Adyghe is closely related to theKabardian or East Circassian language;[4] some reject the distinction between the two languages in favour of both beingdialects of a unitaryCircassian language.[4][10] Despite phonological differences, Circassian languages are reciprocally intelligible,[10] with speakers being able to communicate.[6][11] While the self-designation for both Adyghe and Kabardian language isAdyghe, in linguistic and administrative terms, "Adyghe" refers specifically to the language of the western tribes of Circassians, while "Kabardian" refers to the language of the two eastern tribes (Kabardians andBesleney).[6]Ubykh,Abkhaz andAbaza are more distantly related to Adyghe.[4]
Adyghe belongs to the Northwest Caucasian language family. Glottochronological studies suggest that the common Proto-Northwest Caucasian language split into the Circassian, Abkhaz, and Ubykh branches roughly 5,000 years ago.[9]
For most of its history, Adyghe was an oral language. The folklore, particularly theNart sagas, served as a repository for the language.[9][12]
Besides native vocabulary, the Adyghe language has accepted loanwords fromTurkic,Arabic,Persian, and Russian languages.[6] The appearance of Turkic loanwords in the Adyghe language can be dated to the 14th century due to interactions with theGolden Horde andCrimean Khanate.[13] Words such aschapych (kopeck) are pre-revolutionary loans from Russian, while internationalisms likerevolutsiye (revolution) entered later. As a rule, the phonetic composition of borrowed words is adapted to the phonological system of the Adyghe language.[6]
Following the Circassian Genocide and expulsion in 1864, the majority of Adyghe speakers were scattered across theOttoman Empire.[11] The language spoken in the diaspora has diverged from the literary forms in the Caucasus. Diaspora communities often use Arabic or Turkish loanwords where the literary language uses Russian ones.[6][14]
One of the earliest attempts to create a written Adyghe language was made by Natouko Sheretluk (Natouko Efendi), a Shapsug nobleman. He opened amadrasa in his native village of Bogundyr and compiled an Adyghe alphabet and grammar.[15][16] Leonty Lyulye, a Russian official who lived for many years among the Shapsugs, Natukhays, and Abadzekhs on the Black Sea coast, published a "Russian-Circassian Dictionary" and a brief grammar in Odessa in 1846. Lyulye identified three dialects of Adyghe: "Kabardian", "Besleney", and a third he called "Common Circassian" (referring to the Western coastal dialects). He tried to base his dictionary on this "Common" dialect.[17] Another pre-Soviet attempt was made byWumar Bersey, an Abzakh. On March 14, 1853, he published the "Primer of the Circassian Language" (Adyghe Alphabet) in Tiflis (Tbilisi), based on the Arabic script. This date (March 14) is now celebrated annually as the "Day of the Adyghe Language".[18]
The standard register of Adyghe, known as Literary Adyghe (Adyghe:Литературабз,lit. 'Literature language'; Russian:Адыгейский литературный язык), was created by Circassian linguistDaut Ashkhamaf based largely on the Chemguy dialect, which was chosen for its simplicity.[19][8][20] However, Literary Adyghe is a constructed dialect and is distinct from the natural Chemguy dialect,[21] as there was significant input from the dialects of other tribes who remained in the Caucasus after the Circassian exile, spesifically the Bzhedug, Shapsug, and partly Abzakh.[8][9][10] In the 1930s, Ashkhamaf even utilized the term "Bzhedug-Temirgoy dialect" to describe the basis of the literary language.[20] He argued that through the development of the literary language, these dialects were merging.[8] In some cases, literary dialect preferred words from other dialects over Chemguy words, such as Bzhedug "ӏэ" (hand) and "тхьэ" (god) instead of the Chemguy "ӏа" and "тхьа", as well as specific ordinal numbers and verb forms.[8] Thus, being supra-dialectal, literary Adyghe stands in contrast to territorial dialects and serves as the unifying literary form of the language for speakers of diverse dialects.[11][22]
