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| Type | Association football |
|---|---|
| Inventor | Adidas |
| Inception | 2010; 15 years ago (2010) |
| Manufacturer | Adidas |
| Last production year | 2012; 13 years ago (2012) |
TheJabulani (/ˌdʒæbjʊˈlɑːni/JAB-yuu-LAH-nee,Zulu:[dʒaɓuˈlaːni])[1] was afootball manufactured byAdidas. It was theofficial match ball for the2010 FIFA World Cup.[2]
The ball is made from eight spherically moulded panels and has a textured surface intended to improve aerodynamics. It was consequently developed into theAdidas Tango 12 series of footballs.[citation needed]
Jabulani, meaning "be happy!" inZulu, is theimperativeplural form of the verbjabula "to be happy".[1] Its design was much maligned by players at the World Cup, and production ceased after two years.[citation needed]
The ball was constructed consisting of eight (down from 14 in the 2006 World Cup) thermally bonded, three-dimensional panels. These then were spherically moulded fromethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) andthermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU). The surface of the ball was textured with grooves, a technology developed by Adidas called "Grip 'n' Groove"[3] that was intended to improve the ball's aerodynamics. The design had received considerable academic input, being developed in partnership with researchers fromLoughborough University, United Kingdom.[4]
| FIFA-approved standard[5] | Jabulani measurements[5] | |
|---|---|---|
| Circumference | 68.5–69.5 cm | 69.0 ± 0.2 cm |
| Diameter | ≤ 1.5% difference | ≤ 1.0% difference |
| Water absorption | ≤ 10% weight increase | ~ 0% weight increase |
| Weight | 420–445g | 440 ± 0.2 g |
| Uniform rebound test | ≤ 10 cm | ≤ 6 cm |
| Loss of pressure | ≤ 20% | ≤ 10% |
The ball had four triangular design elements on a white background. The number11 was prominent in the use of the ball, as 11 different colours were used; representing the 11 starting players in a football squad, the 11official languages of South Africa, and the 11 South African communities.[6]
TheJabulani Angola, used at the2010 African Cup of Nations inAngola, was coloured to represent the yellow, red and black of thehost nation's flag.[7] An orange version is available for winter games and a yellow version for indoor games.[8]
A gold colour version, called theJo'bulani (/ˌdʒoʊbjʊˈlɑːni/JOH-byuu-LAH-nee), was used for the2010 FIFA World Cup Final. Its name is aportmanteau of "Jabulani" and "Jo'burg", a common nickname forJohannesburg, the match venue. The gold colouring of the ball mirrored the colour of the FIFA World Cup Trophy and also echoed another of Johannesburg's nicknames: "the City of Gold".[9] The Jo'bulani ball was the second World Cup Final ball to be produced, the first time being the+Teamgeist Berlin for the2006 FIFA World Cup.[9]
The balls were made in China, using latex bladders from Enkay Rubber Group, India,[10] thermoplastic polyurethane-elastomer fromTaiwan, ethylene vinyl acetate, isotropic polyester/cotton fabric, glue and ink from China.[11]
It was announced on 4 December 2009 that the Jabulani was to be the officialmatch ball of the2010 FIFA World Cup held inSouth Africa.[2] The ball was also used as the match ball for the2009 FIFA Club World Cup in theUnited Arab Emirates, and a special version of the ball, theJabulani Angola, was the match ball of the2010 African Cup of Nations.
This ball was also used in the2010 Clausura Tournament of Argentina as well as the2010 MLS season in the United States and Canada in the league's colours of blue and green.
In Europe domestic leagues, it was used in the2010–11 Bundesliga[12] in the league signature colours of red and white, known as the "Torfabrik" ("Goal Factory"),[13] and in the2010–11 Primeira Liga, coloured in white.
