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Adja language

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Gbe language

Not to be confused withAja language (Nilo-Saharan).

Aja
Adja, Hwè
Native to	Benin,Togo,Ghana,Nigeria,Gabon
Ethnicity	Aja people
Native speakers	1.28 million (2012–2021)^[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Kwa Gbe Aja
Dialects	Dogbo Hwe Tado Sikpi Tala
Writing system	Latin
Official status
Recognised minority language in	Benin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`ajg`
Glottolog	`ajab1235`
The distribution of the major Gbe dialect areas (after Capo 1988, 1991)

TheAja language is aGbe language spoken by theAja people ofBenin,Togo,Ghana,Nigeria andGabon.In Gabon, they are mostly migrants.

it is closely related to otherGbe languages such as Ewe, Mina, Fon, and Phla Phera. Adja is the mother tribe from which the other Gbe people are descended.

Phonology

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Consonants

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		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Post-alv./ Palatal	Velar	Labial- velar	Uvular
Nasal		[m]	[n]		[ɲ]	ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t		t͡ʃ	k	k͡p
Plosive/ Affricate	voiced	b	d	ɖ	d͡ʒ	ɡ	ɡ͡b
Fricative	voiceless	f	s		ʃ			χ
Fricative	voiced	v	z			ɣ		ʁ
Approximant			l ~ [r]		j		w

Voiced consonants /b,ɖ,j/ are heard as nasal sonorant sounds [m,n,ɲ] when followed by a nasal vowel.
/l/ is heard as a rhotic trill [r] when after alveolar, retroflex or post-alveolar consonants.
Sounds /s/ and /z/ are heard as post-alveolar [ʃ], [ʒ] when preceding /i/.
Approximant sounds /l,w/ may also be nasalized as [l̃,w̃] when preceding or following nasal vowels.
Some linguists have also attested the nasal sound [ɲ], and labialized uvular sounds, [χʷ] and [ʁʷ], as separate phonemes.^[2]

Vowels

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Oral vowels
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

/u/ when before /i/ is heard as a labio-palatal [ɥ]. It is then nasalized as [ɥ̃] when in nasal position.^[2]

Nasal vowels
	Front	Central	Back
Close	ĩ		ũ
Open-mid	ɛ̃		ɔ̃
Open		ã

Comparison

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Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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Aja

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Agbetɔwo pleŋu vanɔ gbɛmɛ ko vovoɖeka gbeswɛgbeswɛ, sɔto amɛnyinyi ko acɛwo gomɛ; wo xɔnɔ susunywin ko jimɛnywi so esexwe. Wo ɖo a wa nɔvi ɖaɖa wowo nɔnɔwo gbɔ.

Ewe

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Wodzi amegbetɔwo katã ablɔɖeviwoe eye wodzena bubu kple gomekpɔkpɔ sɔsɔe. Susu kple dzitsinya le wo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe si eyata wodze be woanɔ anyi le ɖekawɔwɔ blibo me.

English

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

References

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^Aja atEthnologue (26th ed., 2023)
^^a ^bMorley, Eric A. (12 March 2011).A Grammar of Ajagbe(PDF).

Adja language test ofWikipedia atWikimedia Incubator

Languages of Benin

Official language

French

Indigenous
languages

Gbe	Aguna Aja Alada Fon Gen Gun Pherá Phla Tofin Tɔli Waci
Gur	Berba Kabye Lama Lukpa Mbelime Mooré Nateni Ngangam Tammari Tem Waama Yom
Kwa	Chakosi Foodo
Yoruboid	Ede Ifè Mokole Yoruba
Other	Bariba Dendi Fula Hausa

Immigrant languages

Languages of Togo

Official language

French

National languages

Working languages

Indigenous
languages

Gbe	Aguna Aja Phla Waci Wudu
Gur	Bago-Kusuntu Delo Kabye Lama Losso Lukpa Moba Mooré Ngangam Ntcham Tammari Tem
Kwa	Adele Agotime Ahlon Anii Chakosi Kebu Kposo
Yoruboid	Ede Ifè Yoruba
Other	Hausa

Volta–Niger languages

Delta	Degema Engenni Epie
North-Central	Afenmai Edo Enwan Esan Ghotuo Igwe Ikhin Ikpeshi Ivbiosakon Okpela Ososo Sasaru Uneme
Northwestern	Akuku Ehueun Iyayu Okpamheri Oloma NW Okpe Uhami Ukue
Southwestern	Eruwa Isoko SW Okpe Urhobo Uvbie

Nupoid

Idomoid

Others

Authority control databases
National	United States Czech Republic Israel
Other	IdRef Yale LUX

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