There were proposals to merge Adyghe and Kabardian to create a single Circassian literary language.[21][8] Another proposal was to select one of the two to serve as the single literary language for all Circassians. A rejected proposal by Circassian scholars argued for recognizing Kabardian as the sole literary language for all Circassians, as it had the most speakers.[23] There were attempts to create a single unified alphabet for Adyghe, Kabardian, Chechen and Karachay-Balkar; but efforts failed because the leaders of the movement were accused of being "bourgeois nationalists" and executed in 1937.[23] One year earlier, Z.M. Naloev, who was involved in the creation of the Kabardian alphabet, was executed by firing squad for alleged treason; he was rehabilitated posthumously in 1957.[24] The Bolsheviks supported the creation of separate alphabets and grammars for the "Kyakh" (Western; the modern Adyghe language) and Kabardian, despite ongoing debates on unifying them.[23] Thus, Adyghe and Kabardian speakers could communicate easier orally as opposed to in writing due to different graphical representations and spelling rules.[25] A more moderate proposal developed by the linguist M.A. Kumakhov aimed to unify the alphabets and orthography without forcing a complete merger of spoken Adyghe and Kabardian. This project proposed standardizing the representation of identical phonemes (using the same letter for the same sound where they currently differ, such as the Adygheжъvs. Kabardianжь). The project was accepted by specialists at regional conferences in Nalchik and Maikop in 1998 and 1999. While the Parliament of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic approved the project, the Parliament of the Republic of Adygea did not proceed to discuss it.[21] The "One Nation, One Republic, One Language" (Зы Лъэпкъ, Зы Республик, Зы Бзэ) movement among Circassians pushes for the unification of the three Circassian republics and recognition of Adyghe and Kabardian as not related languages, but as dialects of a single Circassian language, arguing that the division of Circassians into different "nations" (Adyghe vs. Kabardian vs. Cherkess) was a result of Soviet "ethnic engineering".[26] TheInternational Circassian Association (ICA) officially stated the goal of creating a "uniform Circassian language" in its 2015 congress resolution.[18]
Turkey hosts the largest Circassian population, but the language lacks any legal recognition in Turkey. Historically, the first Adyghe language education in the diaspora occurred in Istanbul; the "Circassian Benevolence School" (1910) and the "Circassian Girls Model School" (1919) provided instruction until their closure by theKemalists in 1923.[27] Following the "Citizen, Speak Turkish!" campaign and the closure of Circassian schools, the language was confined to the home. Consequently, while the older generation retains fluency, proficiency among those under 50 is significantly diminished.[28][27][6] Nusret Baş (Бажь Нусрэт), the president of the Federation of Circassian Associations, estimated that about 5% of Circassians in Turkey speak their native language.[18]
Linguistically, the Adyghe spoken in Turkey exhibits distinct features as it was not subject to the standartisation policies in the Caucasus. It contains archaic vocabulary lost in the Caucasus, alongside Turkish loanwords.[29][30] While the Chemguy dialect forms the basis of the literary language in the Republic of Adygea, the majority of the diaspora in Turkey speaks theAbzakh andShapsug dialects (as well as Kabardian), alongside smaller numbers ofBzhedug andHatuqay speakers.[30]
Significant changes occurred following Turkey's European Union accession process in the early 2000s.[31] The language policy was liberalized, which prompted revival efforts.[18] In 2012, the Ministry of National Education introduced "Living Languages and Dialects" as an elective course for secondary schools, allowing Adyghe to be taught in public schools. Classes are only opened if a set minimum number of students apply, and bureaucratic hurdles regarding application windows often hinder access to these classes. Teachers are subject teachers with basic language skills rather than trained philologists, and they receive limited training in language pedagogy. Educational materials are imported from Adygea and are designed for native speakers, making them difficult to adapt for diaspora students who are learning Adyghe as a second language.[31] During theCOVID-19 pandemic, transnational online courses were organized in collaboration with institutions in Russia, allowing students in Turkey, Jordan, and Germany to be taught by teachers directly from the Caucasus.[31]Düzce University has a Department of Caucasian Languages and Cultures, which offers "Circassian Language and Culture" programs, including the teaching of Adyghe in Cyrillic, as the surrounding region is inhabited largely by Shapsug and Abzakh Circassians.[30][31]Boğaziçi University began offering elective Adyghe courses in 2013.[31]
