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African Americans in Africa

Regions with significant populations
Liberia	150,000 (descendants)[1]
Sierra Leone	100,000 (descendants)[2]
Ghana	9,000[3][4]
South Africa	150,000[5]
Ethiopia	600–800[6]

The history ofAfrican-American settlement in Africa extends to the beginnings ofex-slave repatriation toAfrica from European colonies in the Americas.^{[citation needed]}

The immigration ofAfrican Americans,West Indians, andBlack Britons to Africa occurred mainly during the late 18th century to mid-19th century. In the cases ofLiberia andSierra Leone both were established by freed enslaved people who were repatriated to Africa within a 28-year period.^{[citation needed]}

However, other ex-enslaved people were repatriated from other European territories and colonies. TheTabom people are descendants ofAfro-Brazilian ex-slaves who were either voluntarily or forcefully deported by the Portuguese to Africa (some of them being deported following theBahiaMalê Revolt in 1835); they constitute a minority ethnic group on the coastal regions of modern-dayGhana andTogo.^[7]

Following theabolition of slavery in the United States and elsewhere in the Americas, numerous movements for African-American settlement in Africa sprung up and fluctuated in popularity, many of them involving the colonies –Maryland in Africa,Kentucky in Africa,Mississippi in Africa, and others – that would combine to create Liberia. African-American abolitionist and Army officerMartin Delany supported a project for African-American immigration to Liberia later in his lifetime. However, it declined by the end of the 19th century following a string of hoaxes and fraudulent activities associated with the movement.^{[citation needed]}

Beginning in 1787, the British government made their first attempt to settle people in Sierra Leone. About 300Black Britons, known as theBlack Poor of London, were settled on the Sierra Leonean peninsula in West Africa. Within two years, most members of the settlement would die from disease or conflict with the localTemne people. In 1792, a second attempt at settlement was made when 1,100 freed slaves established Freetown with support from British abolitionistThomas Clarkson. Their numbers were further bolstered when over 500Jamaican Maroons were transported first to Nova Scotia, and then to Sierra Leone in 1800.^[8] The descendants offreedmen are theSierra Leone Creole people.

The Back-to-Africa movement achieved popularity again withJamaican activistMarcus Garvey and hisUniversal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, who advocated racial pride amongst African-Americans in the United States and pressed for repatriation of slave descendants to Liberia and Sierra Leone. The movement fell apart by the end of the 1920s, but influenced both theNation of Islam and theRastafari movement; the latter, a Jamaican that sawHaile Selassie I, the emperor ofEthiopia, as a reincarnation ofJesus and Garvey as a patron saint, managed to secure a settlement inShashamane, which exists to this day and constitutes over 200 individuals out of an urban population of around 95,000.^{[citation needed]}

Another African-American settlement is concentrated inAccra, Ghana, which has nearly 10,000 African-American residents, primarily originating from the United States and Jamaica, who reside in the country on work permits, with a few on permanent resident status. Accra has long attracted African-American tourists since the country became the first African country to gain independence from theUnited Kingdom in 1957 (W. E. B. DuBois settled in Ghana in his last years and is buried in Accra), and the government has made controversial overtures to gain more African-American residents and tourists, including enacting aright of abode law in 2001.^{[9][10][11][12][13]} Organizations have been established to support African-American residents in Ghana, including the African-American Association of Ghana.

As of 2019, there were 4,000 Jamaicans living in Ghana along with the estimated 5,000 African-Americans who have moved to the country in recent decades.^[14]

Americo-Liberian people,^[15] are a Liberian ethnic group ofAfrican American,Afro-Caribbean, andLiberated African descent. A similar ethnic group to the Americo-Liberians are theSierra Leone Creole people, who shared similar ancestry and related culture.^[16] Americo-Liberians trace their ancestry to free-born and formerly enslaved African Americans who emigrated in the 19th century to become the founders of the state of Liberia. They identified there as Americo-Liberians.

Some African Americans, following resettlement in Canada, also participated as founding settlers inSierra Leone and other recaptive repatriates settled in present-dayCôte d'Ivoire.^[16] Their descendants are the Sierra Leone Creole people.

• Back-to-Africa movement
• Diaspora tourism
• Door of Return
• Genealogy tourism (Africa)
• Return to roots
• Right of return (Ghana)
• Year of Return, Ghana 2019
• Blaxit

• African-American diaspora in Africa
• African and Black nationalism
• Repatriated Africans
• Repatriated slaves
• People of Liberated African descent
• African diaspora history
• Pre-emancipation African-American history
• American colonization movement

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