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African diaspora in Finland

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
People in Finland of full or partial African ancestry

Ethnic group
African diaspora in Finland
Afrikkalaiset Suomessa / Suomen afrikkalaiset
Total population
At least 75,953[a] (2024,
1.4% of the population of Finland)[b]
Regions with significant populations
Helsinki,Turku andTampere regions &
Oulu,Vaasa andJyväskylä[3]
Languages
Numerous;

TheAfrican diaspora in Finland (Finnish:afrikkalaisten diaspora Suomessa) refers to the residents ofFinland of full or partialAfrican ancestry, mostly fromSub-Saharan Africa. As of 2024[update], there were 54,046 people born in Africa living in Finland.[3] Similarly, the number of people with African background[a] (Africans in Finland;Suomen afrikkalaiset) was 75,953.[4]

The distinct adjacent termAfro-Finns (afrosuomalaiset), also referred to asBlack Finns (mustat suomalaiset),[5][6][7][8] can be used forFinns whose lineages are fully or partly in the populations of Sub-Saharan Africa ("Black Africa").[9][10] Afro-Finns have lived in Finland since the 19th century. In 2009, according toYle, there were an estimated 20,000 Afro-Finns in Finland,[11] and according to Statistics Finland, the total number of people in Finland with a close Sub-Saharan African background[d] was 62,759 in 2024.[4]

History

[edit]
Corporal Holger Sonntag in 1944

Finns reacted to the first Sub-SaharanAfricans in Finland with curiosity and amazement.[12] In the 19th century, someAfricans from the Americas worked as servants for wealthyRussians in theGrand Duchy of Finland.[5] The first known African to receiveFinnish citizenship wasRosa Lemberg who cameto Finland fromOvamboland in 1888 and was granted citizenship in 1899.[13][14]

Between the 1900s and the 1970s, the few Africans in Finland were mostly students (e.g.,from Nigeria andEthiopia), political exilesfrom South Africa or people married to Finns.[5] In World War II (1939–1945), there were some Afro-Finnish soldiers, includingPrivate 1st ClassRudolf Prüss [fi], who served as a ski patrol leader on theKarelian Isthmus and was killed in theWinter War, and Corporal Holger Sonntag, who was ofAfrican-American andGerman descent and served as a driver in both the Winter War and theContinuation War.[15]

In 1990, during theSomali Civil War, the firstSomali refugees arrived in Finland.[16][17] After that, due to their highfertility rate, along with the significant number of Somalifamily reunifications,quota refugees andasylum seekers, they rapidly became the largest African group in Finland.[18][19] During the2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship held in Finland, most of theSierra Leone national under-17 football team's players defected to Finland due to the poor conditions in their country, followinga civil war that had ended a year earlier.[20]

In the 21st century, most people of African ancestry have come to Finlandfrom Africa, but many have also arrived from theUnited States,Latin America andother European countries. In particular, Americans andBritish people of African descent have moved to Finland, mostly through marriage.[21]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population of people in Finland with a close African background[a]
YearPop.±%
19901,720—    
19913,798+120.8%
19924,631+21.9%
19935,990+29.3%
19947,002+16.9%
19957,831+11.8%
19968,554+9.2%
19979,698+13.4%
199810,777+11.1%
199911,382+5.6%
200011,802+3.7%
200112,900+9.3%
200213,724+6.4%
200314,775+7.7%
200416,135+9.2%
200517,793+10.3%
200619,278+8.3%
200721,509+11.6%
200824,109+12.1%
200926,446+9.7%
201029,041+9.8%
201131,518+8.5%
201233,968+7.8%
201336,634+7.8%
201439,490+7.8%
201542,689+8.1%
201646,113+8.0%
201748,749+5.7%
201851,645+5.9%
201954,450+5.4%
202057,496+5.6%
202160,614+5.4%
202265,007+7.2%
202370,592+8.6%
202475,953+7.6%
Source:Statistics Finland[4]

As of 31 December 2024, according toStatistics Finland, the total number of people in Finland with a close African background[a] is 75,953, which is 1.4% of the population of Finland.[b] 42,118 (55.45%) of them are men, while 33,835 (44.55%) are women. 62,759 (82.6%) of them are fromSub-Saharan Africa.[c][4]

