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Theafro is a hair style created by combing out natural growth ofafro-textured hair, or specifically styled with chemical curling products by individuals with naturallycurly orstraight hair.[1][2] The hairstyle can be created by combing the hair away from the scalp, dispersing a distinctive curl pattern, and forming the hair into a rounded shape, much like a cloud or puff ball.[1][2][3][4][5]
For people with wavy or straight hair, the hair style is created with the help ofpermanent hair structure-changing creams or gels and/or other solidifying liquids to temporarily hold the hair in place. Particularly popular in the African American community of the late 1960s and early 1970s,[3][5] the hairstyle is often shaped and maintained with the assistance of a wide-toothed comb colloquially known as anAfro pick.[2][3][4]
"Afro" is derived from the term "Afro American".[2] The hairstyle is also referred to by some as a "natural hairstyle". In most cases the hair is left untreated byrelaxers orstraightening chemicals and is instead allowed to express its natural curl or kinkiness.[3][5]
During the history ofslavery in the United States, most African Americans styled their hair in an attempt to mimic the styles of the predominantlywhite society in which they lived.[2][6]Afro-textured hair, characterized by its tight kinks, has been described as being kinky, coarse, cottony, nappy, or woolly.[6][7] These characteristics represented the antithesis of theEuropean American standard of beauty, and led to a negative view of kinky hair. As a result, the practice ofstraightening gained popularity among African Americans.[6]
The process of straightening the hair often involved applying caustic substances, such asrelaxers containinglye, which needed to be applied by an experienced hairstylist so as to avoid burning the scalp and ears.[3] Those who chose not to artificially treat their hair would often opt to style it into tightbraids orcornrows.[6] With all of these hairstyling methods, one ran the risk of damaging the hair shaft, sometimes resulting inhair loss.[8]
The effect of theCivil Rights Movement brought a renewed sense of identity to the African–American community, which also resulted in a redefinition of personal style that included an appreciation of black beauty and aesthetics, as embodied by the "Black is beautiful" movement.[7][9] This cultural movement marked a return to more natural, untreated hairstyles. The afro became a powerful political symbol which reflectedblack pride and a rejection of notions of assimilation and integration—not unlike the long and untreated hair sported by the mainlyWhitehippies.[2][6][7]
To some African Americans, the afro also represented a reconstitutive link toWest Africa andCentral Africa.[3] However, some critics have suggested that the afro hairstyle is not particularly African:[3][10] In his bookWelcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies, cultural critic Kobena Mercer argued that the contemporary African society of the mid-20th century did not consider either hairstyle to denote any particular "Africanness"; conversely, some Africans felt that these styles signified "First-worldness".[3]
Similarly, Brackette F. Williams stated in her bookStains on My Name, War in My Veins: Guyana and the Politics of Cultural Struggle that African nationalists were irritated by the afro's adoption by African Americans as a symbol of their African heritage; they saw this trend as an example ofWestern arrogance.[11]Sly Stone is wearing his long hair in the Afro style in May 1971
The afro was adopted by both men and women and was a hairstyle that was easier to maintain by oneself, without requiring frequent and sometimes costly visits to the hairstylist as was often experienced by people who chose to braid, straighten or relax their hair. Due to the kinky pattern prominent inAfro-textured hair, as it grows longer it has a tendency to extend outward from the head, resulting in adomelike hairstyle which is easily molded and sculpted into the desired shape.[2][7] While the afro was a much less invasive and time-consuming hairstyle choice for many African Americans, some chose to achieve a more voluminous version of the afro bybackcombing or teasing the hair, a practice that can result in damage to the hair and scalp.[1][5]
In the mid-1960s, the afro hairstyle began in a fairly tightly coiffed form, such as the hairstyle that became popular among members of theBlack Panther Party. As the 1960s progressed towards the 1970s, popular hairstyles, both within and outside of the African-American community, became longer and longer.[1] As a result, the late 1960s/early 1970s saw an expansion in the overall size of afros.[1] Some of the entertainers and sociopolitical figures of the time known for wearing larger afros include political activistAngela Davis, actressPam Grier, rock musicianJimi Hendrix, singerMiriam Makeba, and the members of the musical groupsthe Jackson 5 andthe Supremes.[4][12]
In contrast, the afro's popularity among African Americans had already started to wane by the early 1970s;[1][5] the introduction of the hairstyle to the mainstream and its adoption by people of non-African descent caused the afro to lose itsradical, political edge.[2] The 1970s saw an increase in the popularity of braided hairstyles such ascornrows among both sexes of African Americans.
