Abubakar Tafawa Balewa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Prime Minister of Nigeria | |
| In office 1 October 1960 – 15 January 1966 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II(until 1963) |
| President | Nnamdi Azikiwe(from 1963) |
| Governors‑General |
|
| Preceded by | Himself (asChief Minister) |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished (Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi as Military head of state) |
| Chief Minister of Nigeria | |
| In office 30 August 1957 – 1 October 1960 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Governor‑General | Sir James Wilson Robertson |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Himself (asPrime Minister) |
| Deputy Leader of theNorthern People's Congress | |
| In office 30 August 1957 – 15 January 1966 | |
| Leader | Ahmadu Bello |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| |
| In office 1954 – 15 January 1966 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Mallam Abubakar[2] (1912-12-00)December 1912 Bauchi,Northern Nigeria Protectorate |
| Died | 15 January 1966(1966-01-15) (aged 53) nearLagos, Nigeria |
| Resting place | Tafawa Balewa's tomb |
| Political party | Northern People's Congress |
| Alma mater | |
| Occupation | Politician |
SirAbubakar Tafawa BalewaKBE PC (December 1912 – 15 January 1966) was aNigerianpolitician who served as the first and onlyprime minister of Nigeria upon independence.[3] A conservativeAnglophile, he favoured maintaining close ties with theBritish. During his first three years in office as prime minister, Nigeria was aconstitutional monarchy withElizabeth II reigning asQueen of Nigeria, until it became a republic in 1963.[4] He was both a defender of Northern special interests and an advocate of Nigerian reform and unity.[5]
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was born in December 1912, in theNorthern Nigeria Protectorate (modern-dayBauchi State). His father, Yakubu Dan Zala, was ofGere ethnicity,[6] and his mother Fatima Inna was of Gere andFulani descent.[6][7] His father worked in the house of the district head of Lere, a district within theBauchi Emirate.[8] He took his name from two corruptedFula language words: "Tafari" (Rock) and "Baleri" (Black), which resulted in being the childhood nickname "Black Rock".[9]
Balewa began his education at aQur'anic school in Bauchi; when southern colonial administrators began to push forwestern education in the Northern region, Balewa was among the children sent to Tafawa Balewa Elementary School, after the Qur'anic school. Thereafter, he proceeded to Bauchi Provincial School.[8] Like many of his contemporaries, he studied atBarewa College, then known as Katsina College, where he was student number 145. Ahmadu Rabah, later known asAhmadu Bello, was student number 87 and was two years his senior, whileAbubakar Imam was a year ahead of him.[10] The college was several kilometers from Bauchi and was not close to a railway station nor other public transportation. During holidays, which was twice a year, Balewa trekked home, a journey of more than 400 kilometers. He trekked for 40 kilometers a day, before finding a resting place at a nearby village. In total, the journey took him 10 days.[8]
Katsina College had Britishexpatriate teachers, many of whom had been educated at leading British schools and then attendedCambridge orOxford Universities. Students were taught in English, and speech was an important part of learning for the students. Apart from excellence in English, the school was also a training ground for teachers to be posted to the provincial and middle schools within theNorthern Provinces of Nigeria.[8]
Balewa completed his five-year education in 1933 and returned to Bauchi to teach at Bauchi Middle School. He taught at the school and rose to become a senior schoolmaster. In 1941, he became acquainted with a youngAminu Kano, who was posted to the school as a teacher. After a student unrest, investigations into student grievances indicted the headmaster, and in 1941 Balewa was nominated as the new headmaster.[8] In 1944, Balewa and some other educated teachers in the Northern Provinces were chosen to study abroad at theUniversity of London'sInstitute of Education, which today forms part ofUniversity College London. Upon returning to Nigeria, he became an Inspector of Schools for the colonial administration and later entered politics.[11]
He was elected in 1946 to theNorthern House of Assembly, and to the Legislative Council in 1947. As alegislator, he was a vocal advocate of the rights ofNorthern Nigeria. He supported hesitance by the North to become independent, based on the objection that the north and south regions were not on an equal footing. In the Northern Assembly, he sought more roles and responsibility in the Native Administration for the educated members of the emirates.[8]
Together with Alhaji SirAhmadu Bello, who held the hereditary title ofSardauna ofSokoto, they proposed the transformation of the cultural organization, Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa, which meansNorthern People's Congress (NPC) in English, to become a political platform for use as campaign platform during the elections of 1951. Balewa was elected vice president of the new party and subsequently resigned his post as headmaster of Bauchi Middle School. NPC won the plurality of votes to the regional House of Assembly in 1951.[12]
