African Americans | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| African: 3,183,104 (Sub-Saharan African: 2,847,199 + North African: 335,895) (2010 U.S. Census)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| New York City,Washington-Baltimore metropolitan area,Philadelphia,New Jersey,Houston,Atlanta,Dallas,Los Angeles,San Diego,San Francisco/Oakland/San Jose,Minneapolis,Columbus,Chicago,Boston,Providence,Miami,New Orleans,San Antonio,Tennessee,Albuquerque,Salt Lake City,Seattle,Portland,Denver | |
| Languages | |
| English (African English,American English),Arabic,Igbo,Yoruba,Akan,Lingala,Nuer,Meta,Dinka,Shilluk,French,Wolof,Swahili,Amharic,Somali,Tigrinya,Berber,Afrikaans,Hausa,Portuguese,Cape Verdean Crioulo,Spanish,others | |
| Religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| OtherAfrican people |
African immigration to the United States refers toimmigrants to the United States who are or were nationals of modernAfrican countries. The termAfrican in the scope of this article refers to geographical ornational origins rather thanracial affiliation. From theImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965 to 2017, the African-born population in the United States grew to 2.1 million people.[2]
Africans in the United States come from almost all regions in Africa and do not constitute a homogeneous group. They include peoples from different national,linguistic, ethnic, racial, cultural and social backgrounds.[3] U.S. and foreign born Africans are different and distinct from native-bornAfrican Americans, many of whose ancestors were involuntarily brought fromWest Africa to thecolonial United States by means of the historicAtlantic slave trade. African immigration is now driving the growth of the Black population inNew York City.[4]
In the 1870s, theNaturalization Act was extended to allow "aliens, being free white persons and to aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent" to acquire citizenship. Immigration from Africa was theoretically permitted, unlike non-white immigration from Asia.[citation needed]
Several laws enforcing national origins quotas on U.S. immigration were enacted between 1921 and 1924 and were in effect until they were repealed in 1965. While the laws were aimed at restricting the immigration ofJews andCatholics from Southern and Eastern Europe and immigration from Asia, they also impacted African immigrants. The legislation effectively excluded Africans from entering the country.
TheEmergency Quota Act of 1921 restricted immigration from a given country to 3% of the number of people from that country living in the U.S. according to the census of 1910.The Immigration Act of 1924, also known as the Johnson-Reed Act, reduced that to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. in 1890. Under the system, the quota for immigrants from Africa (excluding Egypt) totaled 1,100 (the number was increased to 1,400 under the 1952McCarran–Walter Act.)[5] That contrasted to immigrants from Germany, which had a limit of 51,227.[6]
TheImmigration and Nationality Act of 1965, also known as theHart-Celler Act, repealed the national quotas and subsequently there was a substantial increase in the number of immigrants fromdeveloping countries, particularly in Africa and Asia. This act also provided a separate category forrefugees. The act also provided greater opportunity forfamily reunification.
TheDiversity Visa Program, or green card lottery, is a program created by theImmigration Act of 1990. It allows people born in countries with low rates of immigration to the United States to obtain a lawful permanent resident status. Each year, 50,000 of those visas are distributed at random. Almost 38% of those visas were attributed to African born immigrants in 2016.[7] African born persons also represent the most numerous group among the applicants since 2013.[8] The application is free of charge, and the requirements in terms of education are either a high school diploma or two years of a professional experience which requires at least two years of training.
The continent of Africa has seen many changes in migrations patterns over the course of history.[9] The graph below shows African immigration to the United States in 2016 based on class of admission with numbers from theDepartment of Homeland Security's Yearbook.[7] The number of Black immigrants living in the United States reached 4.6 million in 2019, an increase from approximately 800,000 in 1980, and which accounted for 19% of the growth in the overall U.S. Black population. Close to 31% came to the U.S. between 2010 and 2019.[10]
The influx of African immigrants began in the latter part of the 20th century and is often referred to as the "fourth great migration." About three-fourths of all out-migration from Africa went to the United States after 1990.[11] This trend began afterdecolonization, as many Africans moved to the U.S. seeking an education and to escapepoverty, and has risen steadily over time. The increase in the rate of migration is projected to continue for the coming decades.[12] Originally, these immigrants came with the sole purpose of advancing themselves before returning to their respective countries. Nevertheless, many immigrants never return. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of African immigrants interested in gaining permanent residence in the U.S.; this has led to a severebrain drain on the economies of African countries due to many skilled hard-working Africans leaving Africa to seek their economic fortunes in the U.S. and elsewhere.