A significant debate persists in the Turkish diaspora regarding orthography of Adyghe. TheFederation of Caucasian Associations (KAFFED) adopted the Cyrillic alphabet in 2004 to maintain continuity with the homeland, but other groups advocate for a Latin-based script to facilitate easier learning for Turkish speakers.[18][30] This dispute intensified significantly when the Turkish Ministry of Education approved a Latin-based alphabet for elective Circassian language courses in public schools, effectively creating a dual-alphabet system alongside the existing Cyrillic curriculum. KAFFED vehemently opposed this decision, arguing that it creates confusion and severs cultural ties with the autonomous republics in the Caucasus.[32] Demonstrations were at Ministry of Education offices across the country with slogans including "Hands off my alphabet," "We want our mother tongue alphabet" and "What about Arabic in Latin letters?".[32]
The Circassian community in Israel, concentrated in the Circassian towns ofKfar Kama andRehaniya, is considered to have one of the highest levels of language maintenance in the diaspora.[6][33] Adyghe serves as the language of daily communication in the home, school, and public spaces. In 1958-1959, Israeli Circassians made contact for the first time with Circassians in the Caucasus and requested literary material in Adyghe, which they received.[9][34] In 1976, the Adyghe language was introduced into the official school curriculum. It is a compulsory subject from 6th grade onward, and utilizes textbooks based on the literary standard of the Republic of Adygea.[6][34] Despite the dominance of the Shapsug dialect in speech, the written language taught in schools utilizes the Cyrillic alphabet and the Chemguy-based literary standard.[6][33]
Kfar Kama is inhabited by the Shapsug tribe, while Rihaniya is inhabited by the Abzakh tribe. The Israeli variety of Adyghe also contains unique neologisms.[35]
In Jordan, the Adyghe language has historically enjoyed a relatively privileged status, though it currently faces significant pressure, as Arabic has become the dominant language for the younger generation, and the Adyghe language is often restricted to symbolic functions or domestic use.[9][11] Adyghe is taught in Prince Hamza Ibn Al-Hussein Secondary School, a school for Jordanian Circassians inJordan's capital city ofAmman. This school, established by Circassians with support from KingHussein of Jordan, is one of the first schools for the Adyghe communities outside Circassia. It has around 750 Jordanian Adyghe students, and aims to preserve the Adyghe language and traditions among future generations.[6][11][36] The diaspora in Jordan has produced dictionaries and linguistic works, such as a Circassian-Arabic dictionary published in 1988.[34] The Circassian Charity Association of Jordan also sponsors a school between Naur and Wadi Al-Seer that teaches the language.[37] Historically, various dialects were spoken by immigrants, including Shapsug, Bzhedug, (and Kabardian), but over time these dialects have merged.[37]
Historically, theGolan Heights served as a center for Circassian language preservation prior to the1967 war. In the 1920s and 1930s, the "Circassian Society of Education and Union" inQuneitra published the newspaperMardj in Circassian (using the Latin script), Arabic, and French, and established a school that taught the language alongside general subjects. In the late 20th century, the Circassian Charity Association in Damascus operated informal language circles to teach the Cyrillic script and preserve oral traditions. However, the language has declined due to the lack of state-supported education and the dominance of Arabic in all public spheres.[6] After the Syrian defeat in the war, the Circassian population largely fled the Golan Heights region, which was occupied by theIsraeli Army.[9]
There are many books written in or translated into Adyghe. А significant milestone was the publication of the "ABC-book of the Circassian language" byWumar Bersey in Tblisi on March 14, 1853, a date now celebrated as the Day of the Adyghe Language and Writing.[18] In the early 20th century, reformist movements in Baksan led to the publication of religious and ethical textbooks such as "The History of Islam" (Мыслъымэн Тхыдэ) in 1918.[40]
An Adyghe translation of the Quran byIskhak Mashbash is available.[41] The New Testament and many books of the Old Testament have been published in Adyghe by theInstitute for Bible Translation in Moscow.
