Anadaptive compliant wing is awing which is flexible enough for aspects of its shape to be changed in flight.[1][2] Flexible wings have a number of benefits. Conventional flight control mechanisms operate using hinges, resulting in disruptions to the airflow, vortices, and in some cases, separation of the airflow. These effects contribute to the drag of the aircraft, resulting in less efficiency and higher fuel costs.[3] Flexible aerofoils can manipulate aerodynamic forces with less disruptions to the flow, resulting in less aerodynamic drag and improved fuel economy.
Changing the shape of an aerodynamic surface has a direct effect on its aerodynamic properties. According to the flow condition and to the initial shape of the part, each shape variation (curvature, incidence, twist...) can have a different impact on the resulting forces and moments.
This characteristic is actively pursued in adaptive wings which – by nature of their distributed compliance – can attain shape changes in a continuous, smooth, gap-free manner. By altering these geometrical parameters, the forces and moments can be modified, permitting to tailor them to the specific flight condition (e.g. fordrag reduction) or to perform maneuvers (e.g.roll).
Shape adaptation can be classified according to the motion it enables. Motions that affect the overall planform of the wing "as seen from above" include changes in span (thus changing the length of the wings), insweep (altering the angle between the wing and the fuselage axis), in chord length (increasing or reducing the length of thewing cross-section) anddihedral (changing the angle between the wings and the horizontal plane of the vehicle). Changes of the airfoil shapes include altering its twist, and changing itscamber and thickness distribution.
An adaptive compliant wing designed by FlexSys Inc. features a variable-cambertrailing edge which can be deflected up to ±10°, thus acting like aflap-equipped wing, but without the individual segments and gaps typical in aflap system. The wing itself can be twisted up to 1° per foot of span. The wing's shape can be changed at a rate of 30° per second, which is ideal for gust load alleviation. The development of the adaptive compliant wing is being sponsored by the U.S.Air Force Research Laboratory. Initially, the wing was tested in awind tunnel, and then a 50-inch (1.3 m) section of wing was flight tested on board theScaled Composites White Knight research aircraft in a seven-flight, 20-hour program operated from theMojave Spaceport.[4] Control methods are proposed.[5]
Adaptive compliant wings are also investigated atETH Zurich in the frame of the Smart airfoil project.[6][7]
TheEU-fundedFlexop program aims to develop to enable higherwing aspect ratio for lessinduced drag with lighter, more flexibleairliner wings, along developing activeflutter suppression for flexible wings.Partners include Hungary's MTA SZTAKI,Airbus, Austria'sFACC,Inasco of Greece,Delft University of Technology,German aerospace center DLR,TUM, the UK'sUniversity of Bristol andRWTH Aachen University in Germany.[8]
On 19 November 2019, a 7 m (23 ft) span jet-poweredUAV demonstrator with anaeroelastically tailored wing for passive load alleviation was flown inOberpfaffenhofen, Germany, previously flown with acarbon-fiber, rigid wing to establish baseline performance.It has a conventional tube-and-wing configuration, unlike theblended wing body of theLockheed Martin X-56.It follows theGrumman X-29 demonstrator in 1984, with more refined fiber orientations.The flexible wing is 4% lighter than the rigid one.The 54-month, €6.67 million ($7.4 million) project ends in November 2019, followed by the €3.85 millionFLiPASED program from September 2019 until December 2022, using all themovable surfaces.[8]
Theglass fiber flutter wing should to be flown in 2020, with unstable aeroelastic modes under 55 m/s (107 kn) that must be actively suppressed.With optimizedaeroelastic tailoring and active flutter suppression, an aspect ratio of 12.4 could reducefuel-burn by 5%, and 7% are targeted.FLiPASED is also led by MTA SZTAKI and include partners TUM, DLR and French aerospace research agencyONERA.[8]
