Abruzzo borders the region ofMarche to the north,Lazio to the west and northwest,Molise to the south, and theAdriatic Sea to the east. Geographically, Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area in the west, which includes the highest massifs of theApennines, such as theGran Sasso d'Italia and theMaiella, and a coastal area in the east, with beaches on the Adriatic Sea.
Abruzzo is considered a region of Southern Italy in terms of its culture, language, economy, and history, though in terms of physical geography, it is often considered part ofCentral Italy.[8] The Italian statistical authorityISTAT deems it to be part of Southern Italy, partly because of Abruzzo's historic association with theKingdom of the Two Sicilies.[8]
Almost half of the region's territory is protected through national parks and nature reserves, more than any administrative region on the continent, leading it to be dubbed "the greenest region in Europe."[9][10] There are three national parks, one regional park, and 38 protected nature reserves. These ensure the survival of rare species, such as thegolden eagle, the Abruzzo (or Abruzzese)chamois, theApennine wolf, and theMarsican brown bear.[11] Abruzzo's parks and reserves host 75% of Europe's animal species.[10] The region is also home toCalderone, one of Europe's southernmost glaciers.[12]
Nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalistPrimo Levi [it] (1853–1917) chose the adjectivesforte e gentile ("strong and kind") to capture what he saw as the character of the region and its people.Forte e gentile has since become the motto of the region.[13]
The nameAbruzzo, according to the most accredited hypothesis first proposed by Renaissance historianFlavio Biondo inItalia Illustrata, derives fromAprutium as a popular evolution of(ad) Praetutium, meaning "land of thePraetutii", an ancientItalic people that lived in the area of present-dayTeramo.[14] According to other hypotheses, the name could also derive fromabruptus (Latin for "steep" or "precipitous").[15][16][17]
Although an earlier presence cannot be ruled out, findings in the region related to archaic humans date from up to around 700,000 years ago (Acheulean Culture). Thousands offlinttools and weapons have been collected onfluvial terraces (e.g. Madonna del Freddo atChieti) and nearformer lakes (e.g. Valle Giumentina atCaramanico Terme andValle Peligna atPopoli). These testify to the presence of differentHomo species over time, ranging fromHomo erectus andNeanderthals to modern humans. A site located at Popoli (Svolte di Popoli) also contained animal bones, which in that case belonged to ahippopotamus. The most important evidence of Neanderthals' presence in the region was found in caves inCalascio and dates back to theMiddle Paleolithic.[18]
In Abruzzo andMarche, villages typical ofRipoli culture [it] in the 5–6th millennium BC consisted ofhuts, and were generally located onfluvial terraces or hills overlooking rivers. In some cases, they were defended by amoat. Caves were often used for rituals. They practiced agriculture,husbandry, hunting, fishing, and production of pottery, which was painted or decorated.[24][25] Other older Neolithic cultures present in Abruzzo are called Impressed Ceramic andCatignano.[21][22][18]
Considered strong warriors by ancient writers, they fought against the Romans in theSamnite Wars (from 343 to 290 BC). Some tribes accepted the alliance with the Romans, while others surrendered after the Samnite Wars. Following progressiveRomanization, they supported the Romans and contributed to many victories in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.[30] They fought again with Rome during theSocial War (91–87 BC) to gainpolitical rights and created the ephemeral state called Italia withCorfinio as the capital. After the Social War, they obtainedRoman citizenship[31] and in theImperial period favoured economic activities such astrade andpastoralism.[21] On the basis of adivision byAugustus, the territory of what is now Abruzzo was part of "Regio VPicenum" and especially "Regio IVSabina etSamnium". Much later, the region corresponded to the Valeria province, according toDiocletian decisions, and was among the first to see the arrival ofChristianity.[32][33][34]
Evidence from archeological sites shows that many cities in Abruzzo date back to ancient times. Corfinio was known as Corfinium when it was the chief city of the Paeligni, and it became the capital of "Italia" against theRomans during the Social War.[35] Today'sChieti has been inhabited since theChalcolithic era, and was an important center for the Marrucini (Teate Marrucinorum).[36]Atri was known as Hatria[37] andTeramo was known variously in ancient times as Interamnia and Teramne.[38] Pinna (todayPenne), Anxanum (Lanciano), Hortona (Ortona), Histonium (Vasto),Sulmona, and Marruvium (San Benedetto dei Marsi) are among the settlements that are still inhabited, while others are no longer so, such as Cluviae nearCasoli.[39]
After the beginning of domination by theFranks, in 801, Teate (today'sChieti) also passed from the Lombardic Duchy of Benevento to the Frankish Duchy of Spoleto. In 843, some territories were separated from the duchy (all the region together with the district ofRieti, except that ofTeramo, according toLiber provincialis), withCelano as the capital.Counts of Marsi from different lineages ruled "Marsia" from 843 to 926. In 871,Louis II of Italy founded, as theCarolingian Emperor, a monastery, which would become very powerful in the history of Abruzzo (Abbey of San Clemente a Casauria). With the rule ofHugh of Italy from 926, the territories were divided:Penne and Teate toAtto I [it], and today'sprovince of L'Aquila to Berardo.