Balewa was among the new legislators inKaduna. Under a new constitution, theMacpherson Constitution of 1951, anelectoral college system was implemented whereby, some regional legislators were elected to the Federal House of Representatives in Lagos, and among the federal legislators, three members from each region would be appointed federal ministers with portfolio. Balewa was among those nominated to Lagos and along withKashim Ibrahim andMuhammadu Ribadu were nominated to become ministers.[13]
Balewa entered the government in 1952 as Minister of Works, and later served as Minister of Transport during a time Nigeria was moving towardsself-government. During his tenure at the transport ministry, both the Marine and Railway departments were transformed to corporations and the designs for a bridge over theNiger and plans for theKainji Dam were developed.[14]
In 1957, NPC won theplurality of votes in the Federal House of Representatives and Balewa became the Chief Minister and designated Prime Minister. As part of his plans to unify the country towards the move for independence in 1960, he formed a coalition government between theNPC and theNational Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), led byNnamdi Azikiwe and also invited theAction Group (A.G.), the 1957 cabinet was constituted as an all party cabinet.[15] Though,Awolowo, the leader of A.G. and premier of the Western region was skeptical of the plan,[16] the national executive committee of Action Group party endorsed the National Government andAyo Rosiji andSamuel Akintola were nominated by the party. During this period, Balewa developed a close relationship withK.O. Mbadiwe from NCNC and Akintola from AG.[8]
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Balewa retained the post asPrime Minister of Nigeria when Nigeria gained independence in 1960 and was reelected in 1964.[17]
He announced independence in a motion to Parliament on 18 January 1959:
That this House authorizes the Government of the Federation of Nigeria to requestHer Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom as soon as practicable to introduce a legislation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom providing for the establishment of the Federation of Nigeria on October 1, 1960 as an Independent Sovereign State, and to request Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom at the appropriate time to support with the other Member Governments of the Commonwealth, Nigeria's desire to become a member of the Commonwealth.This is a great day for Nigeria. It marks the beginning of the last stage of our march toward independence and all of us who are here today should be thankful to Almighty God who has given us the opportunity to witness the events of this most memorable time.
— Abubakar Tafawa Balewa,Mr. Prime Minister: A Selection of Speeches Made by Alhaii the Right Honourable Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa,[18]
Nigeria adopteda new constitution in 1963 which abolished themonarchy and the office of governor-general, with Nigeria becoming aparliamentary republic within the Commonwealth with theNnamdi Azikiwe asPresident of Nigeria and head of state.[19]
Prior to Nigeria's independence, a constitutional conference[20] in 1954 had adopted a regional political framework for the country, with all regions given a considerable amount ofpolitical freedom. The three regions then were composed of diversecultural groups.[21] Thepremiers and some prominent leaders of the regions later took on a policy of guiding their regions against political encroachment from other regional leaders. Later on, this political environment influenced the Balewa administration. His term in office was turbulent, with regionalfactionalism constantly threatening his government.[22]
However, atreason charge and conviction against one of the western region's leaders,Obafemi Awolowo, led to protest and condemnation from many of his supporters.[23] The 1965 election in the region later produced violent protests. Rioting and violence were soon synchronous with what was perceived as inordinate political encroachment and an over-exuberant election outcome for Awolowo's western opponents.[24]
As Prime Minister ofNigeria, Balewa, from 1960 to 1961, doubled as Foreign Affairs advocate of Nigeria. In 1961, the Balewa government created an official Foreign Affairs and Commonwealth Relations ministerial position in favour ofJaja Wachuku who became, from 1961 to 1965, the first substantive NigerianMinister of Foreign Affairs andCommonwealth Relations, later called External Affairs.[25] A week after taking office, he arrived in the United States on his first foreign visit to address the United Nations.[26]
However, as Prime Minister ofNigeria, Balewa played important roles in the continent's formativeindigenous rule. He was an important leader in the formation of theOrganisation of African Unity and creating a cooperative relationship withFrench speakingAfrican countries. He was also instrumental in negotiations betweenMoise Tshombe and theCongolese authorities during theCongo Crisis of 1960–1964.[27] He led a vocal protest against theSharpeville Massacre of 1960 and also entered into an alliance withCommonwealth ministers who wantedSouth Africa to leave the Commonwealth in 1961.
