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Afghan afghani

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Currency of Afghanistan
For other uses, seeAfghani.
Afghani
افغانۍ
افغانیcode: pus promoted to code: ps (Pashto)
50 afghani note (obverse)
ISO 4217
CodeAFN (numeric: 971)
before 2003: AFA
Subunit0.01
Unit
Symbol؋ ()‎ orAf (singular) andAfs (plural)[1]
Denominations
Subunit
 1⁄100pul
BanknotesAfs. 10, Afs. 20, Afs. 50, Afs. 100, Afs. 500 and Afs. 1,000
CoinsAf. 1, Afs. 2 and Afs. 5
Demographics
Date of introduction1923
ReplacedAfghan rupee
User(s)Afghanistan
Issuance
Central bankDa Afghanistan Bank[2]
 Websitewww.dab.gov.af
PrinterPolish Security Printing Works [pl][3]
Oberthur Fiduciarie[4]
 Websitewww.pwpw.pl
www.oberthur-fiduciaire.com
Valuation
Inflation-1.75% (2024 est.)
 SourceDa Afghanistan Bank
The World Factbook

Theafghani (sign:؋ orAf (plural:Afs)[1]code:AFN;Pashto:افغانۍ;Dari:افغانی) is the officialcurrency ofAfghanistan, a status it has held since the 1920s.[5] It is nominally subdivided into 100puls (پول), although there are no pul coins in circulation these days.[when?] Printed inPoland,[6] the afghani currency is managed solely by the nation'scentral bank,Da Afghanistan Bank (DAB).[2][7]

The afghani was introduced in 1923 but is still informally referred to as arupee by some in conversation and transactions,[8] a legacy of its predecessingAfghan rupee currency.[9] Its currentexchange rate is around 65 afghanis for 1United States dollar.[10][11][12]

History

[edit]

First Afghani (1923–2002)

[edit]
5 Afghan afghani (1961/62)
Obverse: Portrait ofMohammad Zahir Shah with lettering "* محمد ظاهر * دافغانستان" (Mohammad Zahir Afghanistan) on top and "۱۳۴۰-۱۳۸۱" (1381 - 1340).Reverse: Wheat ear flank on the side and denomination in the centre. Lettering "پنج" (five), "۵" (5) and "افغانی" (Afghanis).
Afghani coin from the reign of Zahir Shah, who wasking of Afghanistan from 1933 to 1973. This coin was minted in c. 1962, corresponding toLunar Hijri year 1381 andSolar Hijri year 1340.
5 afghani (c. 1973)
Obverse:Emblem of Afghanistan (1974 to 1978 version) surrounded by lettering "د افغانستان جمهوريت" (The Republic of Afghanistan) and "د چنګاښ ۱۳٥۲-۲٦" (Cancer 26th 1352).Reverse: Denomination surrounded by grain sprig wreath. Lettering "پنجه" (Five), "۵" (5) and "افغانی" (Afghanis).
The date on this coin refers to therepublican revolution of 1973, corresponding toSolar Hijri year 1352

The original afghani (ISO 4217 code: AFA) was introduced in 1923 during the era ofKingAmanullah Khan,[5][9] replacing theAfghan rupee that was used since 1891.[13] In addition to being subdivided into 100 puls, 20 afghanis were equal to oneamani. The rate of conversion from therupee is sometimes quoted as 1 afghani = 1 rupee 6 paisas,[14] based on the silver contents of the last rupee coins and the first afghani coins. The afghani initially contained 9 grams of silver.[15] Alongside the new currency, the various units of weight used in Afghanistan were replaced by a singlemetric system.[16]

Except duringWorld War I, Afghanistan's foreign exchange rate has been freely determined by market forces.[17] However, for some periods, adual exchange rate regime existed in Afghanistan: an official exchange rate which was fixed by the major banks in the country, and afree market exchange rate which was determined by the supply and demand forces in Kabul's moneybazaar calledSaraye Shahzada.[18] For example, in order to avoid the seasonal fluctuations in the exchange rate, a fixed exchange rate was adopted in 1935 by theBank-e-Millie (National Bank), which was then responsible for the country's exchange rate system and official reserves.[18] Bank-e-Millie agreed to exchange afghani at Afs. 4 against 1Indian rupee in 1935. After the establishment ofDa Afghanistan Bank (DAB) as the central bank of Afghanistan, such a preferential official fixed exchange rate continued to be practiced. Although DAB tried to keep its official rate close to the Sarai Shahzada exchange rate, the gap between the official and free-market exchange rates widened in the 1980s and during the civil war thereafter.