Adyghe Maq is the main Adyghe language newspaper. It is published in the capital of the Adyghe Republic, Maykop, five times a week.[42]
According to theUNESCO 2009 map entitled "UNESCO Map of the World's Languages in Danger", the status of the Adyghe language in 2009, along with all its dialects (Adyghe, Western Circassian tribes; and Kabard-Cherkess, Eastern Circassian tribes), is classified asvulnerable.[43]
In the Black Sea coast Adyghe dialects (e.g.Shapsug dialect andNatukhai dialect) there exist a palatalizedvoiced velar stop[ɡʲ], a palatalizedvoiceless velar stop[kʲ] and a palatalizedvelar ejective[kʲʼ] that were merged with[d͡ʒ],[t͡ʃ] and[t͡ʃʼ] in most Adyghe dialects.[45][46][47][48][49] For example the Shapsug words "гьанэ"[ɡʲaːna] "shirt", "кьэт"[kʲat] "chicken" and "кӏьапсэ"[kʲʼaːpsa] "rope" are pronounced in other dialects as "джанэ"[d͡ʒaːna], "чэт"[t͡ʃat] and кӏапсэ[t͡ʃʼaːpsa].
In contrast to its large inventory of consonants, Adyghe has only three phonemic vowels in avertical vowel system.[50]
The Adyghe alphabet contains some inconsistencies between visual representation and pronunciation which can be a point of confusion for learners. It is tempting to read the Circassian alphabet letters phonologically, but this is not always accurate. For example:
While the letterКӏ appears to represent[kʼ], it is actually pronounced as[t͡ʃʼ] (Чӏ).
The letter⟨ы⟩[ə] is not written after a⟨у⟩[w],⟨й⟩[j] or a labialised consonant. For example: унэ[wənɐ] "house" instead of уынэ.
In case the letter⟨у⟩ is the first letter of a word or when it is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as[wə]⟨уы⟩. For example: унэ instead of уынэ. When it is related to a consonant, it becomes a vowel and pronounced as[əw~u]⟨ыу⟩. For example: чэту[t͡ʃɐtəw] 'cat' instead of чэтыу.
In case a labialised consonant is followed by a vowel⟨э⟩[ɐ], instead of the letter⟨у⟩ there is a⟨о⟩. For example: гъогу[ʁʷɐɡʷ] 'road' instead of гъуэгу.
In case a labialised consonant is followed by a vowel⟨а⟩[aː] or⟨и⟩[əj~i], the labialised consonant letter is written fully. For example: цуакъэ[t͡sʷaːqɐ] 'shoes'.
In case the letter⟨о⟩ is the first letter of a word or when it is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as [wɐ]⟨уэ⟩. For example, о[wɐ] 'you' instead of уэ.
In case the letter⟨е⟩ is the first letter of a word or when it is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as[jɐ]⟨йэ⟩. For example:еӏо[jɐʔʷɐ] 'he says' instead ofйэӏо. When it is related to a consonant, it becomes a vowel and pronounced as[ɐj~e]⟨эй⟩. For example: делэ[dɐjlɐ] 'fool' instead of дэйлэ.
In case the letter⟨и⟩ is the first letter of a word or when is not related to any other consonant, it is pronounced as[jə]⟨йы⟩. For example:илъэс[jəɬɐs] 'year' instead ofйылъэс. When it is related to a consonant, it becomes a vowel and pronounced as[əj~i]⟨ый⟩. For example: сиӏ[səjʔ] 'I have' instead of сыйӏ.
Unlike in the Russian language, whereЪ (Hard Sign) andЬ (Soft Sign) serve to separate syllables or modify the palatalization of a preceding consonant, in Adyghe they are used as integral parts of the alphabet to define entirely distinct phonemes. This adaptation was necessary because Adyghe has a much larger consonant inventory than standard Cyrillic can accommodate.
