In physics: electromagnetic momentum within dielectric media
TheAbraham–Minkowski controversy is aphysics debate concerningelectromagnetic momentum withindielectric media.[ 1] [ 2] Two equations were first suggested byHermann Minkowski (1908)[ 3] andMax Abraham (1909)[ 4] [ 5] for this momentum. They predict different values, from which the name of the controversy derives.[ 6] Experimental support has been claimed for both.[ 7] [ 8] [ 9] [ 10]
The two points of view have different physical interpretations and thus neither need be more correct than the other.[ 11] David J. Griffiths argues that, in the presence of matter, only the totalstress–energy tensor carries unambiguous physical significance; how one apportions it between an "electromagnetic" part and a "matter" part depends on context and convenience.[ 12]
Several papers have claimed to have resolved this controversy.[ 13] [ 14] [ 15] [ 16] [ 17] [ 18] [ 19]
The controversy is still claimed to have importance inphysics beyond the Standard Model where electrodynamics gets modifications, like in the presence ofaxions .[ 20]
^ Leonhardt, Ulf (2006)."Momentum in an uncertain light" .Nature .444 (7121):823– 824.Bibcode :2006Natur.444..823L .doi :10.1038/444823a .PMID 17167461 .S2CID 33682507 . ^ McDonald, K. T. (2017)."Bibliography on the Abraham–Minkowski Debate" (PDF) . Archived fromthe original (PDF) on 2022-01-20. Retrieved2018-05-23 . ^ Minkowski, H. (1908)."Die Grundgleichungen für die elektromagnetischen Vorgänge in bewegten Körpern" .Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse :53– 111. ^ Abraham, M. (1909)."Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper" .Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo .28 :1– 28.doi :10.1007/bf03018208 .S2CID 121681939 . ^ Abraham, M. (1910)."Sull'Elettrodinamica di Minkowski" .Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo .30 :33– 46.doi :10.1007/bf03014862 .S2CID 121524871 . ^ Pfeifer, R. N. C.; Nieminen, T. A; Heckenberg, N. R.; Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H. (2007). "Colloquium: Momentum of an electromagnetic wave in dielectric media".Reviews of Modern Physics .79 (4):1197– 1216.arXiv :0710.0461 .Bibcode :2007RvMP...79.1197P .CiteSeerX 10.1.1.205.8073 .doi :10.1103/RevModPhys.79.1197 . See also:Pfeifer, Robert N. C.; Nieminen, Timo A.; Heckenberg, Norman R.; Rubinsztein-Dunlop, Halina (2009). "Erratum:Colloquium: Momentum of an electromagnetic wave in dielectric media [Rev. Mod. Phys.79 , 1197 (2007)]".Reviews of Modern Physics .81 (1): 443.arXiv :0710.0461 .Bibcode :2009RvMP...81..443P .doi :10.1103/RevModPhys.81.443 . ^ A. Ashkin; J. M. Dziedzic (1973). "Radiation Pressure on a Free Liquid Surface".Physical Review Letters .30 (4):139– 142.doi :10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.139 . ^ Gretchen K. Campbell; Aaron E. Leanhardt; Jongchul Mun; Micah Boyd; Erik W. Streed; Wolfgang Ketterle; David E. Pritchard (2005). "Photon Recoil Momentum in Dispersive Media".Physical Review Letters .94 (17) 170403.arXiv :cond-mat/0502014 .doi :10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.170403 .PMID 15904272 .S2CID 2033128 . ^ Weilong She; Jianhui Yu; Raohui Feng (2008). "Observation of a Push Force on the End Face of a Nanometer Silica Filament Exerted by Outgoing Light".Physical Review Letters .101 (24) 243601.arXiv :0806.2442 .doi :10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.243601 .PMID 19113619 .S2CID 9630919 . ^ Dacey, J. (9 January 2009)."Experiment resolves century-old optics mystery" .Physics World . Retrieved18 April 2021 . ^ Milonni, Peter W.; Boyd, Robert W. (2010-12-31)."Momentum of Light in a Dielectric Medium" (PDF) .Advances in Optics and Photonics .2 (4): 519.doi :10.1364/AOP.2.000519 .ISSN 1943-8206 . Retrieved2023-07-19 . ^ Griffiths, D. J. (2012)."Resource Letter EM-1: Electromagnetic Momentum" .American Journal of Physics .80 (1):7– 18.Bibcode :2012AmJPh..80....7G .doi :10.1119/1.3641979 . ^ Gordon, J. P. (1973). "Radiation forces and momenta in dielectric media".Physical Review A .8 (1):14– 21.Bibcode :1973PhRvA...8...14G .doi :10.1103/physreva.8.14 . ^ Nelson, D. F. (1991). "Momentum, pseudomomentum, and wave momentum: Toward resolving the Minkowski–Abraham controversy".Physical Review A .44 (6):3985– 3996.Bibcode :1991PhRvA..44.3985N .doi :10.1103/physreva.44.3985 .PMID 9906414 . ^ Mansuripur, M. (2010). "Resolution of the Abraham–Minkowski controversy".Optics Communications .283 (10):1997– 2005.arXiv :1208.0872 .Bibcode :2010OptCo.283.1997M .doi :10.1016/j.optcom.2010.01.010 .S2CID 118347570 . ^ Barnett, S. (2010)."Resolution of the Abraham–Minkowski Dilemma" (PDF) .Physical Review Letters .104 (7) 070401.Bibcode :2010PhRvL.104g0401B .doi :10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.070401 .PMID 20366861 . ^ Mikko Partanen; Teppo Häyrynen; Jani Oksanen; Jukka Tulkki (2017). "Photon mass drag and the momentum of light in a medium".Physical Review A .95 (6) 063850.arXiv :1603.07224 .Bibcode :2017PhRvA..95f3850P .doi :10.1103/PhysRevA.95.063850 .S2CID 53420774 . ^ Mikko Partanen; Jukka Tulkki (2021). "Covariant theory of light in a dispersive medium".Physical Review A .104 (2) 023510.arXiv :2105.04053 .Bibcode :2021PhRvA.104b3510P .doi :10.1103/PhysRevA.104.023510 .S2CID 234336055 . ^ Cahaya, Adam B. (2025-09-19). "Zitterbewegung, momentum, and spin dynamics of electromagnetic waves in a linear dielectric medium".Physical Review A : 112.arXiv :2505.22270 .doi :10.1103/sxh8-q8tq . ^ Tobar, Michael E.; McAllister, Ben T.; Goryachev, Maxim (2022-02-15)."Poynting vector controversy in axion modified electrodynamics" .Physical Review D .105 (4) 045009.arXiv :2109.04056 .doi :10.1103/PhysRevD.105.045009 .ISSN 2470-0010 .S2CID 246430570 .