One major factor that contributes to migration from Africa to the United States is labor opportunities. It has been relatively easier for African immigrants with advanced education to leave and enter international labor markets. In addition, many Africans move to the United States for advanced training. For example, doctors from different African nations would move to the U.S. in order to gain more economic opportunities compared to their home country.[13] However, as more Africans emigrate to the United States, their reasoning and factors tend to become more complex.[14]
Many Africans who migrate to the United States return their income to Africa in the source ofremittances. InNigeria, for example, remittances from Nigerians in the United States to Nigeria totaled to $6.1 billion in 2012, approximately 3% of Nigeria'sGDP.[15] The important role of remittances in improving the lives of family members in the United States has led to both migration and migrants remaining in the United States.
Following educational and economic trends of migration, family reunification has driven recent trends of migration.Family reunification refers to the ability of U.S. citizens to sponsor family members for immigration. Sponsoring immediate family members and other family preferences led to 45% and 10% of all African immigration in 2016 respectively.[7] Legal service organizations such as the African Advocacy Network aid in family members sponsoring new immigrants to the United States.[16]
Additionally,refugees make up a large class of admission to the United States. Recent crises in theCentral African Republic,South Sudan,Nigeria, andBurundi have been sources of migrants in recent years.[17] With recent restrictions on refugee entrance to the United States, refugees may face a harder time entering the United States.
In February 2025, President Donald Trump signed an executive order declaring the WhiteAfrikaaner population oppressed people - in response to the 2024 Expropriation Act passed in South Africa, which allows confiscation of Afrikaner lands to redistribute to the black population. Trump declared that the US will be accepting Afrikaners as refugees.[18]
President Trump also started theWhite South African refugee program, On May 12, 2025, the first group of 59 white South Africans arrived inDulles in northernVirginia under the program. They were welcomed atDulles International Airport by U.S. officials, including Deputy Secretary of StateChristopher Landau, and were provided with resettlement assistance.[19] According to the State Department, all spokeEnglish, and about a third already had relatives in the United States.[20] The refugee applications of the Afrikaner minority were expedited by the Trump administration, which cited "racial discrimination" as the justification for granting priority status.[21]
On June 2, 2025, U.S. officials reported that a second group of 9 white South Africans arrived a few days prior.[22]
On June 4, 2025, President Donald Trumpissued a proclamation, restricting entry from Chad,Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Somalia and Sudan, as well as partially restricting entry from Sierra Leone and Togo.[23]
The order also partially bans travelers from the following countries, where citizens may only seek temporary work visas:
| Ancestry | 2000 | 2000 (% of U.S. population) | 2010 | 2010 (% of U.S. population) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| "African" | 1,183,316[24] | negligible (no data) | 1,676,413[1] | negligible (no data) |
 Algerian | 8,752[24] | negligible (no data) | 14,716[25] | negligible (no data) |
 Angolan | 1,642[24] | negligible (no data) | negligible (no data) | |
 Cameroonian | 8,099[24] | negligible (no data) | 16,894[26] | negligible (no data) |
 Cape Verdean | 77,103[24] | negligible (no data) | 95,003[1] | negligible (no data) |
  Congolese | 5,488 (of the Democratic Republic of the Congo)[24] | negligible (no data) | 11,009[26] | negligible (no data) |
| "Eastern Africans" | 2,129[24] | negligible (no data) | negligible (no data) | |
 Egyptian | 142,832[24] | negligible (no data) | 197,000[1] | negligible (no data) |