Ъ (Hardener): Generally indicates a moving the place of articulation back to the uvular or pharyngeal position (e.g., turning a velar into a uvular).
Ь (Softener): Generally indicates a moving the place of articulation forward or palatalization.
The table below illustrates how these signs modify the base letters:
Widespread literacy in Adyghe did not exist until the modern era. The official alphabet for Adyghe is theCyrillic script, which has been used since 1936.
In the 13th–15th centuries, as a result of the influence of Byzantine Empire and the Genoese Republic, Adyghe used Greek and, to a lesser extent, Italian (Latin) scripts. In the 14th century, along with Islam, the Arabic script was adopted for Adyghe. It was referred to as Ajam, a writing system for the native language based on the Perso-Arabic script. Since Adyghe has many more consonants than Arabic, the Ajam system required adding special diacritical marks or inventing new letters to represent sounds.[6]
Bersey's alphabet (1855)
In 1853, the Adyghe educator Umar Bersey published the first "Primer of the Circassian Language" based on the Arabic script.[6][9] The Arabic script was used until 1927, when as a part of the Soviet "Latinisation" campaign, a Latin-based alphabet was adopted. It was developed by the linguist N.F. Yakovlev and the Adyghe scholar Daud Ashkhamaf. In the late 1930s, the script was converted to Cyrillic to align with Russian.[8]
History of Circassian Alphabets and Writing Systems[56][8][12][57]
AShapsug nobleman educated in the "Arab East", considered the founder of the Adyghe Enlightenment. He opened a school on the Bogundyr River and created one of the first Arabic-based Circassian grammars. However, he burned his manuscripts, either by force or out of his own will.
Published the "Primer of the Circassian Language" in Tiflis on March 14, 1853. This date is celebrated as the "Day of the Adyghe Language and Writing."
Officially adopted for the West Circassian (Adyghe) language by the Regional Department of Public Education. It established theChemguy dialect as the literary standard.
Due to shifting Soviet nationality policies, scripts were converted to Cyrillic. The Adyghe alphabet followed the Kabardian one (1936) in 1938. It uses di- and trigraphs (e.g., 'къ', 'кI') and remains the basis for the modern script.
1952
K’ube Şaban
Latin
A Latin alphabet prepared in the diaspora.
1989
Official Standard
Cyrillic
Legislative consolidation of the alphabet (66 signs).
Phonetic definitions established:
Гъ: Velar voiced spirant
Дж: Alveolar palatalized voiced affricate
Ӏ: Laryngeal plosive ejective
2012
R.I. Dawur (Даур Р. И)
Tamga / Symbols
Prepared "Circassian Calligraphy" (*Черкесская Каллиграфия*), attempting to create a unique alphabet by converting ancient family symbols (Tamgas) into letters.
2012
Ali İhsan Tarı
Latin
Prepared by the founder of the Adyghe Language Association inKonya.
2018
Nezhdet Meshvez
Cyrillic (Modified)
An experimental textbook replacing most digraphs/trigraphs with diacritical marks to simplify learning.
In the diaspora, a new Latin alphabet based on theTurkish alphabet was designed to better facilitate Adyghe and Kabardian education in Turkey.[20]
Adyghe is officially written in the Cyrillic script, and is also unofficially written in the Latin script. Before 1927, Adyghe was written in a version of thePerso-Arabic script; after theSoviet Latinisation campaign, an older variant of the Latin alphabet had been in use in theSoviet Union until 1938, when all Soviet languages transitioned into the Cyrillic alphabet.