The afghani traded at Afs. 67 to one US dollar in 1973. After the start of a civil war in 1992, the same US dollar bought Afs. 16,000.[19] Banknotes from the period ofZahir Shah'smonarchy ceased to belegal tender by 1991. After thecreation of a dysfunctional government and the start of the civil war, different warlords and factions, foreign powers and forgers each made their own afghani banknotes to support themselves financially, with no regard to standardization or honoring serial numbers.

In December 1996, shortly after theTaliban took control of Afghanistan's institutions,Ehsanullah Ehsan, the chairman of the Taliban's Central Bank, declared most afghani notes in circulation to be worthless (approximately 100trillion Afghani) and cancelled the contract with theRussian firm that had been printing the currency since 1992. Ehsan accused the firm of sending new shipments of afghani notes to ousted PresidentBurhanuddin Rabbani in northernTakhar province. The exchange rate at the time of Ehsan's announcement was Afs. 21,000 to one US dollar. It was then devalued to Afs. 43,000 to the dollar.Abdul Rashid Dostum, who militarily controlledJowzjan Province and nearby Uzbek villages, also printed his own money for a short time.

During late 2001 and early 2002, the currency became highly destabilized. The afghani traded at Afs. 73,000 per US$1 in September 2001, steeply soaring to Afs. 23,000 after the Taliban was replaced by a new government underHamid Karzai in December 2001, before plunging again to Afs. 36,000 in January 2002.[20] Around seven different versions of the currency were in circulation by that time. A former governor said at the time that maybe "trillions" of banknotes are in circulation as a result.[21]

Second Afghani (2002–present)

[edit]

In 2002, the afghani was redenominated, and it received a newISO 4217 code AFN. No subdivisions were issued. It replaced the previous afghani at two distinct rates: issues of the government of former President Rabbani (de jure 1992–2001) were replaced at a rate of 1,000 to the new afghani, while the issues of Dostum (1992–1997 in northern Afghanistan) were replaced at a rate of 2,000 to the new afghani. It was created in an effort to stabilize the economy and stop the rapidinflation. The notes were printed inGermany.[22]

The new currency was announced by President Karzai on 4 September 2002, and was introduced to the market on October 8, 2002.[23] Thismonetary reform was well received by the public as it was a sign of security and stability, especially the country's rebuilding effort. People also no longer had to carry many bags of money for ordinary things. It was the first time in many years that a sole currency was under the control of the central bank instead of warlords.[19] Most old banknotes were destroyed by the end of 2002.

Da Afghanistan Bank has adopted afloating exchange rate regime and has let the exchange rate be determined freely by market forces. The new afghani was valued at Afs. 43 to one US dollar.

After depreciating during the last quarter of 2003/04, the afghani appreciated steadily, gaining 8 per cent against the US dollar between March 2004 and July 2004. This appreciation, at a time of increasing inflation, appears to reflect a greater willingness by the population to use the afghani as a medium of exchange and as a store of value. This trend appears to be attributable to the relative stability of the exchange rate since the introduction of the new currency, administrative measures aimed at promoting its use, such as the requirement that shopkeepers must price goods in afghani. Donors are increasingly making payments in afghanis instead of US dollars and this appears to be widely accepted. By 2009, the afghani was valued at Afs. 45 per one US dollar. In 2019, the afghani reached Afs. 75 to the US dollar.[24]