The newly foundedL'Aquila was destroyed byManfred, King of Sicily (son of Frederick II) in 1259, and in theBattle of Tagliacozzo (1268), supported the defeat of his nephewConradin againstCharles I of Anjou, the new king of Sicily. From the last half of the 13th century, L'Aquila took a central role in the region.[32][21] Abruzzo was divided intoAbruzzo Citra (nearer Abruzzo) andAbruzzo Ultra (further Abruzzo) by Charles I of Anjou in the 1270s.[40]
The region was profoundly affected during the wars that followed a conspiracy which resulted in theassassination of Andrew, Duke of Calabria, the husband of QueenJoanna I of Naples. Different towns (L'Aquila,Penne,Chieti,Lanciano,Ortona) sided at first with the brother of the victim,Louis I of Hungary. In 1443,Alfonso V of Aragon, King of Sicily, conquered theKingdom of Naples. In the same years, Abruzzo saw many battles, including the ones associated with theWar of L'Aquila. Under the Aragonese rulers, L'Aquila started to become a military center, giving up its political and economic importance to Chieti. This period was characterized by economic decline and the spread ofbrigandage, but coastal centers were favored by trade with theRepublic of Venice's overseas territories.
In accordance with a general diffidence against theEnlightenment ideas, the Abruzzo population of differentsocial classes rebelled in an improvised way againstFrench invasion in 1798 and 1799. After the proclamation of the ephemeralParthenopean Republic, they continued to be hostile to French invaders (Sanfedismo).[32]
During theclient kingdom (1806–1815) ofNapoleon, in 1806, Abruzzo Ultra was divided into two, as Abruzzo Ultra I and Abruzzo Ultra II (being divided at theGran Sasso d'Italia); the same Citra/Ultra I/Ultra II scheme was used for Calabria.
