitutes about 24% or 2,137.5 square kilometres (825.3 sq mi). Present land use, however, showed that settlements and commercial areas already occupy some of the forestlands.
Through the years, the province has lost much of its forest resources because existing industries are extractive in nature.
Agusan del Sur is an elongatedbasin formation with mountain ranges in the eastern and western sides forming a valley, which occupies the central longitudinal section of the land. TheAgusan River, which flows fromDavao de Oro in the south towardsAgusan del Norte in the north, runs almost in the middle of the valley and empties atButuan Bay. The river has twelvetributaries: Wawa, Gibong and Simulao Rivers in the eastern side and Ojot, Pusilao, Kasilayan, Libang, Maasam, Adgawan, Cawayan, Umayam and Ihaon Rivers in the western side. These tributaries are fed by streams and creeks. The southern half of the province from the municipality ofVeruela is an area filled with swamps and lakes, the biggest of which isTalacogon Lake.
The climate map of the Philippines based on the modified coronas classification shows that the province falls under Type II.
Type II climate has no dry season with very pronounced wet season of heavy precipitation. Maximum rainfall generally occurs from December to January although there is no single dry month. Its average monthly rainfall is 355 millimetres (14.0 in) and average temperature is 27.15 °C (80.87 °F). Areas characterized by this climate type are generally along or very near the eastern coast thus are open to the northeast monsoon.
Agusan del Sur is among the 20 most vulnerable provinces toclimate change in the Philippines.[18]
Agusan del Sur comprises 13municipalities and 1city. There are 314 barangays.
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| Source:PSA[22][23][24][25][26] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The population of Agusan del Sur in the 2020 census was 739,367 people,[27] with a density of 74 inhabitants per square kilometre or 190 inhabitants per square mile.
In 2000, the province had a population of 559,294. This represented an increase of 44,558 persons or 7.96% since 1995. The annual population growth rate was 1.79%.[26] The 103,637 households had an average household size of 5.39 persons. The population density was 62 persons per square kilometer, with a male to female ratio of 107:100.
Five tribal groups are found in the province:Aeta,Mamanwa,Bagobo,Higaonon, andManobo. The Manobos live along the national highway and river towns towards the boundary withDavao de Oro. The Higaonons live mostly on the western side ofAgusan River, generally inEsperanza towards the boundary withBukidnon.
The Agusan del Sur population is predominantly composed of migrants from theVisayas, who came fromCebu,Bohol,Siquijor andNegros Oriental as well as Cebuano-speaking parts of Mindanao. There are also significant minority residents in the province whose descendants came fromIlocandia,Cagayan Valley,Cordillera Administrative Region,Central Luzon,Calabarzon,Mindoro,Marinduque,Bicolandia,Panay,Negros Occidental andSamar. Intermarriages between migrants and natives have pulled down the percentage of the lumad stock.
Cebuano is the most common language spoken in Agusan del Sur. Filipino/Tagalog are also widely used and understood, often used for administrative functions by the local government and in education and business. Other languages varyingly spoken in the province includeBohol Cebuano,Butuanon,Ilocano,Hiligaynon,Pangasinan,Surigaonon andWaray. Indigenous inhabitants in the province speak their respective languages and dialects fluently in addition to Cebuano.
The predominant religion isRoman Catholicism with 79% of the population and theIglesia Filipina Independiente with 12%. The Province is home to theDiocese of Prosperidad, which serves the whole Province.
Other religions include theMembers Church of God International (MCGI),[28]Seventh-day Adventist Church,Iglesia ni Cristo,United Pentecostal Church,Born Again and theUnited Church of Christ in the Philippines,Islam andLatter Day Saints.
Based on the 1995census, 75% of the labor force is engaged inagriculture andforestry. Rice, corn and fruits are among the major agricultural crops.
Agusan del Sur has a labor force of 287,000 people, mostly in the agriculture and forestry sector. Several colleges, including a university, add to a trainable,English-speaking workforce. The province also has educational establishments offering skills development courses in Information Technology.[citation needed]
Rice occupies the largest cultivated area, with 243.85 square kilometres (94.15 sq mi) of irrigated area with a yield of 410 t/km2, and rainfed rice with an area of about 165.73 square kilometres (63.99 sq mi) with a yield of 300 t/km2. The province's rice production has the estimated capacity to feed 1,072,456 people—far more than the province's population. Ironically, rice insufficiency persists, especially in the upland and hard to reach barangays.
Corn plantations cover 255.25 square kilometres (98.55 sq mi) for both white and yellow corn with a total production of 55,767 t in 2000 with surplus corn grits of 31,106 MT enough to feed more than 2 million people, four times greater than the province's population.
Banana is another abundant crop covering an area of 127.45 square kilometres (49.21 sq mi). Banana chips are also processed in the province.
Oil palm plantation covers 118 square kilometres (46 sq mi). The plantation is a Malaysian-Filipino joint venture, with agrarian reform beneficiaries as land owners. Crude oil is processed in the sites ofRosario, andTrento.[citation needed]
Coconut trees are widespread in the province, covering 393.36 square kilometres (151.88 sq mi).[citation needed]
Despite the government's efforts to increase poultry and livestock production, deficits in meat supply persist. Processed poultry and beef are imported fromDavao City andCagayan de Oro.
Agusan del Sur is highly dependent onSurigao del Sur and other nearby coastal provinces for the supply of marine products. However, the province has abundant supply of fresh water fish likemudfish,catfish andtilapia.
Agusan del Sur hastwocongressional districts encompassing its 13 municipalities and 1 component city.
| District | Representative[36] | Cityor municipality | District population (2015) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Alfelito M. Bascug | 341,559 | |
| 2nd | Adolph Edward G. Plaza | 359,094 |
Rufino C. Otero was elected as the first Provincial Governor and Democrito O. Plaza the first Congressman in the election of November 1969. The term of office of Congressman Democrito O. Plaza would have continued until December 1973 had it not for the proclamation of Martial Law on September 21, 1972, which in effect abolished the Congress. When the InterimBatasang Pambansa was convened in 1978 after almost a decade of absence under the martial Law,Edelmiro Amante represented the province in the National Assembly.[citation needed]
Media related toAgusan del Sur at Wikimedia Commons
Geographic data related toAgusan del Sur atOpenStreetMapPlaces adjacent to Agusan del Sur | |
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 Province ofAgusan del Sur | |
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Prosperidad (capital) | |
| Municipalities | |
| Component city | |
| International | |
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| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
