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| Afro-Seminole Creole | |
|---|---|
| Native to | United States,Mexico |
| Ethnicity | Black Seminoles |
Native speakers | (200 in Mexico cited 1990)[1] |
English Creole
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| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | afs |
| Glottolog | afro1254 |
| Linguasphere | 52-ABB-ac |
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Afro-Seminole Creole (ASC) is a dialect ofGullah spoken byBlack Seminoles in scattered communities in Oklahoma, Texas, and Northern Mexico.[2][a]
Afro-Seminole Creole was first identified in 1978 byIan Hancock, alinguist at theUniversity of Texas. Before that, no one in the academic world was aware of its existence. ASC arose when enslaved Gullah speakers from the South Carolina and Georgia coastal region, later called "Black Seminoles", escaped from slavery on rice plantations and fled into the Florida wilderness.
This process began in the late 1600s, and continued into the 1830s. In Florida, the Black Seminoles built their own independent communities, but established a close partnership with theSeminole Indians. That alliance helped protect both groups during theFirst and Second Seminole Wars.[2]
The present-day speakers of Afro-Seminole Creole live inSeminole County, Oklahoma andBrackettville, Texas in theUnited States, and inNacimiento de los Negros,Coahuila,Mexico. ASC is threatened with extinction as there are only about 200 native speakers today.[2]
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