Many rebelled again in 1821, 1841 and1848, but the ideologies of insurgents were different, and includedliberal,Jacobin, orreactionary ideas. During the unification of Italy, in 1860, Abruzzo became part of theKingdom of Sardinia and, in 1861, theKingdom of Italy. Some supporters of the Bourbons fought against volunteers ofGaribaldi, and later banded with simple criminals to participate for political reasons in brigandage, which would be eradicated years later. However, many accepted the new order with neither enthusiasm nor opposition.[32]
Since 1870, due to its economic conditions, Abruzzo saw massive emigration to other regions and countries, which contributed toItalian diaspora.[21]
Despite the high level of destruction and victims caused by the Second World War, there was remarkable development in the second half of the 20th century, which particularly favoredFucino andAdriaticcoastal areas.[21]
Geographically, Abruzzo is nearly at the center ofItalian peninsula, stretching from the heart of theApennines to theAdriatic Sea, and includes mainly mountainous and wild land. The mountainous land is occupied by a vast plateau, includingGran Sasso, which is, at 2,912 metres (9,554 ft), the highest peak of the Apennines, andMount Majella at 2,793 metres (9,163 ft). The Adriatic coastline is characterized by long sandy beaches to the North and pebbly beaches to the South. Abruzzo is known for its landscapes and natural environment, parks and nature reserves, and characteristic hillside areas rich in vineyards and olive groves. Many beaches have been awarded theBlue Flag beach status.[44]
There are two climatic zones in Abruzzo. The coastal strip andsub-Apennine hills have a climate markedly different from that of the mountainous interior. Coastal areas have aMediterranean climate with hot dry summers and mild winters. Inland hilly areas have asublittoral climate with temperatures decreasing progressively with increasing altitude.[45] Precipitation is also strongly affected by the presence of the Apennines mountain range. Rainfall is abundant on slopes oriented to the west, and lower in the east and east-facing slopes. The Adriatic coast is shielded from rainfall by the barrier effect created by the Apennines.[46] The minimum annual rainfall is found in some inland valleys sheltered by mountain ranges, such as Peligna or Tirino (Ofena,Capestrano), where as little as 500 millimetres (19.7 inches) have been recorded. Rainfall along the coast almost never falls below 600 millimetres (23.6 inches).Pescara has relatively less rainfall (about 700 millimetres (27.6 inches)) thanChieti (about 1,000 millimetres (39.4 inches)).[46] The highest rainfall occurs in upland areas on the border withLazio; they are especially vulnerable toAtlantic disturbances. Around 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (59 to 79 inches) of precipitation is typical.[47]
The fauna of Abruzzo is very diverse, including the region's symbol, the Abruzzo chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata), which has recovered from near-extinction. Common species include theMarsican brown bear,Italian wolf, deer, lynx,roe deer, snow vole, fox, porcupine, wild cat, wild boar, badger, otter, and viper.
In 2017, the ancient beech forests of the Abruzzo Lazio and Molise National Park of Europe were recognized as aWorld Heritage Site byUNESCO, with the region thus gaining its first prestigious site.[49]
The regional government (Giunta regionale) is presided over by the president of the region (presidente della Regione), who is elected for a five-year term. The government is composed of the president and eight ministers (assessori), including a vice president (vicepresidente) and an undersecretary (sottosegretario).[50]
As of 2025, with a population density of 117.1 people per km2, the population density of Abruzzo is well below the national average of 195.1. Among the provinces, the density varies:Pescara is the most densely populated with 253.4 inhabitants per km2, whereas L'Aquila is the least densely populated, with 56.8 inhabitants per km2, although it has the largest area.
The most serious demographic imbalance is between the mountainous areas of the interior and the coastal strip. The largest province, L'Aquila, is situated entirely in the interior and has the lowest population density. The movement of the population of Abruzzo from the mountains to the sea has led to the almost completeurbanization of the entire coastal strip, especially in theprovince of Teramo and Chieti. The effects on the interior have been impoverishment and demographic aging, reflected by an activity rate in the province of L'Aquila which is the lowest among the provinces in Abruzzo – accompanied by geological degradation as a result of the absence of conservation measures.
In the coastal strip, there is such a jumble of accommodations and activities that the environment has been negatively affected. The policy of providing incentives for development has resulted in the setting-up of industrial zones, some of which (Vasto,Avezzano,Carsoli,Gissi, Val Vibrata, Val di Sangro) have made genuine progress, while others (Val Pescara,L'Aquila) have run into trouble after their initial success. The zones ofSulmona andGuardiagrele have turned out to be more or less failures. Outside these zones, the main activities are agriculture and tourism.[53]In 2016, theHuffington Post placed Abruzzo in fifth position among the 12 best regions in the world for quality of life.[54]
After decades ofemigration from the region, the main feature of the 1980s was immigration from third world countries. The recent population increase was due to the positive net migration.