Prior to the mid-19th century, Adyghe had no writing system. Starting from 1853, the process of creating an orthography for Adyghe was started. InTbilisi in 1853, a document titled "Primer of the Circassian Language" (Archive) was published, in which an Perso-Arabic-based orthography influenced by theOttoman Turkish alphabet was developed. This document became the first ever publication in Adyghe. In this document, several new letters were introduced to represent the consonants that exist in Adyghe language. This proposed orthography, although with many shortcomings, received widespread approval and usage. And thus, Perso-Arabic script became the accepted orthography for Adyghe.[58]
Over the following decades, several authors attempted to further improve the Adyghe Arabic orthography. The most successful attempt was the alphabet created byAkhmetov Bekukh. In this version, letters were designated for vowel sounds, and the orthography was transformed from an "Impure abjads to atrue alphabet. In 1918, on the initiative of theKuban Revolutionary Committee, a primer was published inYekaterinodar. This official endorsement resulted in a literary boom in Adyghe and the publication of various newspapers, textbooks and other literature, including theAdyghe Maq, the main Adyghe language newspaper established in 1923.[58]
During the abovementioned decades, parallel with this process, the Perso-Arabic orthography had also been standardized for the sister Circassian language ofKabardian. Although very similar in many aspects, there were minor variations, in which letters were included based on each respective phonology, and there were minor differences in presentation of a few consonants as well.[58][59]
The main character consists ofU+06C1 (ـہ / ہ), and is always written in medial form. Thus, the use ofZero-width joiner (U+200D) may be necessary based on context. Below are sample scenarios:
Letter does not exist in unicode yet. Can be created by typing the letterح (U+062D) and the diacriticinverted damma below ◌ࣣ (U+08E3), thus resulting in
Letter does not exist in unicode yet. Can be created by typing the letterس (U+0633) and the diacriticcombining diaeresis ◌̈ (U+0308), thus resulting in
When the following letter is aو (Equivalent to CyrillicГу гу), the letterگ is used. In all other cases, the letterݝ is used for this specifichomophone.
When the following letter is aو (Equivalent to CyrillicКӏу кӏу), the letterࢰ is used. In all other cases, the letterڃ is used for this specifichomophone.
The Adyghe orthography was officially switched to the Latin alphabet in 1927. The Adyghe Latin alphabet was compiled and finalized a year prior, in 1926. This alphabet was the sole official script in theSoviet Union. The Adyghe Latin alphabet consisted of 50 letters, many of them newly created, some even borrowed from Cyrillic. Another interesting feature of this iteration of the Adyghe Latin alphabet was that there was no distinction between lower case and upper case letters. Each letter only had one single case.[58]
Below table shows Adyghe Latin alphabet as it was officially adopted between 1927 and 1938.[58]
In 2012, the Circassian Language Association (Adyghe:Адыге Бзэ Хасэ,ABX;Turkish:Adıge Dil Derneği) in Turkey has issued a call for the Circassian people for the creation of a standard Latin script to be used by all Circassian people on the globe.[20] Their main motivation for the creation of this alphabet was that the majority of Circassian people live in Turkey and use the Latin alphabet in their daily life because they know Turkish. However, when trying to teach the language to the younger generation, teaching them a new alphabet takes time and makes the process more laborsome. ABX has created a Latin script based on the Turkish alphabet and chose the Abzakh dialect as their base because it is the dialect with the most speakers in Turkey. However, the alphabet employed by the Circassian Language Association has been criticized by others. Some suggested that they created the alphabet without a good understanding of the Circassian phonology and have not even considered former Latin alphabets used to write Circassian[61] and that the use of the Latin script would sever the ties with the homeland.[62] Despite the criticism, the CLA has obtained a €40,000 funding from theEuropean Union for the recording of the Circassian language with a Latin script and the preparation of multi-media learning materials for the language,[63] and the materials created by ABX were accepted by the Ministry of National Education to be taught in Secondary Schools.[64] This decision was protested and legally objected by the Federation of Caucasian Associations (Turkish:Kafkas Dernekleri Federasyonu; KAFFED) who created the materials for Circassian and Abaza languages with the Cyrillic script;[65] however, the court ruled in favour of the Latin alphabet created by the CLA and continued the use of their alphabet in Circassian courses.[66] Some glyphs in the Chemguy-based Cyrillic alphabet have no equivalent in the Abzakh-based Latin alphabet because of dialectal differences. The most notable of these differences is the lack of differentiation between post-alveolar, alveolo-palatal and retroflex sounds. Though there are some additional letters in the alphabet for Kabardian, the materials in the CLA website are primarily in Adyghe.[67]
1) Ć is the equivalent of both Кӏ and Чӏ and shows the ejective postalveolar affricate. Qq, on the other hand, only corresponds to Кӏ and shows an ejective velar plosive.