After the 2021 re-establishment of theIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan, the nation'sforeign assets were frozen. IMF blocked the release of $450 million in August.[25] Subsequently, the value of the afghani fell.[25] The Islamic Emirate has banned all foreign currencies to encourage use of the afghani as national tender.[26][27][28][29] In the third quarter of 2023, the Afghani rose to be the best performing currency in the world, climbing over 9% against theUS dollar.[30]

Coinage

[edit]

In 1952, aluminium 25 pul and nickel-clad steel 50 pul were introduced, followed by aluminium Afs. 2 and Afs. 5 in 1958. In 1961 nickel-clad steel Af. 1, Afs. 2 and Afs. 5 were minted; the Af. 1 and Afs. 2 coins show years ofSH 1340 and the Afs. 5 coin shows the yearAH 1381.[31]

On 11 April 2005, coins were introduced in denominations of Af. 1, Afs. 2 and Afs. 5.[32]

Coins of the Afghani
ObverseReverseValueTechnical parametersDescription
DiameterMassCompositionEdgeObverseReverse
Af. 1
(1961)		23 mm4.0 gNickel clad steelReededWheat, country name and year.
Lettering "افغانستان" (Afghanistan),
"١٣٤٠" (Year 1340 as per
Afghan calendar i.e. 1961 A.D).		Denomination surrounded
with star at periphery.
Lettering "یوة ١ افغاني"
(One Afghani).
Af. 120 mm3.25 gCopper-platedsteelSmoothCoat of arms of AfghanistanDenomination and year
Afs. 222 mm4.1 gStainless Steel
Afs. 524 mm5.08 gBrassReeded

Banknotes

[edit]
Closeup of an Afs. 500 note issued in 1990, featuring a picture of men playingBuzkashi

Between 1925 and 1928, Treasury notes were introduced in denominations of Afs. 5, Afs. 10 and Afs. 50. In 1936, Afs. 2, Afs. 20 and Afs. 100 notes were added. The Bank of Afghanistan (Da Afghanistan Bank) took over paper money production in 1939, issuing notes for Afs. 2, Afs. 5, Afs. 10, Afs. 20, Afs. 50, Afs. 100, Afs. 500 and Afs. 1,000. The Afs. 2 and Afs. 5 notes were replaced by coins in 1958. In 1993, Afs. 5,000 and Afs. 10,000 notes were introduced.

  • Afs. 20 banknote during the monarchy, front (1963)
    Afs. 20 banknote during the monarchy, front (1963)
  • Afs. 20 banknote during the monarchy, back (1963)
    Afs. 20 banknote during the monarchy, back (1963)
  • Afs. 100 banknote during the monarchy, front (1963)
    Afs. 100 banknote during the monarchy, front (1963)
  • Afs. 100 banknote during the monarchy, back (1963)
    Afs. 100 banknote during the monarchy, back (1963)

"A 'potholecave' or 'mouth of a shaft' (orPit cave) is said to be visible on the Afs. 10,000 banknote from 1993 as a limited dark area in the hillside above the ancient 'pol' or gateway at the ruins nearLashkar Gah. This is possibly the entrance to one of the man-made undergrounds atQala-e-Bost."[33]

1978 Series
ImageValueDimensionsMain ColorDescription
ObverseReverseObverseReverse
Afs. 10115 × 52 mmGreenSeal ofDa Afghanistan BankSalang Pass
Afs. 20125 × 56 mmOrangeSeal of Da Afghanistan BankBand-e Amir National Park
Afs. 50134 × 58 mmTurquoiseSeal of Da Afghanistan BankDarul Aman Palace
Afs. 100142 × 62 mmPinkSeal of Da Afghanistan Bank, peasantDam, hydroelectric power station
Afs. 500151 × 66 mmPurpleSeal of Da Afghanistan Bank,Buzkashi playersBala Hissar fortress
Orange and green
Afs. 1,000160 × 70 mmBrownSeal of Da Afghanistan Bank,Shrine of Ali mosqueTaq-e Zafar and Lion Gate
Afs. 5,000165 × 74 mmPurpleSeal of Da Afghanistan Bank,Pul-e Khishti MosqueTomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani
Afs. 10,000170 × 77 mmTurquoiseSeal of Da Afghanistan Bank,Great Mosque of HeratQala-e-Bost