Countries of origin

[edit]
Origins of people with a close African background[a][4]
CountryPopulation (1990)Population (2024)
Total1,72075,953
Somalia4926,722
Nigeria897,559
DR Congo65,268
Morocco3954,953
Ethiopia1084,193
Ghana673,280
Kenya713,221
Cameroon42,647
Egypt1952,367
Sudan112,297
Eritrea11,855
Algeria2101,759
The Gambia231,600
Tunisia1451,476
Angola3726
South Africa54718
Tanzania56699
Rwanda2564
Uganda7560
Zambia27418
Libya19343
Senegal10312
Zimbabwe7237
Sierra Leone20214
Burundi3211
Ivory Coast12208
Liberia6203
Guinea4199
Republic of the Congo17186
Namibia66170
Togo3141
Mozambique571
Mauritius1256
Benin145
Mali343
Burkina Faso040
Djibouti040
Malawi237
Mauritania037
Niger136
Central African Republic031
Madagascar030
Botswana029
Equatorial Guinea028
South SudanN/A[e]27
Guinea-Bissau025
Cape Verde220
Gabon014
Seychelles014
Eswatini110
Chad28
Comoros17
Lesotho00
São Tomé and Príncipe00

Countries with a significant African diaspora

[edit]

The following countries outside Africa have a majority population ofAfro-descendants (90% or more of the country's total population)[22] and, as of 31 December 2024, a total of 147expatriates or close descendants[f] in Finland:[4]

African languages

[edit]
Speakers of languages of African origin[23]
LanguageSpeakers (2020)
Total36,150
Somali22,794
Swahili2,560
Amharic1,662
Tigrinya1,662
Kinyarwanda1,226
Yoruba1,044
Igbo938
Lingala929
Twi670
Akan487
Wolof336
Kikuyu282
Hausa223
Fula174
Oromo174
Kongo156
Luganda137
Afrikaans119
Ewe118
Shona71
Chewa69
Kirundi67
Afar52
Luba-Katanga52
Ndonga49
Bambara17
Zulu16
Malagasy11
Tswana10
Sango9
Northern Ndebele8
Kwanyama5
Kanuri4
Southern Sotho4
Swazi4
Herero3
Southern Ndebele3
Xhosa3
Venda2

Distribution

[edit]

Municipalities

[edit]
Ten largest populations of people with a close African background[a] by municipality[4]
No.MunicipalityPopulation (2022)Percent of the
municipality's population
1.Helsinki24,4253.7%
2.Espoo8,8112.9%
3.Vantaa8,6823.6%
4.Turku3,7191.9%
5.Tampere2,8291.1%
6.Oulu1,8410.9%
7.Vaasa1,6212.4%
8.Jyväskylä1,1280.8%
9.Lahti8150.7%
10.Kuopio7440.6%

On 31 December 2020, 13.4% of the total population ofItäkeskus, a quarter of Helsinki, had an African background, which was the highest percentage of all subdivisions of Helsinki.[24]

Regions

[edit]

On 31 December 2022, theregion with the most people with a close African background[a] wasUusimaa with 45,025 people (2.6% of the region's total population), which is 69.3% of their total population in Finland.[25]

Populations of people with a close African background[a] byregion[25]
RegionPopulation (2022)Percent of the
region's population
Åland1350.4%
Central Finland1,2100.4%
Central Ostrobothnia3810.6%
Kainuu3320.5%
Kanta-Häme8940.5%
Kymenlaakso7950.5%
Lapland4180.2%
North Karelia4420.3%
North Ostrobothnia2,1330.5%
North Savo8370.3%
Ostrobothnia2,3261.3%
Päijät-Häme8860.4%
Pirkanmaa3,2660.6%
Satakunta4480.2%
South Karelia3940.3%
South Ostrobothnia2650.1%
South Savo2760.2%
Southwest Finland4,5440.9%
Uusimaa45,0252.6%

Regions of Finland

Citizenships

[edit]

On 31 December 2023, there were 23,672 people who haddualcitizenship of Finland and an African country.[26]

Citizens of African countries who received Finnish citizenship by year:[27]

