| Adad-šuma-iddina | |
|---|---|
| King of Babylon | |
 Kudurru of the time ofMeli-Šipak, referring to decisions in the reigns of Adad-šum-iddina andAdad-šuma-uṣur.[i 1] | |
| Reign | ca. 1222–1217 BC |
| Predecessor | Kadašman-Ḫarbe II |
| Successor | Adad-šuma-uṣur |
| Born | Claymore |
| House | Kassite |
Adad-šuma-iddina, inscribedmdIM-MU-SUM-na,[1] ("Adad has given a name"[2]) and dated to around ca. 1222–1217 BC (short chronology), was the 31st king of the 3rd orKassite dynasty ofBabylon[i 2] and the country contemporarily known asKarduniaš. He reigned for 6 years some time during the period following the conquest of Babylonia by theAssyrian king,Tukulti-Ninurta I, and has been identified as a vassal king by several historians, a position which is not directly supported by any contemporary evidence.
In many respects, the reign of Adad-šuma-iddina was indistinguishable from other Kassite monarchs. The same iconography of a suckling animal, a characteristic metaphor for the Kassite king’s care for his subjects, is used on a light green and white quartz cylinder seal[i 3] of one of his servants. It reads: "Kidin-Ninurta, administrator forEnlil andNinlil, chief cup-bearer for Enlil, chief exorcist of (the temple) Ekurra, exalted exorcist of Adad-šuma-iddina, king of the world, anointed one, butler, the ....., and the ....., son of Ilum-bun[aya], descendant (?) of Amel-....., exalted exorcist of Enlil, the man of ....." A weight[i 4] is inscribed: “1 true mina, of Adad-šuma-iddina, son of priest-of-Adad” which may be this individual, as regnal inscriptions were often used to authenticate such measures.
Two or three legal texts[i 5] from the archive of the family of Dayyanatu and some other brewers of the temple ofSîn[3] inUr have come to light dated to his accession year.[1] One is an adoption contract which warns the "kith or kin whoever lays a claim for the boy, they shall deal with him according to the order of King Adad-šuma-iddina (rikilti šarri Adad-šuma-iddina); they shall drive a copper peg into his mouth." Theestate of Takil-ana-ilīšu kudurru, akudurru[i 1] of Meli-Šipak, relates the lengthy history of litigation affecting a family estate over three reigns beginning with that of Adad-šuma-iddina.[4] It begins with Takil-ana-ilīšu dying intestate, his son being illegitimate, and then proceeds with the tale of the relatives’ rival claims and the legal mayhem that ensues.[5] Although considered a puppet of Tukulti-Ninurta by many modern historians, this case shows his decisions were honored by later kings.[1]
The AssyrianSynchronistic King List[i 6] is damaged in the part where one would suppose he appears and could possibly be restored on any of the first six lines of column two, as a contemporary of Tukulti-Ninurta or his immediate successors. Babylon, again felt the predations of theElamites under Kidin-Hutran, who seized the city ofIsin and crossed theTigris, and laid waste toMarad.[6] A late chronicle recalls:
At the time of Adad-šuma-iddina, Kidin-Ḫudrudiš returned and attacked Akkad a second time.
[...] he destroyed Isin, crossed the Tigris, all of
[...] Maradda. A terrible defeat of an extensive people
he brought about. [...] and with oxen [...]
[...] he removed to wasteland [...][...]
— Chronicle P, iv 17–22[i 7]
Whether it was directly due to the actions of the Elamites or due to internal pressures following his inability to effectively counter their invasion, the outcome was that his regime was deposed. It is unclear if the seven-year period of Tukulti-Ninurta’s rule preceded or followed his, or whether his reign is counted amongst the years of Assyrian governorship. The rise ofAdad-šuma-uṣur, as a focal point for anti-Assyrian sentiment, may have taken place at this time, as suggested by theKing List A,[i 2] or may have preceded his reign as a movement in the south as described in theWalker Chronicle.[i 8][7]
Middle Assyrian texts recovered at modern Tell Sheikh Hamad, ancientDūr-Katlimmu, which was the regional capital of the vassal Ḫanigalbat, include a letter[i 9] from Tukulti-Ninurta to hissukkal rabi’u, or grand vizier, Aššur-iddin advising him of the approach of Šulman-mušabši escorting a Kassite king, his wife, and his retinue which incorporated a large number of women.[8] The text gives no indication of which king was expected, however the care taken over the arrangements would suggest the reception of an ally or perhaps a loyal vassal being assisted into exile following the collapse of his rule. The journey to Dūr-Katlimmu seems to have traveled via Jezireh.[9] A second letter[i 10] dated to 24th day of the month of Ša-kenate in the year of theeponym Ina-Aššur-šumi-aṣbat, mentions that the king of Assyria was himself heading for Dur-Katlimmu, perhaps four days later if the earlier letter’s date can be restored accordingly.
Although his name was not an uncommon one over the millennia,[2] it is tempting to identify him with an individual of the same time. A letter fromTell Sabi Abyad, thedunnu or fort of the grand vizier, details the arrangement of a bribe to Aššur-iddin and mentions someone with the name of Adad-šuma-iddina as the unwelcome recipient of a widow’s legacy:
Damqat-Tašmetu, daughter of Sin-šuma-usur, wife of Sigelda, son of Irrigi, from the town Šuadikanni, owes one uncastrated male adult to [the governor] Aššur-iddin, son of Qibi-Aššur. This male is his gift; he [Aššur-iddin] will receive his gift, when he [Aššur-iddin] has treated her [Damqat-Tašmetu’s] case which concerns her [deceased] husband’s serfs that must not be given to Adad-šuma-iddina.[10]
— Letter to Aššur-iddin
The literary work known as theŠulgi Prophecy,[i 11] named for the prominent king of the Ur III period, may have its description of a crisis as its subject matter the events of his reign.[1] The text is fragmentary and the events could equally be ascribed to his predecessorKaštiliašu IV or later successorMarduk-nādin-aḫḫē.[11]