On 7 October 2002, banknotes were introduced in denominations of Af. 1, Afs. 2, Afs. 5, Afs. 10, Afs. 20, Afs. 50, Afs. 100, Afs. 500, and Afs. 1,000. The Af. 1, Afs. 2 and Afs. 5 notes were replaced by coins in 2005. In 2004 and 2008, the security features on several denominations were improved. In 2014 a new Afs. 1,000 note was introduced to preventcounterfeit notes.

2002 Series[34]
ImageValueDimensionsMain ColorDescription
ObverseReverseObverseReverse
Af. 1131 × 55 mmPinkSeal ofDa Afghanistan Bank withEucratides I-era coin.Mosque inMazar-i-Sharif
[1][2]Afs. 2BlueTaq-e Zafar
[3][4]Afs. 5BrownBala Hissar fortress
[5][6]Afs. 10136 × 56 mmYellow greenAhmad Shah Durrani mausoleum,KandaharTaq-e Zafar and Lion Gate
[7][8]Afs. 20140 × 58 mmBrownMahmud of Ghazni's TombArg King's Palace
[9]Afs. 50144 × 60 mmDark greenShah-Do Shamshira MosqueSalang Pass
[10][11]Afs. 100148 × 62 mmVioletPul-e Khishti MosqueQala-e-Bost
[12][13]Afs. 500152 × 64 mmBlueGreat Mosque of HeratKandahar International Airport tower
[14][15]Afs. 1,000156 × 66 mmOrangeShrine of Ali,Mazar-i-SharifTomb of Ahmad Shah Durrani

Exchange rate

[edit]

The Afghani exchange ratevis-à-vis theU.S. dollar since 1950 has been shown in the following table:

Afghani exchange rate (LCU in USD)[35]
DateFree-market exchange rateOfficial exchange rate
195039.0
196040.817.7
197084.839.9
198039.2
200349.049.0
201045.245.2
201568[10]68[10]
201975[24]75[24]
202465[10][11][12]65[10][11][12]
Current AFN exchange rates
FromGoogle Finance:AUDCADCHFCNYEURGBPHKDJPYUSD
FromYahoo! Finance:AUDCADCHFCNYEURGBPHKDJPYUSD
FromXE.com:AUDCADCHFCNYEURGBPHKDJPYUSD
From OANDA:AUDCADCHFCNYEURGBPHKDJPYUSD