 Eritrean | 18,917[24] | negligible (no data) | negligible (no data) | |
 Ethiopian | 68,001[24] | negligible (no data) | 202,715[1] | negligible (no data) |
 Gambian | 3,035[24] | negligible (no data) | negligible (no data) | |
 Ghanaian | 49,944[24] | negligible (no data) | 91,322[1] | negligible (no data) |
 Guinea | 3,016[24] | negligible (no data) | negligible (no data) | |
 Ivorian | 3,110[24] | negligible (no data) | negligible (no data) | |
 Kenyan | 17,336[24] | negligible (no data) | 51,749[1] | negligible (no data) |
 Liberian | 25,575[24] | negligible (no data) | 51,296[1] | negligible (no data) |
 Libyan | 2,979[24] | negligible (no data) | negligible (no data) | |
 Malian | 1,790[24] | negligible (no data) | negligible (no data) | |
 Moroccan | 38,923[24] | negligible (no data) | 82,073 | negligible (no data) |
 Nigerian | 162,938[24] | negligible (no data) | 264,550[1] | negligible (no data) |
| "North African/Berber" | 4,544 ("North Africans": 3,217; "Berbers": 1,327)[24] | negligible (no data) | ||
 Rwandan | 1,480[24] | negligible (no data) | negligible (no data) | |
 Senegalese | 6,124[24] | negligible (no data) | 11,369[1] | negligible (no data) |
 Sierra Leonean | 12,410[24] | negligible (no data) | 16,929[1] | negligible (no data) |
 Somali | 36,313[24] | negligible (no data) | 120,102[1] | negligible (no data) |
 South African | 44,991[24] | negligible (no data) | 57,491[1] | negligible (no data) |
 Sudanese | 14,458[24] | negligible (no data) | 42,249[1] | negligible (no data) |
 Tanzanian | 2,921[24] | negligible (no data) | negligible (no data) | |
 Togolese | 1,716[24] | negligible (no data) | negligible (no data) | |
 Tunisian | 4,735[24] | negligible (no data) | negligible (no data) | |
 Ugandan | 4,707[24] | negligible (no data) | 12,549 | negligible (no data) |
| "Western African" | 6,810[24] | negligible (no data) | ||
 Zambian | 1,500[24] | negligible (no data) | negligible (no data) | |
 Zimbabwean | 4,521[24] | negligible (no data) | 7,323[1] | negligible (no data) |
| TOTAL | More than 1,000,000 | 0.2%[citation needed] | NA | NA |
| Metropolitan area | African population | % of total metro population |
|---|---|---|
| Washington, DC, MD-VA-WV | 171,000 | 2.9 |
| Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN | 70,100 | 1.3 |
| Atlanta, GA | 70,100 | 1.3 |
| Boston, MA-NH | 61,600 | 1.3 |
| Baltimore Area, MD | 33,100 | 1.2 |
| New York, NY | 223,000 | 1.1 |
| Dallas–Fort Worth, TX | 64,300 | 0.9 |
| Houston, TX | 56,100 | 0.9 |
| San Antonio, TX[27] | 68,100 | 0.5 |
| Greater Los Angeles Area | 68,100 | 0.5 |
| San Francisco Bay Area | 24,500 | 0.5 |
The total immigrant population from Africa estimated for 2015-2019 was 2,256,700.[28] The top counties were:
1)Harris County, TX ----------------------------- 70,200
2)Los Angeles County, CA ------------------- 59,900
3)Bronx Borough, NY --------------------------- 56,000
4)Montgomery County, MD ----------------- 54,700
5)Hennepin County, MN ---------------------- 53,700
6)Prince George's County, MD ------------- 53,000
7)Dallas County, TX ----------------------------- 46,700
8)King County, WA ------------------------------- 42,500
9)Cook County, IL -------------------------------- 42,100
10)Franklin County, OH ----------------------- 41,400
11)Fairfax County, VA -------------------------- 39,400
12)Tarrant County, TX ------------------------- 34,900
13)Brooklyn Borough, NY -------------------- 32,500
14)Gwinnett County, GA ---------------------- 26,800
15)Essex County, NJ --------------------------- 26,700
16)Suffolk County, Mass. -------------------- 25,000
17)Philadelphia County, PA ----------------- 25,000
18)Queens Borough, NY ---------------------- 24,700
19)DeKalb County, GA ------------------------- 24,500
20)Maricopa County, AZ --------------------- 24,000
21)Middlesex County, Mass. --------------- 23,500
22)Fort Bend County, TX --------------------- 22,000
23)Manhattan Borough, NY ---------------- 21,700
24)Baltimore County, MD ------------------ 21,500
25)Ramsey County, MN ---------------------- 20,300