2) Ç normally stands for Ч but when it is followed by Ü and Ö, it is equivalent to Цу in the Cyrillic script.
3) É and İ are not direct equivalents of Е and И. The Cyrillic letters denote the [jɜ] and [jə] sounds at the beginning of syllables and [e] and [i] sounds at the end. The Latin letters are only used for the sounds [e] and [i]. The diphthongs are written as "Ye" and "Yi", respectively.
4) Circassian languages do not have phonemic rounded vowels but the labialized consonants affect the vowels around them to create allophonic rounded vowels.[68] The letters O, Ö, U and Ü are used to show these allophonic rounded vowels. O/Ö and U/Ü works similar to the vowel use О and У in the Adyghe Cyrillic alphabet with O/Ö showing labialized consonant+[ɜ] combinations and U/Ü the labialized consonant+[ə] combinations. However, Ö and Ü are used when these combinations occur next to postalveolar sounds (Ş, J, Ç). The diphthongal uses of О and У, i.e. [wɜ] and [wə], are written as "We" and "Wı". Another use of Ö and Ü is writing Turkish loanwords containing these letters.
5) Wıçüpe (уцупэ; the place of stopping) is written with a ` (accent grave) or ' (apostrophe) and has a complicated use. It is equivalent to Ӏ (palochka) in its use an ejective marker but not as the glottal stop. The glottal stop is not written as a letter but is implied through the use of consecutive vowels like in "mıerıs" (мыӀэрыс; apple). As many ejective sounds have their own letters (Ć, Ṕ, Q, Š, Ṫ), only some ejective sounds are written with the wıçüpe (ş`, ĺ`). Another use of wıçüpe is to show that an U at the end of a word represents a labialized consonant and not a labialized consonant + [ə] combination. For example, джэгу in Cyrillic is written cegu` to make sure that it is pronounced [d͡ʒɜgʷ] as a single syllable but wıçüpe is removed when the word takes a suffix and the allophonic [u] is audible, as in cegum [d͡ʒɜgum].
1. Alahew gwḉeǧwş̄ew, gwḉeǧw zyzełym yçeḉe! 2. Zeredwnaje i Thew Alahym śytḩwr ydeź, 3. Gwḉeǧwş̄ew, gwḉeǧw zyxełew, 4. Pśyneź mafer zix̧emyrym! 5. S̄haśe te qypfeteş̄y, tyołex̧w O x̧epyx̧eǧw uqytfeḩwnew! 6. Ǧogw zanḉem O tyryś, 7. Ş̄w O zyfepş̄aǧexem jaǧogw nah, gwbž łeš zyfepş̄aǧexer zytétxer arep, ǧośaǧexer zytétxeri arep.
1. In the name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful! 2. [All] praise is [due] to Allah, Lord of the worlds, 3. The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful, 4. Sovereign of the Day of Recompense! 5. It is You we worship and You we ask for help! 6. Guide us to the straight path, 7. The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have earned [Your] anger or of those who are astray.
Ублапӏэм ыдэжь Гущыӏэр щыӏагъ. Ар Тхьэм ыдэжь щыӏагъ, а Гущыӏэри Тхьэу арыгъэ. Ублапӏэм щегъэжьагъэу а Гущыӏэр Тхьэм ыдэжь щыӏагъ. Тхьэм а Гущыӏэм зэкӏэри къыригъэгъэхъугъ. Тхьэм къыгъэхъугъэ пстэуми ащыщэу а Гущыӏэм къыримыгъгъэхъугъэ зи щыӏэп. Мыкӏодыжьын щыӏэныгъэ а Гущыӏэм хэлъыгъ, а щыӏэныгъэри цӏыфхэм нэфынэ афэхъугъ. Нэфынэр шӏункӏыгъэм щэнэфы, шӏункӏыгъэри нэфынэм текӏуагъэп.