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abDa Afghanistan Bank. "Capital Notes Issuance and AuctionArchived 2013-05-13 at theWayback Machine." Accessed 26 Feb 2011.
  2. ^ab"New Banknotes Distributed to Commercial Banks".TOLOnews. January 25, 2023. Retrieved2023-03-24.
  3. ^"First Batch of Afghani Banknotes Arrived in Kabul: Source".TOLOnews. November 9, 2022. Retrieved2023-03-24.
  4. ^Hakimi, Bibi Amina (16 November 2022)."Contract Signed to Print 390 Million Afghani Banknotes".TOLOnews. Retrieved1 November 2024.
  5. ^ab"Remembering King Amanullah Khan's Economic Reforms".TOLOnews. August 19, 2023. Retrieved2023-08-26.
  6. ^"Afghanistan's central bank gets shipment of new banknotes".Ariana News. November 10, 2022. Retrieved2023-03-24.
  7. ^"DAB confirms the newly printed Afghani banknotes are still not in circulation".Ariana News. December 20, 2022. Retrieved2023-03-24.
  8. ^"آیس‌کریم فروشی با آرزوهای بزرگ در روزی از این‌ روزها، وقتی از خانه می‌برآیم، پیش از آن ‌که نگاهم به کراچی آیس‌کریم ‌فروش بیفتد، صدای اعلان آن به گوشم می‌رسد. می‌بینم که کراچی آیس‌کریم با همان رنگِ سرخش در انتهای کوچه‌ی خانه‌ی ما قرار دارد. چند قدمی برمی‌دارم و به آن نزدیک می‌شوم. آیس‌کریم ‌فروش‌ها معمولا و تا آن‌جایی که من دیده‌ام، نوجوانان بوده‌اند. این آیس‌کریم‌ فروش نیز، نوجوانی است سیزده ساله که مسیح نام دارد".Subhekabul.com (in Persian). Retrieved3 February 2022.
  9. ^ab"بانکنوت های زمان امان الله خان" (in Persian).
  10. ^abcde"Afghani reverses to 7-year old value against US dollar".Pajhwok Afghan News. 12 November 2023. Retrieved2023-11-13.
  11. ^abc"Business".TOLOnews. Retrieved2023-10-21.
  12. ^abc"Today's Currency Rate".Ariana News. Retrieved2024-10-21.
  13. ^"Coins and Banknotes". Da Afghanistan بللبفصکنکبگبککزنرکمب کبنبککبنبنکنوو. 2019. Retrieved2019-04-18.
  14. ^Schuler, Kurt."Tables of Modern Monetary History: Asia". Retrieved2007-08-27.
  15. ^Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991).Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications.ISBN 0873411501.
  16. ^"خبرگزاری فارس - فراز و فرود اسکناس‌های افغانستان در گذر زمان+ تصاویر".خبرگزاری فارس (in Persian). January 13, 2015.
  17. ^Fry, Maxwell J. (1976) "A Monetary Approach to Afghanistan's Flexible Exchange Rate",Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 8 (2): 219-225
  18. ^abFry, Maxwell J. (1974) "The Afghan Economy: Money, Finance, and the Critical Constraints to Economic Development", Brill Publications, Leiden, Holland
  19. ^ab"All Change for Afghan Currency".Mediamonitors.net. 14 September 2002.
  20. ^"Chaos in Kabul amid currency rumours". BBC. 31 January 2002.
  21. ^"Dollar could be Afghan stopgap". BBC. 30 January 2002.
  22. ^"Afghanistan redenominates currency". BBC. 4 September 2002.
  23. ^"Afghanistan banks on new currency". CNN. October 5, 2002.
  24. ^abc"Afghani Falls Against Dollar By 3% In A Month".TOLOnews. April 18, 2019. Retrieved2019-04-18.
  25. ^ab"Afghanistan's tumbling currency compounds economic crisis". Al Jazeera.
  26. ^"Use of foreign currencies to be fully banned: Badri".Pajhwok Afghan News. August 29, 2023. Retrieved2023-03-31.
  27. ^"18 Uruzgan shopkeepers detained for using rupees in transactions".Pajhwok Afghan News. August 24, 2023. Retrieved2023-03-24.
  28. ^"Foreign Currency Use Prohibited in Nimroz Markets".TOLOnews. April 15, 2022. Retrieved2023-03-24.
  29. ^"Taliban bans foreign currencies in Afghanistan".BBC News. 2021-11-03. Retrieved2021-11-03.
  30. ^"Taliban Controls the World's Best Performing Currency This Quarter".Bloomberg.com. 2023-09-25. Archived fromthe original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved2023-09-27.
  31. ^"Afghanistan coins".En.numista.com. Retrieved17 April 2013.
  32. ^"Coining Hope In Afghanistan".CBS News. 11 April 2005. Retrieved9 November 2017.
  33. ^Gebauer, Herbert Daniel. 2004. Resources on the Speleology of Afghanistan. Berliner Hoehlenkundliche Berichte. Band 14.ISSN 1617-8572. Page 81.
  34. ^"Report on Kabul Bank Asset Recovery 30-June-2013"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 13 May 2014. Retrieved3 February 2022.
  35. ^Sources: Fry, Maxwell (1976); and "World Development Indicators" database of the World Bank

Further reading

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External links

[edit]
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