It is estimated that the 2017 population of African immigrants to the United States was about 2.1 million.[2] According to theMigration Policy Institute, as of 2009 two-thirds of the African immigrants were from either East or West Africa.[29] Countries with the most immigrants to the U.S. areNigeria,Egypt,Ethiopia,Ghana,South Africa,Somalia,Eritrea, andKenya. Seventy five percent (75%) of the African immigrants to the U.S. come from 12 of the 55 countries, namely Nigeria, Egypt, Ghana, Ethiopia, South Africa, Kenya,Liberia, Somalia,Morocco,Cape Verde,Sierra Leone andSudan (including what is now the independent country ofSouth Sudan), which is based on the 2000 census data.[30]
In 2024, the African immigrant population in the United States continued to grow steadily. According to the latest data, the number of African immigrants in the United States has already surpassed that of 2017, with the immigrant population increasing from about 2.1 million to more than 2.4 million.[31] The trend that African immigrants mainly come from West Africa and East Africa remains unchanged. Nigeria, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya and Ethiopia continue to be the main source countries for immigrants to the United States.
Recently, the proportion of immigrants from African countries has increased, reflecting the rapid population growth in the region and the impact of economic, social, and political factors. The immigrant population from West African countries has increased significantly. Most immigrants from these countries are well educated and seek opportunities in technical and professional fields in the United States. Meanwhile, immigrants from countries such as Eritrea and Sudan are mostly seeking refuge due to political and conflict-related difficulties.
A major push factor for African immigration was the Diversity Visa Program and the 1980Refugee Act, which facilitated the immigration of many Africans from conflict-affected regions such as Somalia and Eritrea. African immigrants are highly concentrated in states such as Texas, New York, and California, and they account for a significant proportion of the immigrant population in places such as Maryland and Minnesota.[32]
Additionally, according to theU.S. Census, 55% of immigrants from Africa are male, while 45% are female. Age groups with the largest cohort of African-born immigrants are 25–34, 35–44, and 45–54 with 24.5%, 27.9%, and 15.0% respectively.[33]
Africans typically congregate inurban areas, moving tosuburban areas over time. They are also one of the groups who are least likely to live inracially segregated areas.[34][35] The goals of Africans vary tremendously. While some look to create new lives in the US, some plan on using the resources and skills gained to go back and help their countries of origin. Either way, African communities contribute millions to the economies of Africa throughremittances. Ogbuagu (2013) found thatDiasporic Nigerians across the globe reportedly remitted $21 billion (N3.36 trillion-Naira) to the homeland in 2012 alone.
Immigrants from Africa, once they arrive in the U.S., typically settle in heavily urban areas upon arrival. Areas such asWashington, D.C.,New York,Baltimore,Philadelphia,Dallas,Houston,San Antonio,Atlanta,Chicago,Los Angeles,Boston,Columbus, andMinneapolis have heavy concentrations of African immigrant populations.[27] Often there are clusters of nationalities within these cities. The longer African immigrants live in the United States, the more likely they are to live in suburban areas.
In the San Francisco Bay Area, there are officially 40,000 African immigrants, although it has been estimated that the population is actually four times this number when consideringundocumented immigrants. The majority of these immigrants were born in Ethiopia, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa.
African immigrants like many other immigrant groups are likely to establish and find success in small businesses. Many Africans that have seen the economic stability that comes fromethnic enclaves such asChinatowns have recently been establishing ethnicenclaves of their own at much higher rates to reap the benefits of such communities.[36] Such examples includeLittle Ethiopia in Los Angeles andLittle Senegal in New York City.