As of 2024, the foreign-born population is 140,932, equal to 11.1% of the population. The 5 largest foreign nationalities areRomanians (20,526),Albanians (14,572),Swiss (10,884),Moroccans (8,515) andVenezuelans (8,170).[55]
Until a few decades ago, Abruzzo was a backward region ofSouthern Italy. Since the 1950s, Abruzzo has showed steady economic growth. In 1951, per capita income, orGDP, was only 53% of that of wealthierNorthern Italy. The gap has since narrowed, being 65% in 1971 and 76% by 1994. The region reached the highest per capita GDP of Southern Italy through the highest growth rate of every otherregion of Italy.[56] The unemployment rate stood at 9.3% in 2020.[57]
As of 2003, Abruzzo's per capita GDP was €19,506, or 84% of the national average of €23,181, compared to the average value for Southern Italy of €15,808.[58] In 2006, the region's average GDP per capita was approximately 20,100 EUR.[59] The construction ofmotorways from Rome toTeramo (A24) and Rome toPescara (A25), which provided better access to the region, is credited as a driver of public and private investments.
The2009 L'Aquila earthquake led to a sharp economic slowdown. However, according to statistics at the end of 2010, some signals of recovery were noted.[58] Regional economic growth was recorded as 1.47%, which actually placed Abruzzo fourth among Italy's regions afterLazio,Lombardy, andCalabria.[60] In 2011, Abruzzo's economic growth was +2.3%, the highest percentage among the regions of Southern Italy.[61]
From the early 1950s to the mid-1990s, Abruzzo's industrial sector expanded rapidly, especially inmechanical engineering, transportation equipment, andtelecommunications.[62] The structure of production in the region reflects the transformation of the economy from agriculture to industry and services. The industrial sector relies on few large enterprises and the predominance of small and medium enterprises. In theapplied research field, there are major institutes and enterprises involved in the fields ofpharmaceutics,biomedicine,electronics,aerospace, andnuclear physics. The industrial infrastructure is dispersed throughout the region in industrial zones. The most important of these are: Val Pescara, Val di Sangro, Val Trigno, Val Vibrata, and Conca del Fucino.
Theprovince of Teramo is one of the most industrialized areas of Italy and of the region, with numerous small and medium-sized companies,[63] then follows theprovince of Chieti and that ofPescara, which is also supported bytourism. The Val Vibrata (province of Teramo), on the border with theMarche region, is home to a myriad of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially in thetextile and footwear sectors. The Val di Sangro (province of Chieti), on the other hand, is home to important multinationals and a factory belonging to theFiat (Sevel) group. The area ofValle Peligna (province of L'Aquila) is home to the famous industry ofSulmona sugared almonds. Other areas, such as Pescara and Theatine, are home to numerous industries, including multinationals (for exampleDe Cecco,Procter & Gamble, Monti & Ambrosini Editori, Brioni, Ennedue, andMiss Sixty), mostly concentrated in the industrial district of Val Pescara in the province of Chieti.
Agriculture, based on small holdings, has modernised and produces high-quality products. The mostly small-scale producers are active in wine,cereals,sugar beet, potatoes, olives, vegetables, fruit, anddairy products. Traditional products aresaffron andliquorice. By the late 20th and early 21st centuries,Montepulciano d'Abruzzo, the region's most famous wine, had become one of the most widely exported DOC-classed wines in Italy.[64]
The region produces about 850,000quintals of fruit, 5 million quintals of vegetables, 1,600,000 quintals of potatoes, and 5,000,000 quintals of grapes, produced both for eating and for winemaking; the latter is estimated at between 3 and 4 million hectoliters, with the production of wines such as Montepulciano d'Abruzzo in the red and cerasuolo (rosé) varieties,Trebbiano d'Abruzzo, Pecorino, and the Chardonnay; oil production, on the other hand, stands at 1,350,000 quintals of olives and 240,000 quintals ofoil (Aprutino Pescarese,Pretuziano delle Colline Teramane andColline Teatine), figures that put Abruzzo in sixth place among the Italian regions. As for cereals, thedurum wheat with over 1.5 million quintals constitutes the main cereal, followed bysoft wheat (one million quintals), thenbarley (0.5 million quintals ); other crops are also grown, among thembeetroot (2,500,000 quintals) andtobacco (45,000 quintals).[citation needed]
Tourism is an important economic sector;[65] in the past decade, tourism has increased, mainly centered on its national parks and natural reserves,[66] ski and beach resorts,[67][68] in particular along theTrabocchi Coast.[69] Abruzzo's castles and medieval towns,[70] especially in the area ofL'Aquila, have led to the creation of the nickname of "Abruzzoshire", alongTuscany's "Chiantishire". In spite of this, Abruzzo is still "off the beaten path" for most visitors to Italy.[65]