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The afro saw some resurgence in both the 1990s and the 2000s.[4][9] These afros would take varied forms, some incorporating elements such as braids, beads or twists, as well as various sizes, from close-cropped natural hairstyles all the way to expansive afrowigs.[9]
Some African Americans who have been known for wearing afros or afro wigs during these two decades include NBA basketball playersBen Wallace,Kobe Bryant, andMichael Beasley, as well as musiciansLauryn Hill,Erykah Badu,Macy Gray,Ludacris,Questlove,Cindy Blackman,Wiz Khalifa, andLenny Kravitz.Beyoncé also donned a large afro wig for her role as Foxxy Cleopatra in the 2002 filmAustin Powers in Goldmember.
On July 3, 2019,California became the first U.S. state to prohibit discrimination over natural hair. GovernorGavin Newsom signed theCROWN Act into law, banning employers and schools from discriminating against hairstyles such as afros, braids, twists, and dreadlocks.[13] Likewise, later in 2019 Assembly Bill 07797 became law in New York state; it "prohibits race discrimination based on natural hair or hairstyles."[14]
Aevin Dugas from Gonzales, Louisiana, USA, set a newGuinness World Record on 11 September 2022, for the largest female afro, which measures 165 cm (5.41 ft) in circumference, 25 cm (9.84 in) in height, and 26 cm (10.24 in) in width. She has broken the Guinness World Record for the largest afro three times, including in 2010 and 2021. Dugas says she began growing her afro in 1999 and learned how to style and cut it herself after an unsuccessful trip to a professional hairstylist. She states that she broke the record to personally advocate for the beauty of natural hair and to encourage self-love.[15][16]
A "Jewfro" (portmanteau of the wordsJew and afro) or (rarely) "Isfro" (portmanteau of the wordsIsrael and afro) refers to an afro when worn by Jews.[17] The term has its roots in the 1960s and 1970s when many prominent figures were described as sporting the hairstyle. In 1970, theLos Angeles Times called college football star Scott Marcus aflower child with "golden brown hair ... in ringlets around his head in what he calls a Jewish afro style".[18]The New York Times, in a 1971 article onHarvard University's "hairy"basketball team, wrote that Captain Brian Newmark "hasn't had a haircut since last May, and his friends have suggested his hairdo is a first cousin to the Afro, the style that is popular with blacks. In the case of the Jewish junior fromBrooklyn, though, the bushy dark hair that is piled high on his head has been called an "Isro"."[19] NovelistJudith Rossner was described in aChicago Tribune profile as the "grown-up Wunderkind with an open, oval face framed by a Jewish Afro."[20]
TheHadendoaBeja ofnortheastern Africa were nicknamed "Fuzzy-Wuzzies" byBritish troops during theMahdist War due to their large and mop-like hairstyles, which they shaped by applyingbutter ormutton fat.[21] In Somalia, some young men of the nomadic and sedentary communities would grow their hair long and carefully comb it into rather large bushes, which they would then hold in place withghee.[22] This elaborate hairstyle was quite distinct from another coiffure found among other Somalis, who would instead grow long and fluff out their fine, straight hair and place achewing stick and comb in the center.[23]
Variations of the afro have been worn by one or both sexes in the many disparate cultures of theAfrican continent. Due to the hairstyle's links to members of thecivil rights andBlack Power movements, the afro was seen by several outside cultures as a dangerous symbol of political unrest, includingTanzania where the Afro was banned in the 1970s because it was seen as a symbol ofneocolonialism and as part of a "cultural invasion" from theUnited States.[1][2][24][25] In the 1950s and 1960s, South African women were also known to wear their hair in an afro-type style.[2]
The afro did not rise to the same level of popularity among theAfro-Caribbean community as it did in the United States, in part because of the popularity ofdreadlocks, which played an important role in theRastafari movement.[2] Not unlike the afro's significance among the members of the American Black Power movement, dreadlocks symbolizedblack pride and empowerment among the Rastafari of the Caribbean.[3][8]
The long, wide teeth of the "afro pick" or afro comb were designed to dig down to the scalp, allowing the hair to be stretched out from the roots into a desired style or shape using a picking motion.[2][3][4]
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