| State/territory | Subsaharan African population (2019 Census)[37] | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
 Alabama | 44,872 | |
 Alaska | 2,200[28] | |
 Arizona | 58,584 | |
 Arkansas | 42,549 | |
 California | 319,119 | |
 Colorado | 56,591 | |
 Connecticut | 38,138 | |
 Delaware | 15,648 | |
 District of Columbia | 20,108 | |
 Florida | 161,983 | |
 Georgia | 199,299 | |
 Hawaii | 4,510 | |
 Idaho | 3,243 | |
 Illinois | 127,008 | |
 Indiana | 61,567 | |
 Iowa | 31,301 | |
 Kansas | 26,179 | |
 Kentucky | 38,745 | |
 Louisiana | 45,340 | |
 Maine | 14,674 | |
 Maryland | 248,180 | |
 Massachusetts | 149,753 | |
 Michigan | 80,461 | |
 Minnesota | 178,662 | |
 Mississippi | 2,300[28] | |
 Missouri | 54,003 | |
 Montana | 2,760 | |
 Nebraska | 28,566 | |
 Nevada | 45,510 | |
 New Hampshire | 8,701 | |
 New Jersey | 122,485 | |
 New Mexico | 6,826 | |
 New York | 263,282 | |
 North Carolina | 133,428 | |
 North Dakota | 8,100[28] | |
 Ohio | 137,487 | |
 Oklahoma | 17,477 | |
 Oregon | 24,159 | |
 Pennsylvania | 131,704 | |
 Rhode Island | 30,235 | |
 South Carolina | 47,684 | |
 South Dakota | 7,200[28] | |
 Tennessee | 95,626 | |
 Texas | 446,330 | |
 Utah | 18,672 | |
 Vermont | 2,400[28] | |
 Virginia | 226,140 | |
 Washington | 114,071 | |
 West Virginia | 8,748 | |
 Wisconsin | 32,632 | |
 Wyoming | - | |
| USA | 2 million |
African immigrants to the US are among the most educated groups in the United States. Some 48.9 percent of all African immigrants hold a college diploma. This is more than double the rate of native-born white Americans, and nearly four times the rate of native-born African Americans.[38] According to the 2000 Census, the rate of college diploma acquisition is highest among Egyptian Americans at 59.7 percent, followed closely by Nigerian Americans at 58.6 percent.[39][40]
In 1997, 19.4 percent of all adult African immigrants in the United States held a graduate degree, compared to 8.1 percent of adult white Americans and 3.8 percent of adult black Americans in the United States, respectively.[41] According to the2000 Census, the percentage of Africans with a graduate degree is highest among Nigerian Americans at 28.3 percent, followed by Egyptian Americans at 23.8 percent.[39][40]
Of the African-born population in the US age 25 and older, 87.9% reported having ahigh schooldegree or higher,[42] compared with 78.8% ofAsian-bornimmigrants and 76.8% ofEuropean-bornimmigrants, respectively.[43] Africans fromKenya (90.8 percent),Nigeria (89.1 percent),Ghana (85.9 percent),Botswana (84.7 percent), andMalawi (83 percent) were the most likely to report having a high school degree or higher.
Those born inCape Verde (44.8 percent) andMauritania (60.8 percent) were the least likely to report having completed a high school education.[44]
The educational attainment of immigrant groups varies by region of origin. Among all black immigrant subgroups, the share of adults aged 25 and over with a bachelor's degree or higher increased. Between 2000 and 2019, the degree attainment of black adults born in the Caribbean and South America increased by 7 percentage points (from 16% to 23% for black Caribbean adults and from 20% to 27% for black South American adults). As of 2019, about 40 percent (41 percent) of black adults aged 25 and older had a bachelor's degree or higher, while about a quarter (23 percent) of black adults of Caribbean descent had at least a bachelor's degree, compared with 33 percent of all foreign-born and U.S.-born adults.[20]
Black immigrants from Africa are generally more highly educated than other groups in the United States (this region accounts for more than 40% of the foreign-born black population). This phenomenon is related to immigration patterns and the way in which people enter the United States. Many African immigrants come to the United States through theDiversity Visa Program,[45] which requires applicants to have completed formal primary and secondary education.[20]
African immigrants excel in many ways. They have a high rate ofnaturalization, a higher level of education than the overall U.S. population, and are more likely to earn degrees in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). In addition, they make important contributions to several key economic sectors, such as healthcare, which have been facing labor shortages.[46]
