Abraham Cahan | |
|---|---|
 Cahanc. 1937 | |
| Born | July 7, 1860 |
| Died | August 31, 1951 (aged 91) New York City, U.S. |
| Occupation | Newspaper editor, writer |
| Language | Yiddish,English |
| Alma mater | Teachers Institute of Vilnius |
Abraham "Abe"Cahan (Yiddish: אַבֿרהם קאַהאַן; July 7, 1860 – August 31, 1951) was a Lithuanian-born Jewish-Americansocialist newspaper editor, novelist, and politician.[1] Cahan was one of the founders ofThe Forward (Yiddish:פֿאָרווערטס,romanized: Forverts,lit. 'Forward!'), an AmericanYiddish publication, and was itseditor-in-chief for 43 years.[2] During his stewardship of theForward, it became a prominent voice in the Jewish community and in theSocialist Party of America, voicing a relativelymoderate stance within the realm ofAmerican socialist politics.[3]
Abraham Cahan was born July 7, 1860, inPaberžė inLithuania (at the time inVilnius Governorate,Russian Empire), into anOrthodox,Litvak family.[4][5][6][7] His grandfather was arabbi inVidz,Vitebsk, his father a teacher ofHebrew and theTalmud. The devoutly religious family moved toVilnius in 1866, where the young Cahan studied to become a rabbi. He, however, was attracted by secular knowledge and clandestinely studiedRussian, ultimately demanding that his parents allow him to enter the Teachers Institute of Vilnius from which he graduated in 1881. He was appointed as a teacher in a Jewish school funded by the Russian government inVelizh, Vitebsk, in the same year.[8]
InTsarist Russia, repression from both the government and theRussian Orthodox Church restricted the travel, settlement, and educational opportunities of Jewish subjects, who were subject to discrimination and brutality.[9] By 1879, when Cahan was still a teenager, he had associated himself with the growing radical revolutionary movement in Russia.[10] After the EmperorAlexander II of Russia was assassinated by a member of theNarodnaya Volya in March 1881, all revolutionary sympathizers became suspect to the Russian police. In 1882 the Russian police searched Cahan’s room for radical publications that could be linked to the revolutionaries.[10] The visit from the police prompted the young socialist schoolteacher to join thegreat emigration of Russian Jews to the United States.[11] Cahan arrived by steamboat in Philadelphia on June 6 of 1882 at the age of 21 and immediately traveled toNew York City, where he would live for the rest of his life.[12]
In July 1882, barely a month after arriving in the United States, Cahan attended his first American socialist meeting, and a month later he gave his first socialist speech, speaking in Yiddish.[13] Although he found American society to be a vast improvement over life in Russia, he began to express certain criticisms of American conditions from aMarxist perspective.[10]
Cahan quickly masteredEnglish. In addition to writing for various publications, by 1883 he dedicated much of his time to teaching English toworking class Jewish immigrants. He taught at the Young Men’s Hebrew Association (YMHA) and often incorporated socialist speeches into his lesson plans.[14] He also briefly taught in the English Department at the OrthodoxEtz Chaim Yeshiva.[15] Cahan formally joined theSocialist Labor Party of America in 1887.[16] Cahan’s education in Russian and English and his literary and journalistic abilities allowed him to excel as a socialist, and toward the end of his career he was considered a leading figure of the radical Jewish left.[17]
In keeping with his socialist politics, Cahan believed that immigrants needed to combine formal learning with informal studies about local life and community customs to achieve not only an education but also integration into American society.[18][2] He also encouraged women to use labor and education to elevate their status in society.[19]
Soon after arriving in America Cahan wrote articles on socialism and science, and translated literary works for the pages of the Yiddish language newspaper of theSocialist Labor Party, theArbeiter Zeitung (Yiddish:אַרבעטער צייטונג,lit. 'Worker's Newspaper')[10] Cahan edited theArbeiter Zeitung from 1891 to 1895, and followed that position with an editorship at the paperDi Tsukunft (Yiddish:די צוקונפֿט,lit. 'The Future') through 1887.[20] Afterward, Cahan was made a full-time reporter for theNew York Commercial Advertiser, and it was this position as an apprentice of reporterLincoln Steffens that prepared Cahan for his coming role as a founding editor of theJewish Daily Forward.[21] Cahan founded theForward while he was still juggling several newspaper jobs and published its first issue in 1897.[3]
The horror of theKishinev pogrom, which theForward covered extensively, prompted Cahan to take on leadership of theForward full-time in 1903, taking over total editorial control and running the newspaper full-time until 1946.[22] In his years working at theForward, Cahan transformed the self-identified socialist newspaper from an obscure paper with only 6000 readers to the forefront of Yiddish journalism. TheJewish Daily Forward became a symbol of American socialism and Jewish immigration, and assumed the role of an Americanizing agent instructing its readers in the social, economic, political, and cultural aspects of the United States.[3] Cahan received criticism from fellow Jewish journalists because he didn’t limit the Forward to Jewish topics, but wrote on a variety of themes[2] and was one of the more temperate voices in theSocialist Party of America, respecting his readers' religious beliefs and preaching an increasingly moderate andreformist form of socialist politics as time progressed.[10]
Cahan distinguished himself through not only Yiddish literature but also his Englishfiction that dealt with thesociological andhistorical process of immigrants becoming Americans. By 1896, Cahan had published his first short story, “A Providential Match”, and just a year later he published his first novel,Yekl: A Tale of the New York Ghetto (later filmed asHester Street). By 1901, Cahan had published six of his stories in a variety of popular magazines.[3] Cahan’s most popular novel wasThe Rise of David Levinsky, a semi-autobiographical account that mirrored Cahan’s own experiences of immigration, describing a Jewish immigrant's process of Americanization[19] and showcasing the Jewish-socialist cultural establishments in New York.[23]
Cahan died of congestive heart failure on August 31, 1951, at the age of 91, in Beth Israel Hospital in New York City.[24] He was buried inMount Carmel Cemetery in Queens, New York.[25]
Cahan’s education of immigrants, his work through the Jewish Daily Forward, and his commitment to socialism influenced the Jewish immigrants in New York who came into contact with his work. In addition to influencingAmerican Jewish culture, his works were published in Russia, leaving a mark on theRussian Jewish workers' movement.[10]
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