  • 1990 – 70
  • 1991 – 101
  • 1992 – 104
  • 1993 – 67
  • 1994 – 56
  • 1995 – 81
  • 1996 – 120
  • 1997 – 180
  • 1998 – 788
  • 1999 – 1,365
  • 2000 – 522
  • 2001 – 406
  • 2002 – 419
  • 2003 – 403
  • 2004 – 426
  • 2005 – 605
  • 2006 – 658
  • 2007 – 671
  • 2008 – 891
  • 2009 – 466
  • 2010 – 368
  • 2011 – 400
  • 2012 – 1,559
  • 2013 – 1,923
  • 2014 – 1,750
  • 2015 – 1,946
  • 2016 – 2,137
  • 2017 – 2,448
  • 2018 – 1,904
  • 2019 – 1,499
  • 2020 – 1,250
  • 2021 – 997
  • 2022 – 1,393
  • 2023 – 2,010

People born in Africa who received Finnish citizenship by year:[28]

  • 1990 – 37
  • 1991 – 87
  • 1992 – 86
  • 1993 – 42
  • 1994 – 58
  • 1995 – 78
  • 1996 – 117
  • 1997 – 175
  • 1998 – 559
  • 1999 – 829
  • 2000 – 332
  • 2001 – 275
  • 2002 – 306
  • 2003 – 290
  • 2004 – 329
  • 2005 – 387
  • 2006 – 397
  • 2007 – 426
  • 2008 – 627
  • 2009 – 329
  • 2010 – 279
  • 2011 – 297
  • 2012 – 1,043
  • 2013 – 1,344
  • 2014 – 1,350
  • 2015 – 1,447
  • 2016 – 1,590
  • 2017 – 1,844
  • 2018 – 1,480
  • 2019 – 1,231
  • 2020 – 972
  • 2021 – 764
  • 2022 – 1,059
  • 2023 – 1,449

Asylum seekers

[edit]

1990–2013

[edit]

From 1990 to 2013, a total of 14,481 African citizens applied forasylum in Finland, which was 22.4% out of the total of 64,536 asylum seekers. African asylum seekers by country of citizenship:

There were not asylum seekers fromCape Verde, theComoros,São Tomé and Príncipe orSeychelles.[29]

2015–2020

[edit]

From January 2015 to August 2020, there were a total of 7,935 African citizens who applied for asylum in Finland; 14.6% out of the total of 54,520 asylum seekers. African asylum seekers by country of citizenship:

There were not asylum seekers fromBotswana,Djibouti,Lesotho,Madagascar,Malawi,Mauritius,São Tomé and Príncipe orSeychelles.[30]

Adoptions

[edit]

From 1987 to 2023, a total of 984 people wereadopted from Africa to Finland. 907 (92.2%) of them were from the countries of South Africa (571, 58.0%), Ethiopia (287, 29.2%) and Kenya (49, 5.0%), and the rest, 77 people (7.8%), were from other African countries.[31]

Adoptees from Africa by year:[31]

  • 1987 – 11
  • 1988 – 19
  • 1989 – 5
  • 1990 – 9
  • 1991 – 12
  • 1992 – 12
  • 1993 – 16
  • 1994 – 19
  • 1995 – 14
  • 1996 – 11
  • 1997 – 13
  • 1998 – 15
  • 1999 – 14
  • 2000 – 22
  • 2001 – 11
  • 2002 – 28
  • 2003 – 28
  • 2004 – 30
  • 2005 – 35
  • 2006 – 34
  • 2007 – 44
  • 2008 – 48
  • 2009 – 66
  • 2010 – 53
  • 2011 – 71
  • 2012 – 48
  • 2013 – 43
  • 2014 – 47
  • 2015 – 41
  • 2016 – 16
  • 2017 – 30
  • 2018 – 20
  • 2019 – 26
  • 2020 – 8
  • 2021 – 27
  • 2022 – 18
  • 2023 – 20

Marriages and cohabitation

[edit]