Abruzzo has many small and picturesque villages. 26 of them have been selected byI Borghi più belli d'Italia (English:The most beautiful Villages of Italy),[113] a nonprofit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,[114] that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.[115] These villages are:
Abruzzo International Airport is the only international airport in the region. Open to civilian traffic since 1996, the number of passengers has increased over the years because of low-cost air carriers' use of the facility. Today, the airport has acatchment area of over 500,000 passengers annually.[116]
Over the years, the Port of Pescara has become one of the most important tourist ports of Italy and theAdriatic Sea. Heavily damaged in World War II, it underwent major renovations for roughly sixty years. It now consists of a modern marina with advanced moorings and shipbuilding facilities. It has been awarded theEuropean Union's blue flag for its services. The port of Pescara has lost passenger traffic because of its shallowness and silting, but its fishery andaquaculture activities are thriving.[117]
There is a significant disparity between the railways of the Abruzzo coast and the inland areas, which badly need modernization to improve the service, in particular the Rome-Pescara line.
Existing railway lines:
Adriatic railway runs through the whole of Italy from north to south, along the Adriatic Sea.
A24 (Rome – L'Aquila – Teramo) was built in the 1970s and connects Rome with the Adriatic coast in less than two hours. TheGran Sasso tunnel, the longest road tunnel entirely on Italian territory, was opened in 1984.
A25 (Torano – Avezzano – Pescara) connects Rome with Pescara. The road branches off A24 inTorano, spans theFucino basin, crosses the Apennines, and merges withA14 near Pescara.
A14Bologna –Taranto known as the"Adriatica", includes 743 km (461.68 mi) of dual-carriage motorway between Bologna and Taranto.
Every year on 28–29 August, L'Aquila'sSanta Maria di Collemaggio commemorates thePerdonanza Celestiniana, the indulgence issued byPope Celestine V to anyone who "truly repentant and confessed" would visit that Church from the Vespers of the vigil to the vespers of 29 August.[118] Sulmona'sHoly Week is commemorated with traditional celebrations and rituals, such as "La Madonna che scappa in piazza", when a large statue of theMary, carried by a group of local fraternities, is carried across the square in procession.[119]Cocullo, in the province of L'Aquila, holds the annual "Festa dei serpari" (festival of snake handlers) in which a statue ofSt. Dominic, covered with live snakes, is carried in a procession through the town; it attracts thousands of Italian and foreign visitors. In many Abruzzo villages,Anthony the Great's feast is celebrated in January with massive, scenic bonfires.[120]
In the past, the region of Abruzzo was well known for thetransumanza, the seasonal movement of sheep flocks; these used to travel mostly southbound towards the region ofPuglia during the cold winter months.[121] The Feast ofSt. Biagio, protector of wool dealers, is celebrated across the region. On the third of February inTaranta Peligna, every year since the sixteenth century, an evocative ritual is held:panicelle, or small loaves made of flour and water, in the shape of a blessing hand, are distributed among the faithful.
Before the 2009 earthquake, Abruzzo was the region with the highest number of castles and hill towns in Italy. It still holds many of Italy's best-preserved medieval and Renaissance hill towns, twenty-three of which are amongI Borghi più belli d'Italia.[123] This listing recognises their scenic beauty, arts and culture, their historical importance, and quality of life.
The abrupt decline of Abruzzo's agricultural economy in the early to mid-20th-century spared some of the region's historic hill towns from modern development. Many lie entirely within regional andnational parks. Among the most well preserved areCastel del Monte andSanto Stefano di Sessanio, within theGran Sasso National Park on the edge of the high plain ofCampo Imperatore and nestled beneath the Apennines' highest peaks. Both hill towns, which were ruled by theMedicis for over a century-and-a-half, see relatively little tourism. Between the two towns sitsRocca Calascio, the ruin of an ancient fortress popular with filmmakers. BothMonteferrante andRoccascalegna are two of the most representative Abruzzo villages in the province of Chieti. Within the Gran Sasso National Park is also foundCastelli, an ancient pottery center whose artisans produced ceramics for most of the royal houses of Europe.