U.S. immigrants that come from predominantly black nations in Africa are generally healthier than black immigrants from predominantly white nations or from Europe. A study conducted by Jen'nan Ghazal Read, asociology professor at theUC Irvine, andMichael O. Emerson, asociology professor atRice University, studied the health of more than 2,900 black immigrants from top regions of emigration: the West Indies, Africa, South America and Europe. Black people born in Africa and South America have been shown to be healthier than U.S.-born black people.[47][48] The study was published in the September issue ofSocial Forces and is the first to look at the health of black immigrants by their region of origin.[49]
African immigrants tend to retain their culture once in the United States. Instead of abandoning their various traditions, they find ways to reproduce and reinvent themselves.[50] Cultural bonds are cultivated through shared ethnic or national affiliations. Some organizations like the Ghanaian group Fantse-Kuo and the Sudanese Association organize by country, region, or ethnic group. Other nonprofits like theMalawi Washington Association[51] organize by national identity, and are inclusive of allMalawians. Other groups present traditional culture from apan-African perspective. Using traditional skills and knowledge, African-born entrepreneurs develop services for immigrants and the community at large. In the Washington area, events such as the annual Ethiopian soccer tournament, institutions such as theAME Church African Liberation Ministry, and "friends" and "sister cities" organizations bring together different communities. The extent to which African immigrants engage in these activities naturally varies according to the population.
The religious traditions of African immigrants tend to be pluralistic; they are seen not only as religious institutions, but in many cases also as civic centers. These organizations are central to persevering ethnic identity among these communities.[53][citation needed] African immigrant religious communities are also central networks and provide services such as counseling, shelter, employment, financial assistance, health services, and real estate tips.
African immigrants practice a diverse array of religions, includingChristianity,Islam, and varioustraditional African faiths. Of these adherents, the largest number arePentecostals/Charismatic Christians. This form of Christianity is a "primarilyevangelical, born-again Pentecostal sect that emphasizes holiness, fervent prayer,charismatic revival, proximate salvation, speaking intongues,baptism of the Holy Spirit, faith healing, visions, and divine revelations."[53]
Among populardenominational churches are the Brotherhood of the Cross and Star,Seventh Day Adventist Church,Celestial Church of Christ,Cherubim and Seraphim,Christ Apostolic Church, Church ofPentecost, Deeper Life Bible Church,Mountain of Fire and Miracle Ministries (MFM), the Presbyterian Church of Ghana, the Redeemed Christian Church of God and[53][citation needed] Christ Embassy.
Additionally, Ethiopians and Eritreans have their own churches wherever there is a significant Ethiopian or Eritrean population. Their churches are mainlyEthiopian orEritreanOrthodox and a few Catholic churches.
Many African communities have created their own churches in the United States modeled on continental African churches. Many African churches are Pan-African, but some consist only of nationals from the country of origin. This allows for worship in the native languages of the congregation.
Muslim immigrants from nations in Africa adhere to diverse Islamic traditions. These include variousSunni,Shia andSufi mainstream orders and schools (madhhab) fromWest Africa, theSwahili Coast, theIndian Ocean islands, theHorn of Africa, andNorth Africa.
Many local cable channels are now purchasing programming channels operated by various African communities. For example, theAfrica Channel is broadcast in the United States throughComcast,Charter Communications,Cox Communications and also available in Jamaica, the Bahamas, Trinidad & Tobago, St. Lucia, Barbados, Bermuda, Grenada and other islands throughout the Caribbean.[54] The channel is a showcase for outstanding travel, lifestyle and cultural series, specials and documentaries. These programs feature people of African descent and their stories. The network's premiere on September 1, 2005, marked a milestone in U.S. television history. For the first time, American audiences were able to experience the successes, celebrations and challenges of people living throughout Africa and theDiaspora, all via a general entertainment network. The network is broadcast in the U.S. through national distribution deals with the largest cable MSOs in the country, including Comcast, Charter, and Cox. TV news services such as the Nigerian Television Authority, South African Broadcasting Channel and Ethiopian Television Programming are also available in some areas.