On 31 December 2023, there were 5,097 Finnish citizens who were either married to or registered as cohabiting with citizens of African countries. 3,041 (59.7%) of the Finnish citizens were women and 2,056 (40.3%) were men; for both sexes the largest groups of partners wereSomalian, Moroccan andNigerian citizens. The next largest groups forFinnish women were Gambian and Ghanaian citizens, and for Finnish men Ethiopian and Kenyan citizens.[32][33] On the same date, there were 4,989 African-born people who were either married to or registered as cohabiting with people born in Finland; 3,810 (76.4%) of the people born in Finland were women, while 1,179 (23.6%) were men.[34][35]

Employment

[edit]

Statistics Finland's employment statistics from 2000 to 2021 are available for the citizens of the following 23 African countries: Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda and Zambia.[i][36]

Employment rates of the citizens of some African countries[i]
(and Finland for comparison)[36]
NationalityLabour force (2021)EmployedUnemployedEmployed (%)
Algeria3102149669.0%
Angola79502963.3%
Cameroon61151110083.6%
Democratic Republic of the Congo71542529059.4%
Egypt51538612975.0%
Eritrea45726918858.9%
Ethiopia49038810279.2%
The Gambia46135710477.4%
Ghana91678213485.4%
Kenya5995247587.5%
Libya38182047.4%
Morocco72149722468.9%
Namibia3933684.6%
Nigeria1,4781,25322584.8%
Rwanda93652869.9%
Senegal92623067.4%
Somalia2,0021,00799550.3%
South Africa1891692089.4%
Sudan26015011057.7%
Tanzania2171694877.9%
Tunisia30320310067.0%
Uganda123992480.5%
Zambia82671581.7%
Finland2,492,3442,251,076241,26890.3%

Afro-Finns

[edit]

Identity

[edit]

Afro-Finns, also referred to as Black Finns,[5][6][7][8] areFinns whose lineages are fully or partly in the populations of Sub-Saharan Africa ("Black Africa").[9][10] They have lived in Finland since the 19th century. According to an estimate in 2009 byYle, there are 20,000 Afro-Finns in Finland, and according toStatistics Finland, the total number of people in Finland with a close Sub-Saharan African background[d] was 62,759 in 2024.[4] Thus, they make up a much largerethnic minority than many other prominent minority groups in Finland, such as theSámi orRomani. The identity of Afro-Finns varies: some consider themselves Finns, while others identify with a separate cultural heritage.[11] Some actively cherish their connections to Africa through their African relatives and cultures, while for others, these connections are more distant but still meaningful.[21]

Culture

[edit]

In 2013, the dance performanceNoir? bySonya Lindfors [fi] became the first fully Afro-Finnish dance performance when it premiered atZodiak – Center for New Dance [fi] in Helsinki.[37]

Held annually since 2018, the Afrofinns Achievement Awards—presented by Afrofinns ry, an organization for "Finns and everyone else with African heritage living in Finland"—acknowledges, honors and celebrates the contribution of the Afro-community in Finland.[38][39][40][41]

In 2020,Kelly Kalonji [fi],Miss Helsinki [fi] 2013 and celebrity, and Obi-West Utchaychukwu, the editor-in-chief ofDiaspora Glitz Magazine, founded the beauty pageant Miss Afro Diaspora Finland (formerly The Face of African Queen) for young women of African ancestry living in Finland.[42][43][44]

Media

[edit]

Established in 1993, the magazineSCANDI-B was targeted to Black people in theNordic countries. Printed inRaisio, Finland, it had a circulation of 7,000 in 1993 withLammin Sullay [fi] as the editor-in-chief.[45]

In 2010,Yle broadcast the three-episode documentary television seriesAfro-Suomen historia (lit.'The history of Afro-Finland') about early Afro-Finns.[7][11]

The multimediaRuskeat Tytöt [fi] (lit.'Brown Girls') focuses on Afro-Finns and otherpeople of colour in Finland.[46][47][48] Its six-episodeAfrosuomen historiaa etsimässä (lit.'Searching for Afro-Finland's history') podcast's first episode was broadcast onRadio Helsinki [fi] in 2017.[6]

The Afro-FinnishDiaspora Glitz Magazine won the category of Best Media at the 2019 Afrofinns Achievement Awards.[49]