Ublaṗem ydeź Gwśyx̧er śyx̧aǧ. Ar Them ydeź śyx̧aǧ, a Gwśyx̧eri Thew aryǧe. Ublaṗem śéǧeźaɡ̌ew a Gwśyx̧er Them ydeź śyx̧aǧ. Them a Gwśyx̧em zeḉeri qyriǧeǧeḩwǧ. Them qyǧeḩwǧe pstewmi aśyśew a Gwśyx̧em qyrimyǧǧeḩwǧe zi śyx̧ep. Myḉodyźyn śyx̧enyǧe a Gwśyx̧em xełyǧ, a śyx̧enyǧeri çyfxem nefyne afeḩwǧ. Nefyner ş̄wnḉyǧem śenefy, ş̄wnḉyǧeri nefynem téķwaǧep.
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was a god. This one was in the beginning With God. All things came into existence through him, and apart from him not even one thing came into existence. What has come into existence by means of him was life, and the life was the light of men. And the light is shining in the darkness, but the darkness has not overpowered it.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
^Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.)."West Circassian".Glottolog. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^Aydın, Şamil Emre (2015).Çerkes Alfabeleri: Çerkeslerin Alfabe Girişimlerinin Kısa Tarihi ve Günümüz Çerkes Alfabeleri (in Turkish). Adana.ISBN978-605-65691-0-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Kotli︠a︡rov, V. N., ed. (2014).Kavkaz: Cherkesii︠a︡. Kavkaz, proekt Marii i Viktora Kotli︠a︡rovykh. Nalʹchik: Izdatelʹstvo M. i V. Kotli︠a︡rovykh.ISBN978-5-93680-746-6.
^abcdMinakova, Valeriya (2023).“AND IF MY LANGUAGE DISAPPEARS TOMORROW...”: LANGUAGE IDEOLOGIES AND LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE PRACTICES OF THE CIRCASSIANS (ADYGHES) IN RUSSIA (Thesis). Pennsylvania State University.Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see thehelp page).
^Ашуба, А. Е; Пазов, С. У; Биданок, М. М.; Магомедов, М. И. (2021). Хагба, Л. Р. (ed.).Проблемы синтаксиса в кавказских языках [Problems of Syntax in Caucasian Languages] (in Russian). Sukhum.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^abНадъярных Н.С., Бекизова Л.А. (отв. ред.). Культурная диаспора народов Кавказа: генезис, проблемы изучения (по материалам международной научной конференции. 14-19 октября 1991 г.)
^Arkadiev, Peter; Lander, Yury (2020). "The Northwest Caucasian Languages". In Polinsky, Maria (ed.).The Oxford Handbook of the Languages of the Caucasus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 4.
^Kerasheva, Z. I. (1957).Особенности шапсугского диалекта адыгейского языка [Features of the Shapsug Dialect of the Adyghe Language] (in Russian). Maykop: Adyghe Book Publishing House.
^Arkadiev, Peter; Lander, Yury (2020). "The Northwest Caucasian Languages". In Polinsky, Maria (ed.).The Oxford Handbook of the Languages of the Caucasus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 4.
^Kerasheva, Z. I. (1957).Особенности шапсугского диалекта адыгейского языка [Features of the Shapsug Dialect of the Adyghe Language] (in Russian). Maykop: Adyghe Book Publishing House.
^Aydın, Şamil Emre (2015).Çerkes Alfabeleri: Çerkeslerin Alfabe Girişimlerinin Kısa Tarihi ve Günümüz Çerkes Alfabeleri (in Turkish). Adana.ISBN978-605-65691-0-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^abcdefM. I. Isaev (1979).Jazykovoe stroitel'stvo v SSSRЯзыковое строительство в СССР [Language construction in the USSR] (in Russian). Мoscow: "Nauka" «Наука». pp. 180–191, 352.
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