Aerospace is a term used to collectively refer to theatmosphere andouter space. Aerospace activity is very diverse, with a multitude of commercial, industrial, and military applications.Aerospace engineering consists ofaeronautics andastronautics. Aerospace organizations research, design, manufacture, operate, maintain, and repair bothaircraft andspacecraft.[1]
The beginning of space and the ending of theair are proposed as 100km (62mi) above the ground according to the physical explanation that the air density is too low for a lifting body to generate meaningful lift force without exceeding orbital velocity.[2]
In most industrial countries, the aerospace industry is a co-operation of the public and private sectors. For example, several states have a civilianspace program funded by thegovernment, such asNational Aeronautics and Space Administration in the United States,European Space Agency in Europe, theCanadian Space Agency in Canada,Indian Space Research Organisation in India,Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency in Japan,Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities in Russia,China National Space Administration in China,SUPARCO in Pakistan,Iranian Space Agency in Iran, andKorea Aerospace Research Institute in South Korea.
Along with these public space programs, many companies produce technical tools and components such asspacecraft andsatellites. Some known companies involved in space programs includeBoeing,Cobham,Airbus,SpaceX,Lockheed Martin,RTX Corporation,MDA andNorthrop Grumman. These companies are also involved in other areas of aerospace, such as the construction of aircraft.
Modern aerospace began with EngineerGeorge Cayley in 1799. Cayley proposed an aircraft with a "fixed wing and a horizontal and vertical tail," defining characteristics of the modern aeroplane.[3]
The 19th century saw the creation of theAeronautical Society of Great Britain (1866), the American Rocketry Society, and theInstitute of Aeronautical Sciences, all of which made aeronautics a more serious scientific discipline.[3] Airmen likeOtto Lilienthal, who introducedcamberedairfoils in 1891, used gliders to analyzeaerodynamic forces.[3] TheWright brothers were interested in Lilienthal's work and read several of his publications.[3] They also found inspiration inOctave Chanute, anairman and the author ofProgress in Flying Machines (1894).[3] It was the preliminary work of Cayley, Lilienthal, Chanute, and other early aerospace engineers that brought about the first powered sustained flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903, by the Wright brothers.
War and science fiction inspired scientists and engineers likeKonstantin Tsiolkovsky andWernher von Braun to achieve flight beyond the atmosphere. World War II inspired Wernher von Braun to create the V1 and V2 rockets.
The launch ofSputnik 1 in October 1957 started theSpace Age, and on July 20, 1969Apollo 11 achieved the first crewed Moon landing.[3] In April 1981, theSpace ShuttleColumbia launched, the start of regular crewed access to orbital space. A sustained human presence in orbital space started with "Mir" in 1986 and is continued by the "International Space Station".[3]Space commercialization andspace tourism are more recent features of aerospace.
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Aerospace manufacturing is a high-technology industry that produces "aircraft, guided missiles, space vehicles, aircraft engines, propulsion units, and related parts".[4] Most of the industry is geared toward governmental work. For eachoriginal equipment manufacturer (OEM), the US government has assigned aCommercial and Government Entity (CAGE) code. These codes help to identify each manufacturer, repair facilities, and other critical aftermarket vendors in the aerospace industry.
In the United States, theDepartment of Defense and theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are the two largest consumers of aerospace technology and products. Others include the very large airline industry. The aerospace industry employed 472,000 wage and salary workers in 2006.[5] Most of those jobs were in Washington state and in California, withMissouri,New York andTexas also being important. The leading aerospace manufacturers in the U.S. areBoeing,United Technologies Corporation,SpaceX,Northrop Grumman andLockheed Martin. As talented American employees age and retire, these manufacturers face an expanding labor shortfall. In order to supply the industrial sector with fresh workers, apprenticeship programs like the Aerospace Joint Apprenticeship Council (AJAC) collaborate with community colleges and aerospace firms in Washington state.
Important locations of the civilian aerospace industry worldwide includeWashington state (Boeing),California (Boeing,Lockheed Martin, etc.) andMontreal, Quebec, Canada (Bombardier,Pratt & Whitney Canada) inNorth America;Toulouse, France (Airbus SE) andHamburg, Germany (Airbus SE) inEurope; as well asSão José dos Campos, Brazil (Embraer),Querétaro, Mexico (Bombardier Aerospace, General Electric Aviation) andMexicali, Mexico (United Technologies Corporation,Gulfstream Aerospace) inLatin America.
In the European Union, aerospace companies such asAirbus SE,Safran,Thales,Dassault Aviation,Leonardo andSaab AB account for a large share of the global aerospace industry and research effort, with theEuropean Space Agency as one of the largest consumers of aerospace technology and products.
In India,Bangalore is a major center of the aerospace industry, whereHindustan Aeronautics Limited, theNational Aerospace Laboratories and theIndian Space Research Organisation are headquartered. TheIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched India's first Moon orbiter,Chandrayaan-1, in October 2008.