Racism

[edit]
See also:Racism in Finland

During the1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland, some warned Finnish women against showing interest in "exotic" athletes and pressured them to "act appropriately" in the presence ofblack people, "neekerit".[12] TheFinnish wordneekeri (cognate withnegro) was long considered a neutral equivalent for "negro". In 2002, the usage notes ofneekeri shifted from "perceived as derogatory by some" to "generally derogatory" in theDictionary of Contemporary Finnish, edited by theInstitute for the Languages of Finland.[50]

Nationwide racism began to grow after the firstSomali refugees arrived in Finland in the 1990s during theSomali Civil War. Finnishskinheads carried out attacks against Africans, and the city ofJoensuu in eastern Finland, in particular, becamean infamous center of racism [fi]. In the municipality ofNastola in southern Finland, the police had to protect the local refugee center from violence by local residents, who carried out a shooting. Other incidents included a bomb that detonated at a refugee center inValkeala, a municipality in southeast Finland, and an attack by skinheads on Somalis inHakunila,Vantaa, in southern Finland.[7]

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, some ethnic Finnish women married to or cohabiting with younger black men have faced discrimination, as they are sometimes stereotyped assex tourists in Finnish society.[51][52][53][54][55]

According to the study "Being Black in the EU" by theFundamental Rights Agency published in 2018, 63% of Afro-Finns in Finland had experienced racist harassment, which took the form of offensive gestures, comments, threats or violence. This was the highest percentage among the twelveEuropean Union member states[j] included in the study, significantly higher than, for example,Malta's 20%. 14% stated that they had experienced violence in Finland due to theirskin colour—also the highest among the participating countries—much higher than, for example, inPortugal, where 2% reported similar violence.[56][57]

A report published in 2020 by theNon-Discrimination Ombudsman [fi], an autonomous and independent authority, found that four out of five people with an African background had experiencedracial discrimination in Finland due to their skin colour.[58]

Notable people

[edit]

Citizens and residents of Finland of full or partial African ancestry

[edit]
See also categories:Finnish people of African descent,Expatriates in Finland (African country subcategories) andImmigrants to Finland (African country subcategories)

Actors

[edit]

Artists

[edit]

Beauty pageant contestants

[edit]

Dancers

[edit]

Entrepreneurs

[edit]

Film people

[edit]

Journalists

[edit]

Musicians

[edit]

Politicians

[edit]

Scientists

[edit]

Sportspeople

[edit]
Basketball players
[edit]
Footballers
[edit]
Ice hockey players
[edit]
Martial artists
[edit]
Runners
[edit]

Writers

[edit]

Others

[edit]

People of the Finnish diaspora with African ancestry

[edit]

This list is for notable people of African ancestry who also belong to theFinnish diaspora (i.e. Finnish emigrants and their descendants) but do not hold Finnish citizenship. Many of them maintain their ties to Finland.

The Gambia

[edit]

Germany

[edit]

Norway

[edit]

Sweden

[edit]
See also:Sweden Finns

United Kingdom

[edit]

United States

[edit]
See also:Finnish Americans

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefghI.e., according toStatistics Finland, people in Finland:
     • whose both parents are African-born,
     • or whose only known parent was born in Africa,
     • or who were born in Africa and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown.[1]
    Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one African parent or people with more distant African ancestry are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure.
    Also, African-born adoptees' backgrounds are determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents.[1]
  2. ^abThe population of Finland was 5,635,971 on 31 December 2024.[2]
  3. ^abI.e., all other African countries but Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia.
  4. ^abI.e., according toStatistics Finland, people in Finland:
     • whose both parents are Sub-Saharan[c] African-born,
     • or whose only known parent was born in Sub-Saharan Africa,
     • or who were born in Sub-Saharan Africa and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown.[1]
    Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one Sub-Saharan African parent or people with more distant Sub-Saharan African ancestry are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure.
    Also, Sub-Saharan African-born adoptees' backgrounds are determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents.[1]
  5. ^South Sudan was not independent in 1990; see the number of Sudan.
  6. ^I.e., according toStatistics Finland, people in Finland:
     • whose both parents are born in those countries,
     • or whose only known parent was born in those countries,
     • or who were born in those countries and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown.[1]
    Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one parent from those countries or people with more distant ancestry from those countries are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure.
    Also, adoptees born in those countries have their backgrounds determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents.[1]
  7. ^It is not specified in the source to what "Congo" (Kongo) refers to, but it could possibly refer to any of the following four countries: theDemocratic Republic of the Congo,People's Republic of the Congo,Republic of the Congo orZaire.
  8. ^Literally "People's Democratic Republic of the Congo" in the source, but such country has never existed. It could possibly refer to thePeople's Republic of the Congo.
  9. ^abStatistics Finland: "Citizenships are specified in the table if the number of people in the citizenship group exceeds 99 in 2018."[36] Thus, the statistics are not available for the following 31 countries: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Togo and Zimbabwe.
  10. ^Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
  11. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwAncestry; born in Finland.
  12. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdcecfcgchcicjckclcmcncocpcqcrcsctcucvcwcxcyczdadbdcdddedfdgdhdidjdkdldmdndodpdqdrdsdtdudvdwOn their father's side; ethnic Finnish descent on the mother's side.
  13. ^abcdefghOn their mother's side; ethnic Finnish descent on the father's side.

