| Anemonia sulcata | |
|---|---|
 | |
| InArgelès-sur-Mer, France | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Subphylum: | Anthozoa |
| Class: | Hexacorallia |
| Order: | Actiniaria |
| Family: | Actiniidae |
| Genus: | Anemonia |
| Species: | A. sulcata |
| Binomial name | |
| Anemonia sulcata (Pennant, 1777) | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
List
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Anemonia sulcata, orMediterranean snakelocks sea anemone, is aspecies ofsea anemone in thefamilyActiniidae from the Mediterranean Sea.[2] WhetherA. sulcata should be recognized as asynonym ofA. viridis remains a matter of dispute.[1]
This sea anemone has twoecotypes; one has a basal disk up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter and has fewer than 192 tentacles (usually 142 to 148); the other has a disk up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter and 192 tentacles or more, up to 348. The tentacles are long, slender and tapering, arranged in six whorls round the central mouth on the oral disk. They vary in colour but are usually some shade of green, grey or light brown. A knob on the tip of each tentacle, where the stinging cells are concentrated, may be violet.[3]
This sea anemone is native to theMediterranean Sea and the easternAtlantic Ocean as far south asWestern Sahara. It is found in theintertidal zone and thesublittoral zone, on rocky ledges, in crevices and on boulders.[4] Ecotype 1 occurs down to about 5 m (16 ft) while ecotype 2 occurs down to about 25 m (82 ft).[3]
Anemonia sulcata has asymbiotic relationship withzooxanthellae, which inhabit the tissues and provide energy for the sea anemone. It isdioecious, with individuals becoming sexually mature when they weigh about 20 g (0.7 oz) and the basal disc measures about 22.5 mm (0.9 in) across. There are nogonads, and thegerm cells develop inside themesenteries and break through theepithelium to enter thebody cavity and thence move into thewater column. At this stage, theoocytes already contain symbiotic zooxanthellae. Fertilisation takes place in the sea. Breeding seems to take place throughout the year, but peaks between March and May. The sea anemones can also reproduceasexually.[4]
This sea anemone aggressively defends its territory from other individuals which are genetically dissimilar.[5] It extends specialised tentacles (calledacrorhagi), the tips of which have a concentration ofcnidocytes (stinging cells); these sting the invader, causing tissuenecrosis, and making the competitor move away.[5]
This sea anemone is popular as aseafood in southern Spain, specially,Cádiz, where it is known asortiguillas,'little nettles' orortiga de mar,'sea nettle'; for the fishery to be sustainable, theAndalusian authorities have set a minimum weight below which the sea anemones cannot be harvested.[4]To neutralize the poison, the anemones are marinated in water with vinegar.The usual recipe is tobatter them in flour and maybe egg and fry them in olive oil until they develop a crunchy cover.Ortiguilla omelets are also cooked.[6]
Anemonia sulcata have toxic cnidocysts organelles that are able to inject venom and cause an allergic reaction, particularly a skin reaction. Their stings are known to causeneurotoxicity and act on the sodium and potassium channels but also cause cytolysis on the cell membranes.[7]
A research conducted in rabbits' ventricular myocytes were analyzed under exposure to these toxins to better understand their role. Specifically, toxin ll (ATX-II) derived fromAnemonia sulcata was used in rabbit's myocytes to determine whether they induced the late sodium current causing overloading of sodium ions and consequently calcium ions inside the cell via reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchanger current. Since the heart depends heavily on the balance of Na+ and Ca2+ homeostasis, any imbalance from this can result in heart arrhythmias. These toxins induce augmentations in diastolic Ca2+ concentration, calcium transient amplitude, and myocyte shortening therefore increasing serious cardiac failure and cell apoptosis.[8]
The toxinAsKC11 is found in the venom ofAnemonia sulcata. This toxin has been shown to be an activator of G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels 1/2, involved in the regulation of cellular excitability.[9] Toxin III, known asAv3, is studied as a potential component of selective anti-insect compounds, as it is active in crustaceans and inactive in mammals, binding toreceptor site-3.[10]