UEFA used the ball in theUEFA Super Cup and theUEFA Europa League with respective official match ball colours and design.[14][15]
Even more than theFevernova andTeamgeist at the two previous tournaments, the Jabulani received pre- and post-tournament criticism.[16]Iker Casillas said, "It is very sad that a competition so important as the world championship will be played with such a horrible ball."[17] Similar complaints came fromGiampaolo Pazzini[18] andClaudio Bravo.[19]
Italian goalkeeperGianluigi Buffon said, "The new model is absolutely inadequate and I think it's shameful letting play such an important competition, where a lot of champions take part, with a ball like this"[20] while Brazilian strikerLuís Fabiano called the ball "supernatural", as it unpredictably changed direction when traveling through the air.[21] Brazilian strikerRobinho stated, "For sure the guy who designed this ball never played football. But there is nothing we can do; we have to play with it."[22]Joe Hart ofEngland, after training with the ball for a number of days, said the "balls have been doing anything but staying in my gloves".[23] He did, however, describe the ball as "good fun" to use, even though it is hard work for goalkeepers to cope with.[24] English goalkeeperDavid James said that, "The ball is dreadful. It's horrible, but it's horrible for everyone."[25] It was suggested the ball behaved "completely different" at altitude by former England coachFabio Capello.[26]
Denmark coachMorten Olsen, after their 1–0 friendly defeat at the hands ofAustralia, said, "We played with an impossible ball and we need to get used to it."[27]Argentina forwardLionel Messi stated, "The ball is very complicated for the goalkeepers and for us [forwards]."[28] Argentine coachDiego Maradona said, "We won't see any long passes in this World Cup because the ball doesn't fly straight."[29]
AmericanClint Dempsey was more favorable. He said that, "If you just hit it solid, you can get a good knuckle on the ball... you've just got to pay a little bit more, you know, attention when you pass the ball sometimes."[30]
Brazil goalkeeperJúlio César compared it to a "supermarket" ball that favoured strikers and worked against goalkeepers.[31] Despite this, it was suggested byThe Guardian on 16 June 2010 that the Jabulani ball might have been responsible for the goal drought in the first round of the tournament.The Guardian mentioned the FIFA representative, who was queried daily for his opinion on the goal drought, as saying it was probably too early to make a definitive judgment, though it would be hard to deny that the first round was more cagey and defensively minded than usual. Owen Gibson ofThe Guardian suggested that a lack of confidence in how the ball would travel could be affecting the number of shots taken.[32] FollowingPortugal's 7–0 victory overNorth Korea in the second round of the group stage, however, Portugal's coachCarlos Queiroz said, "We love the ball."[33]
In July 2010, formerLiverpool footballerCraig Johnston wrote a 12-page open letter to FIFA presidentSepp Blatter outlining perceived failings of the Jabulani ball. He compiled feedback from professional players criticizing the ball for poor performance and asked that it be abandoned by FIFA.[34][35]
Will Prochaska, director of the African social enterpriseAlive & Kicking, criticised the decision not to use an African-made ball, such as one by his organisation.[36][37][38][39]
A number of Adidas-sponsored[40][41][42][43] players responded favourably to the ball.Álvaro Arbeloa, commented that, "It's round, like always." Brazilian midfielderKaká said, "For me, contact with the ball is all-important, and that's just great with this ball."[44] English midfielderFrank Lampard called it "a very strong ball, true to hit".[44] German midfielderMichael Ballack said it was "fantastic; the ball does exactly what I want it to".[44] Uruguayan forwardDiego Forlán, who tied for theGolden Ball, studied the ball in the months before the tournament, explaining he had "lot of practice, a lot of training and again a lot of practice. I got lucky and [the Jabulani] behaved very well back then. And we got along great."[45]
Adidas has said that the ball had been used since January 2010, and that most feedback from players had been positive. A spokesperson said the company was "surprised" by the negative reaction to the ball, and highlighted that the frequent pre-tournament criticism a new ball receives inevitably dies down as the tournament proceeds.[46]
On 27 June 2010, FIFA acknowledged concerns about the ball, but also said that they would not act on the problem until after the tournament. According to secretary generalJérôme Valcke, FIFA will discuss the matter with coaches and teams after the World Cup, then meet with the manufacturer Adidas.[47]
NASA scientists at the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory at NASA's Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California tested the performance of the Jabulani design against the predecessor 2006 design which had also received criticism of its behaviour in flight. In discussing the mechanics of the balls Rabi Mehta, an aerospace engineer at NASA Ames, described the unpredictable behaviour as "a knuckle-ball effect". He explained that when a seamed ball is struck with little spin it experiences asymmetrical air flow effects as a result of the air close to the surface being affected by those seams. This causes unpredictable movement akin to the intentionally pitchedKnuckleball in baseball.[48]
The speed of the ball is the main factor in its behaviour, but it is also affected by altitude and wind. Where older designs of footballs have a knuckling effect at speeds closer to 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) Mehta predicted the Jabulani to only begin to experience the effect at a higher speed of 45–50 mph (72–80 km/h) due to its smoother surface. The higher speed required for the knuckle effect is also a more commonly struck speed - particularly following free-kicks around the goal area.[48]
| Preceded by | FIFA World Cup official ball 2010 | Succeeded by |
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2010 FIFA World Cup finalists | |
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| Champions | |
| Runners-up | |
| Third place | |
| Fourth place | |
| Quarter-finals | |
| Round of 16 | |
| Group stage | |