Immigrants from Africa have opened restaurants in urban areas. The Atlanta, DC, Dallas, Houston, New York and San Antonio Metro areas host many eateries belonging to the Liberian, Senegalese, Nigerian, Ethiopian, Tanzanian, South African and other communities.[55]
The New York Times and academic scholar Nnamdi O. Madichie have credited American African artistsKelela andAkon for employing fluidity of their cultural heritage through their U.S. and African identities. Recently, academic scholars have brought attention to the influence of African American music on U.S. culture. According to ethnomusicologistPortia Maultsby, African immigrant artists have impacted the U.S. through fashion and mainstream music by utilizing their cultural heritage as a foundation for their artistry. In "Marketing Senegal through hip-hop-a discourse analysis of Akon's music and lyrics", Madichie cites Senegalese-American singer, Akon, as a first-generation African immigrant musician whose music and lyrics create a confluence of West Africa-styled vocals mixed with North America's East Coast and Southern beats.[56] InMama Africa andSenegal, Akon builds connections between Diasporic communities and the "homeland" through his music.[56]
An examination of the role of Black American entrepreneurs in the hip-hop industry suggests that young Black people have been able to influence the White dominated music industry through transforming "Blackness into capital, staffing and business connections".[57] The New York Times article, "25 Songs That Tell Us Where Music Is Going" illustrates how African immigrants have used their heritage to influence a new sound of mainstream music in the U.S.[58] Wortham cites Kelela, an Ethiopian-American musician, as an American African immigrant who has impacted U.S. culture by defying the notion that Blackness is monolithic through music that pushes the boundaries of R&B in uninhibited experimentation.[58]
EthnomusicologistMellonee Burnim's area of aesthetic significance are style of delivery, sound quality, and mechanics of delivery-qualities common to African-derived music.[59] Style of delivery is one of the most important aspects of Africanisms in music. This refers to the stage presentation and physical appearance of when music is performed.[60] Physical appearance is a fundamental part of the Black cultural expression in regard to African-American music. The sways and sashays as well as the physical appearance of African immigrant musicians has a significant influence on U.S. culture exemplified through fashion trends.[60]
Along with style of delivery, sound quality is another significant tradition of Black music that derives from Africanisms.[61] The sound quality of African-American music distinguishes itself because of its African sentiments that are foreign to Western patterns.[60] Maultsby describes how in Africa and the black diaspora, black musicians have managed to cultivate an array of unique sounds that imitate nature, animals, spirits, and speech into their music.[59] Mechanics of delivery involves improvisation of time, text, and pitch to deliver Black audiences a variety in performances.[62]
Textures can be increased through solo voices or adding layers of handclaps. This technique described as "staggered entrances" derives from the improvised singing of slaves.[62] Time is another basic component that can be expanded by extending the length of notes. Finally, pitch produces juxtaposing voices of different ranges in a single voice.[59]
Notable African academics in the U.S. include full tenured professors at the nation's top universities, including, atMIT,Elfatih A.B. Eltahir fromSudan;[63]atCaltech, 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry WinnerAhmed Zewail from Egypt; atYale, professorLamin Sanneh[64] from Gambia; at Pennsylvania State University, professorAugustin Banyaga, from Rwanda; at Harvard, professorsJacob Olupona,[65] from Nigeria,Barack Obama Sr. from Kenya,Emmanuel K. Akyeampong from Ghana,[66] Biodun Jeyifo from Nigeria,[66] and John Mugane from Kenya;[66] and at Princeton, Adel Mahmoud[67] from Egypt,Wole Soboyejo[68] from Nigeria,Simon Gikandi[69] from Kenya, V. Kofi Agawu from Ghana,[70] andKwame Anthony Appiah from Ghana.
In sports,Hakeem Olajuwon,Dikembe Mutombo,Darlington Nagbe, andFreddy Adu are prominent.
Academy Award-winning actressCharlize Theron, entrepreneurElon Musk, andGrammy Award-winning musicianDave Matthews, are all white South Africans; and two-timeAcademy Award-nominated actorDjimon Hounsou and Grammy-winning musicianAngelique Kidjo, both from Benin; and recentlyLupita Nyong'o andChimamanda Ngozi Adichie, are most notable.
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