He visited the US in 1961 for eight days, four of which he spent in Washington atBlair House. During his visit, he became the first Nigerian leader to address aJoint session of the United States Congress and visited theIslamic Center of Washington.[28] He had an enormous amount of respect for PresidentJohn F. Kennedy, describing him, and his age in particular as "matured as that of any older statesman."[29] He took part in the launch of theSyncom 2 NASA program, allowing him to phone for President Kennedy from theUSNS Kingsport docked at Lagos Harbor via the SYNCOM satellite on 23 August 1963.[30][31][32] It marked the first live two-way call between heads of government by satellite.
Balewa, during his premiership, attached great importance to its Commonwealth membership, declaring in a UN speech, "we shall not forget our old friends."[33][26]
Balewa had a pro-West orientation in his foreign policy, which represented for abhorrence toUSSR and otherEastern Bloc states. As a result, the circulation of communist literature in Nigeria was banned and students were discouraged from taking Soviet educational scholarship. Balewa had personally assured the British government "we shall use every means in our power to prevent the infiltration of communism and communist ideas into Nigeria." At one point, the Soviets were implicated in a plot to overthrow Balewa's government.[34]
Balewa was overthrown and murdered in amilitary coup on 15 January 1966, as were many other leaders, including his old companion SirAhmadu Bello. The circumstances of his death still remain unresolved. His body was discovered at a roadside nearLagos six days after he was ousted from office. Balewa was buried inBauchi. News of his assassination spurred violent riots throughoutNorthern Nigeria and ultimately led to the bloodycounter-coup of July 1966.[10]
In 1933, Balewa wroteShaihu Umar, a novella about a piousMuslim in response to a request by Rupert East, the head of the colonial Translation Bureau, to promoteHausa literature.[35]Shaihu Umar was first published in 1934. AnEnglish translation by Mervyn Hiskett was published in 1967.[36][37] Written in a prose homily structure,[10][35] theprotagonist, Shaihu Umar, recounts his events in his life's history. Events and themes in the novel deal with thetrans-Saharan slave trade, familial relationships andIslamic themes of submission to the will of God.Shaihu Umar was staged as a play in the 1970s[35] and filmed by Adamu Halilu in 1976.[38][39]
Balewa advocated for the creation of a Nigerian Privy Council to domestically replace thePrivy Council of the United Kingdom in a speech to the Legislative Council in April 1952. This was due to its judicial committee's seemingly insensitivities to regional differences in court cases.[40]
In January 1960, Balewa was knighted by Her Majesty QueenElizabeth II as a Knight Commander of theOrder of the British Empire.[41] He was awarded an honorary doctorate from theUniversity of Sheffield in May 1960.[6] He was also awarded an honorary doctorate of laws from theNew York University in July 1961.[42]
Balewa's portrait was placed on the 5Naira Note. TheAbubakar Tafawa Balewa University and theSir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Bauchi State International Airport inBauchi was named in his honour.[43]
Balewa was described as modest and self-effacing.[44] At his death, his major assets included his house in Bauchi and a 50-acre farm where he vacationed when he wanted to relax. The farm was located on the way to Tafawa Balewa village about nine miles outside Bauchi; many official decisions while in office were taken at the farm. Balewa was married to four women who bore him nineteen children.[45][46]
Balewa was buried inTafawa Balewa's tomb at Bauchi.[47]
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