The proximity to Rome, the protected areas, and scenic landscapes make the region one of the greenest in Europe. The presence of quaint villages and its rich and varied culinary traditions are important tourist attractions. In 2010, visitors included 6,381,067 Italians and 925,884 foreign tourists.[126]
In 2015, the American organization Live and Invest Overseas included Abruzzo on its list of World's Top 21 Overseas Retirement Havens. The study was based on such factors as climate, infrastructure, health care, safety, taxes, and cost of living.[127] In 2017, the Chamber of Commerce of Pescara presented Abruzzo region to the annual conference of Live and Invest Overseas in the U.S. city ofOrlando, Florida. One year later, in October 2018, Live and Invest Overseas held its first conference in Abruzzo.[128]
TheGran Sasso Science Institute, located in L'Aquila, is an advanced research institute which offers doctorates inastroparticle physics, computer science, and mathematics, as well as urban studies and regional science, and which also conducts scientific research.
The regional dialects of Abruzzo includeTeramano,Abruzzese Orientale Adriatico, andAbruzzese Occidentale. The first two forms are a dialect of the Southern Italian language also known asNeapolitan, since the region has been part of theKingdom of Naples and theKingdom of the Two Sicilies, whileAquilano is related to theCentral Italian dialects includingRomanesco.The dialects spoken in the Abruzzo region can be divided into three main groups:
Sabine dialect, in the province of L'Aquila, a central Italian dialect
Abruzzo Adriatic dialect, in the province of Teramo, Pescara and Chieti, that is virtually abandoned in the province ofAscoli Piceno, a southern Italian dialect
Abruzzo western dialect, in the province of L'Aquila, a southern Italian dialect
Abruzzo's cuisine is renowned[131] for its variety and richness.[132] Both the agricultural and coastal areas of Abruzzo have contributed to its cuisine. Due to the mountains, much of Abruzzo was relatively isolated until the 20th century. This has contributed to preserving local culinary traditions.[133]
Hotchili pepper orpeperoncini, regionally known asdiavolilli ordiavoletti, is common in Abruzzese cuisine and often used to add spice to dishes. Abruzzo residents are well known for frequently adding peperoncini, or hot peppers, to their meals.
Spaghetti alla chitarra which is made by pressing or cuttingpasta through achitarra, an implement to form long thin noodles similar tospaghetti. The pasta is served with a tomato-based sauce, often flavored withpeppers,pork,goose, orlamb. This dish is complemented by regionalside dishes, such as the bean and noodle soupsagne e fagioli. This soup is traditionally flavored withtomatoes, garlic, oil, and peperoncini.
Scrippelle, a rustic French-stylecrêpe served eithermbusse (a type of soup) or used to form a sort ofsoufflé withragù and stuffed with chicken liver,meatballs, hard-boiled eggs, and cheese
Pastuccia, apolenta stew with sausage, eggs, and cheese
Pasta allo sparone, a pasta roll filled with ricotta cheese andspinach. The pasta roll is boiled in hot water and served with tomato sauce and Parmesan cheese.
Pasta alla mugnaia, a long, uneven and thick type of pasta that is hand-pulled to a diameter of up to 6mm and is traditionally served with tomato sauce. Pasta alla mugnaia, also simply known asmugnaia, is the flagship dish of the town ofElice.
Pallotte cacio e ovo, balls ofcaciocavallo cheese and eggs, usually served as a starter in a rich tomato sauce.
Rustic pizzas are also very common. Some of these are:
Easter pizza, a rustic cake with cheese and pepper from theTeramo area
Fiadoni from Chieti, a dough of eggs and cheese well risen, cooked in the oven in a thin casing of pastry
A rustic tart pastry filled with everything imaginable: eggs, fresh cheeses, ricotta, vegetables, and all sorts of flavorings and spices.