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdef"Origin and background country".Statistics Finland. Retrieved21 April 2025.Origin and background country ... All such persons who have at least one parent who was born in Finland are also considered to be persons with Finnish background. ... Persons whose both parents or the only known parent have been born abroad are considered to be persons with foreign background. ... If either parent's country of birth is unknown, the background country for persons born abroad is their own country of birth. ... For children adopted from abroad, the adoptive parents are regarded as the biological parents.
  2. ^"11rb -- Population and change in population size by sex, 1750-2024".Statistics Finland. Retrieved21 April 2025.
  3. ^ab"Number of foreign-language speakers exceeded 600,000 during 2024". Population structure. Statistics Finland. 4 April 2025.ISSN 1797-5395. Retrieved21 April 2025.
  4. ^abcdefgh"11rv -- Origin and background country by sex, by municipality, 1990-2024".Statistics Finland. Retrieved21 April 2025.
  5. ^abcd"African Diaspora in Finland".Encyclopedia of Afro-European Studies. Archived fromthe original on 26 May 2019.
  6. ^abc"Afrosuomen historiaa etsimässä -podcast: Keitä olemme ja onko meillä historiaa?".fi:Radio Helsinki (in Finnish). 16 June 2017. Retrieved19 February 2020.
  7. ^abcdKajava, Marie (7 January 2010)."Mustan Suomen historia".Maailman Kuvalehti (in Finnish). Retrieved19 February 2020.
  8. ^ab"Afrosuomen historiaa etsimässä, V osa: Katse tulevaisuuteen".Ruskeat Tytöt ry (in Finnish). 14 December 2017. Retrieved19 February 2020.
  9. ^ab"Lukijalta: Suomen ongelma ei ole maahanmuutto vaan rasismi".Turun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved19 February 2020.
  10. ^ab"afrosuomalainen".Institute for the Languages of Finland (in Finnish). Retrieved11 April 2020.
  11. ^abc"Afro-Suomen historia".Yle (in Finnish). 9 December 2009.
  12. ^abMuurinen, Heta (1 January 2015) [First published November, 2011]."Suomen musta menneisyys".Plan International (in Finnish). Archived fromthe original on 26 May 2019.
  13. ^abLeitzinger, Antero (22 June 2011)."Clay, Rosa Emilia (1875 - 1959)".Finnish Literature Society (in Finnish). Retrieved19 February 2020.
  14. ^Rastas, Anna (19 November 2019)."Lessons to Learn from the Story of Rosa".Intertwined histories.University of Turku. Retrieved22 April 2021.
  15. ^"Sangen tuntematon sotilas".Yle (in Finnish). Retrieved14 August 2020.
  16. ^"Sisällissotaa lapsena Suomeen paennut Bashe, 30, syö ruisleipää aamuisin eikä häpeile puhua somaliaa: "On rikkaus olla Suomen somali"".MTV (in Finnish). Retrieved1 July 2020.
  17. ^Ninnivaara, Susanna (17 November 1995)."Somalit kantavat monta taakkaa".Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved5 February 2021.
  18. ^"Somali culture in Finland".Finnish Somali League. Retrieved5 February 2021.
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