In Russia, large aerospace companies likeOboronprom and theUnited Aircraft Building Corporation (encompassingMikoyan,Sukhoi,Ilyushin,Tupolev,Yakovlev, andIrkut which includesBeriev) are among the major global players in this industry. The historicSoviet Union was also the home of a major aerospace industry.
The United Kingdom formerly attempted to maintain its own large aerospace industry, making its ownairliners and warplanes, but it has largely turned its lot over to cooperative efforts with continental companies, and it has turned into a large import customer, too, from countries such as the United States. However, the United Kingdom has a very active aerospace sector, with major companies such asBAE Systems, supplying fully assembled aircraft, aircraft components, sub-assemblies and sub-systems to other manufacturers, both in Europe and all over the world.
Canada has formerly manufactured some of its own designs for jet warplanes, etc. (e.g. theCF-100 fighter), but for some decades, it has relied on imports from the United States and Europe to fill these needs. However Canada still manufactures some military aircraft although they are generally not combat capable. Another notable example was the late 1950s development of theAvro Canada CF-105 Arrow, a supersonic fighter-interceptor whose 1959 cancellation was considered highly controversial.
France has continued to make its own warplanes for its air force and navy, and Sweden continues to make its own warplanes for the Swedish Air Force—especially in support of its position as aneutral country. (SeeSaab AB.) Other European countries either team up in makingfighters (such as thePanavia Tornado and theEurofighter Typhoon), or else to import them from the United States.
Pakistan has a developing aerospace engineering industry. TheNational Engineering and Scientific Commission,Khan Research Laboratories andPakistan Aeronautical Complex are among the premier organizations involved in research and development in this sector. Pakistan has the capability of designing and manufacturing guided rockets, missiles and space vehicles. The city ofKamra is home to thePakistan Aeronautical Complex which contains several factories. This facility is responsible for manufacturing theMFI-17,MFI-395,K-8 andJF-17 Thunder aircraft. Pakistan also has the capability to design and manufacture both armed and unarmedunmanned aerial vehicles.
In the People's Republic of China,Beijing,Xi'an,Chengdu,Shanghai,Shenyang andNanchang are major research and manufacture centers of the aerospace industry. China has developed an extensive capability to design, test and produce military aircraft, missiles and space vehicles. Despite the cancellation in 1983 of the experimentalShanghai Y-10, China is still developing its civil aerospace industry.
Theaircraft parts industry was born out of the sale of second-hand or used aircraft parts from the aerospace manufacture sector. Within the United States there is a specific process that parts brokers or resellers must follow. This includes leveraging a certified repair station tooverhaul and "tag" a part. This certification guarantees that a part was repaired or overhauled to meet OEM specifications. Once a part is overhauled its value is determined from the supply and demand of the aerospace market. When an airline has anaircraft on the ground, the part that the airline requires to get the plane back into service becomes invaluable. This can drive the market for specific parts. There are several online marketplaces that assist with the commodity selling of aircraft parts.
In the aerospace and defense industry, much consolidation occurred at the end of the 20th century and in the early 21st century. Between 1988 and 2011, more than 6,068mergers and acquisitions with a total known value of US$678 billion were announced worldwide.[6] The largest transactions have been:
Multipletechnologies andinnovations are used in aerospace, many of them pioneered aroundWorld War II:[11]
Functional safety relates to a part of the general safety of a system or a piece of equipment. It implies that the system or equipment can be operated properly and without causing any danger, risk, damage or injury.
Functional safety is crucial in the aerospace industry, which allows no compromises or negligence. In this respect, supervisory bodies, such as theEuropean Aviation Safety Agency (EASA),[12] regulate the aerospace market with strict certification standards. This is meant to reach and ensure the highest possible level of safety. The standardsAS 9100 in America, EN 9100 on the European market or JISQ 9100 in Asia particularly address the aerospace and aviation industry. These are standards applying to the functional safety of aerospace vehicles. Some companies are therefore specialized in the certification, inspection, verification and testing of the vehicles and spare parts to ensure and attest compliance with the appropriate regulations.
Spinoffs refer to any technology that is a direct result of coding or products created by NASA and redesigned for an alternate purpose.[13] These technological advancements are one of the primary results of the aerospace industry, with $5.2 billion worth of revenue generated by spinoff technology, including computers and cellular devices.[13] These spinoffs have applications in a variety of different fields including medicine, transportation, energy, consumer goods, public safety and more.[13] NASA publishes an annual report called "Spinoffs", regarding many of the specific products and benefits to the aforementioned areas in an effort to highlight some of the ways funding is put to use.[14] For example, in the most recent edition of this publication, "Spinoffs 2015", endoscopes are featured as one of the medical derivations of aerospace achievement.[13] This device enables more precise and subsequently cost-effective neurosurgery by reducing complications through a minimally invasive procedure that abbreviates hospitalization.[13] "TheseNASA technologies are not only giving companies andentrepreneurs a competitive edge in their own industries, but are also helping to shape budding industries, such as commerciallunar landers," said Daniel Lockney.[15]
