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Adhyavasāya (Sanskrit: अध्यवसाय ) generally means – 'apprehension', 'clinging to', 'mental effort'[1] and also 'perseverance', 'having decided'.[2]
Nārāyana Tīrtha, in hisSāmkhya-Candrikā, explainsadhyavasāya as " a modified condition of the intellect (buddhi) the determination in such a form as –such an act is to be done by me ".Gaudapāda explains it as " intellectual determination of the object of perception as belonging to a definite class ". Vācaspatimiśra explains it as " ascertainment or determinate knowledge consequent upon the manifestation of the essence (sattva) of the intellect, when the inertia of the intellect is overcome by the operation of the sense-organs in apprehending their objects, as the intention which follows self-appropriated knowledge or volition of the agent to react to the object of perception in a definite way ".[3] Ascertainment also means definite awareness which according to theSamkhya school is associated inbuddhi (अध्यवसायो बुद्धिः), in perception which is definite ascertainment involving the senses with respect to specific kinds of empirical objects, and which is an activity ofbuddhi.[4] It implies determination of objects (avidhāranā) which by itself is decisive knowledge (niścaya).[5]
The sage of theMaitri Upanishad (VI.30) explains:
स हि सर्वकाममयः पुरुषोऽध्यवसायसङ्कल्पाभिमानलिङ्गो बद्धः|
अतस्तद्विपरीतो मुक्तः||
"The purusha full of kama or desire is bound having adhyavasaya, sankalpa and abhimana as his lingas (characteristics); he who is the opposite of this is liberated."— Maitri Upanishad VI.30[6]
Vindhyāvasin holds the view thatsankalpa,abhimāna andadhyavasāya are not different functions but the modifications of the mind or intellect. Samkhyas hold the view that perception is the reflective discerning (adhyavasāya), a kind of awareness, an operation of the intellect in itssattva modality;[7] to be aware of perception as perception is to define and distinguish it from others which definition (adhyavasāya) can come only through conception (vikalpa).[8] Sadyojyoti defines discernment as the ascertaining cognitive activity (adhyavasāya) which is understanding (jñāna).[9]
According to theYoga school andAyurveda,adhyavasāya i.e. apprehension of clear and clean knowledge of the knowable, is one of the sixteen qualities of the empirical soul (jīvātmān).[10]Lakshmi Tantra (XVI.4) explains that the intellect (buddhi) is the incentive to mental effort (adhyavasāya);prana is the incentive to endeavour (prayatna) and time (kāla) is the incentive to transform in the form of impulse and effective development; whereas ego (ahamkara) results from a modification ofmahat[11] in which cognition is indeterminate cognition (nirvikalpa adhyavasāya).[12]
The followers ofJainism consideradhyavasāya referring to good or bad sentiments, and of the nature ofBhava-Yoga which is made up of 'inauspicious combined meditation' and 'meditation'.[13]Utpala in his following statement:
मायाशक्त्या विभोः सैव भिन्नसंवेद्यगोचरा|
कथिका ज्ञानसंकल्पाध्यवसायादिनामभिः||
terms -adhyavasāya as mental apprehension as he proceeds to explainmāyā-shakti to be the differentiating power ofBrahman that affects consciousness resulting in the false perception of duality.[14] And,Ratnakīrti holds the view that non-momentary existence is a figment of imaginative intuition projected as real by the process of intellection calledadhyavasāya which is impulsive movement of the mind generated by the force of immediately preceding cognition.[15] TheBuddhist view is that the judgment of the object of cognition ('spatio-temporal objects') owing to special synthesis of moments gains sensible qualities etc., to become universal (sāmānaya lakshana,ekatva adhyavasāya).[16]Jñanasrimitra holds the view that only deluded persons interpret an image by conceptual thinking. (adhyavasāya,vikalpa).[17]
Common characteristics (sādhāranadharma) in poetry can either be in the form of existence (bhāva) or negation (abhāva), and can involve supersession (adhyavasāya). Inapahnuti (concealment of truth, denial), when a thing is concealed and something else is described in its place, theāropa (raising, elevating, superimposition) that is based on negation amounts toadhyavasāya, which view is refuted by Jayaratha who agrees with Ruyyaka thatadhyavasāya is the phenomenon where thevisayah is concealed and itsnon-difference (abheda) with thevishayin is known, and that doubt (bhrānti) is always based onadhyavasāya and not onāropa. InSanskrit literature,Alankāraśāstra deals with the beauty which poetry (kāvya) alone can display.[18]Adhyavasāya is considered assiddha (accomplished) when the object is not expressed in words but is lost in comparison, it is considered assādhya (perfect) when the object in the process of being represented is identical with the object of comparison.[19] It distinguishesutprekśa ('alliteration') andatiśayokti ('hyperbole') fromrūpaka ('dramatic representation', 'form') andāropa ('superimposition').[20]