Also from Teramo are the spreadable sausages flavored with nutmeg, and liver sausages tasting of garlic and spices. Atri andRivisondoli are famous for cheeses.Mozzarella, either fresh or seasoned, is made from ewe's milk, although a great number of lesser known varieties of these cheeses can be found all over Abruzzo and Molise.
Spreadable sausage flavored with nutmeg and liver sausage with garlic and spices are hallmarks of Teramo cuisine.Ventricina from the Vasto area is made with large pieces of fat and lean pork, pressed and seasoned with powdered sweet peppers andfennel, and encased in dried pig stomach.Mortadella di Campotosto (well known in Abruzzo) is an oval, dark-redmortadella with a white column of fat. They are generally sold in pairs, tied together. Another name for the mortadella iscoglioni di mulo (donkey's balls). It is made from shoulder and loin meat,prosciutto trimmings, and fat. It is 80 percent lean meat; 25 percent is prosciutto (ham), and 20 percent ispancetta. The meat is minced and mixed with salt, pepper and white wine.
Caprino abruzzese, made from raw whole goat milk (sometimes with sheep's milk), curd, and salt
Cheese and curdstazzo, cheese and byproducts obtained from the processing of raw milk from sheep, cattle and goats
Junket vaccination or Abruzzo sprisciocca, a soft fresh cheese made from raw whole cow's milk, rennet, and salt
Pecorino d'Abruzzo: one of Abruzzo's flagship products—a mild, semi-hard (or hard) cheese with holes, made from raw whole sheep's milk, rennet, and salt
Pecorino di Atri, a compact, semi-cooked cheese made from sheep's milk, rennet and salt
Pecorino di Farindola, cheese made from sheep's milk and pork rennet (a special type of rennet, made by filling a dried pork stomach with vinegar and white wine for forty days)
Ricotta, made from the remnants of the coagulation of raw whole sheep's milk, heated after filtration
Scamorza d'Abruzzo, a stretchedcurd cheese made from cow's milk, rennet (liquid or powder) and salt
Atri andRivisondoli are known for their cheeses. Mozzarella (fresh or seasoned) is typically made from ewe's milk; many lesser-known cheeses are found throughout Abruzzo andMolise.
Croccante, a type of nougat made from almonds and caramelized sugar, often flavored with lemon[145]
Calgionetti, cagionetti, caggiunitti, caviciunette: Christmasfritters, sometimes filled with chestnuts or chickpeas and flavored with chocolate or cocoa
Bocconotti: stuffed sweets often served for Christmas
The use of oil in regional mountain and sea dishes is important; among the most common oil products are the Aprutino Pescarese, the Pretuziano delle Colline Teramane, l'Olio extra vergine di oliva delle Valli Aquilane and Colline Teatine.[146]
The region has several cultivars that includes Carboncella, Dritta (Dritta Francavillese and Dritta di Moscufo), Gentile del Chieti, Nostrana (Nostrana di Brisighella), and Sargano olive cultivars.[148]
^Tozzi, Carlo (September 2001).Preistoria e protostoria dell'Abruzzo [Prehistory and protohistory of Abruzzo] (in Italian). Chieti: Istituto italiano di preistoria e protostoria. Retrieved8 March 2024.
^Journal of Anthropological Sciences, "Towards a re-appraisal of the Early Neolithic skeleton from Lama dei Peligni (Abruzzo, Italy)" by Miliano Bruner and Giorgio Manzi, Vol. 81 (2003), pp. 69–78 (Abruzzo, Italy)
^"Archived copy"(PDF).www.eib.org. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved5 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"Pope John Paul II's blood stolen from church in Italy".The Guardian. Reuters. Archived fromthe original on 28 January 2014.In 2011, John Paul [II]'s former private secretary, Cardinal Stanislaw Dziwisz, gave the local Abruzzo community some of the late pontiff's blood as a token of the love he had felt for the mountainous area.
^"Homepage".I Borghi più Belli d'Italia.Archived from the original on 16 September 2019. Retrieved15 June 2019.
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