Abu'l-Fazl Muhammad ibn Husayn Bayhaqi | |
|---|---|
ابوالفضل بیهقی | |
| Born | c. 995 |
| Died | September 21, 1077 (aged approximately 81–82) |
| Occupations | secretary, historian |
| Notable work | Tarikh-i Bayhaqi |
| Parent |
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Abūʾl-Fazl Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn Bayhaqī (Persian:ابوالفضل محمد بن حسین بیهقی; died September 21, 1077), better known asAbu'l-Fazl Bayhaqi (ابوالفضل بیهقی; also spelledBeyhaqi), was a secretary, historian and author.[1]
Educated in the major cultural center of Nishapur, and employed at the court of the famousGhaznavid SultanMahmud, Bayhaqi was a highly cultured man, whosemagnum opus—theTarikh-i Bayhaqi, is seen as the most reliable source of valid information about the Ghaznavid era, which was written in an exquisite and vividPersian prose that would become an ideal model for several eras.[2]
Bayhaqi is praised by modern scholars for his frankness, precision, and elegant style in his book, which he had spent 22 years to write, finishing it in thirty volumes, of which however only five volumes and half of the sixth exist today. Julie Scott Meisami places Bayhaqi among the historians of theIslamic Golden Age.[3]
Bayhaqi was born in the village ofHaresabad inBayhaq in theKhorasan Province to aPersian family.[1] In his youth Bayhaqi studied in the major cultural center ofNishapur, and later in 1020/1 joined the secretariat (dīvān-e resālat) of Mahmud, where he worked as an assistant and pupil under the chief secretaryAbu Nasr Mushkan for 19 years.[4]
After Mushkan's death in 1039/40,Mas'ud I (r. 1030–1040) appointed Bayhaqi as minister toAbu Sahl Zawzani, who had succeeded Muskhan as the chief secretary of the empire. Muskhan substantially urged the Sultan that Bayhaqi should be his successor, and the PersianvizierAhmad Shirazi had also commended Bayhaqi in the Sultan's attendance. Bayhaqi (who was at that time 46 years old) was supposedly told by Mas'ud I that he was too young to be appointed the new chief secretary.[4]
Zawzani was not as accomplished in the management of the secretariat as his predecessor had been, and his methods were completely dissimilar. Furthermore, Bayhaqi was often a victim of his bad temper, which made the latter send a secret letter of relinquishment of his responsibility to the Sultan, who, however, heartened Bayhaqi to continue serving in his post, whilst ordering hisvizier to inform that Zawzani should behave properly towards Bayhaqi at the secretariat.[4] This he did, however; Mas'ud I died shortly afterwards being deserted by his army after adisastrous defeat against theSeljuq Turks, who then conquered Khorasan. Mas'ud's death made Zawzani resume his bad treatment of Bayhaqi once more. Bayhaqi experienced several problems after Mas'ud I's death, probably partly due to his own failings, which he himself often recognizes.[4]
During the reign ofAbd al-Rashid (r. 1049-1052) Bayhaqi was finally selected as the chief secretary. He was, however, after a short period removed from the post. According toIbn Funduq, he was jailed by the judge (qāżī) ofGhazni on the complaint of having failed to meet the unpaid obligatory fee to a wife, but according toAufi, the reason behind his imprisonment was due to the ploys of his enemies. A slave named Tuman (or Nuyan) was afterwards ordered by the Sultan to seize Bayhaqi's possessions.[4]
In 1052, the rebellious slave-soldier (ghulam)Toghrul seized Ghazni, had Abd al-Rashid killed, and had the sultan's men jailed in a stronghold, where Bayhaqi was also moved. However, Toghrul's reign lasted only 15 days; he was defeated and killed by Ghaznavid loyalists, who putFarrukh-zad (r. 1053–1059) on the throne. Bayhaqi was then released from imprisonment.[4]
According to Ibn Funduq, Bayhaqi served as secretary under Farrukh-zad and at the end of the latter's reign withdrew from bureaucratic life and settled in Ghazni, where he started to write theTarikh-i Bayhaqi. However, judging from Bayhaqi's few comments in his book on Farrukh-zad's rule, it appears that he did not take part in Farrukh-zad's court. Indeed, he evidently reports that during those years he was occupied on writing his history.
According to theAḵbār al-dawla al-saljūqīya (Chronicles of the Seljuq state), Bayhaqi formulated the peace treaty between the Seljuqs and Ghaznavids in 1058.[5] He accordingly may have been called back to work after his dishonor and imprisonment during the rule of Abd al-Rashid. Anyhow the information of theTarikh-i Bayhaqi evidently show that Bayhaqi in his old age, until his death in 1077, had committed himself completely to the writing of the book.[4] His tomb is located in his birthplace, Harethabad.
