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Lozynskyi's abecadło (/ˌɑːbɛˈtsɑːdloʊ/ah-bet-SAHD-loh;Ukrainian:абецадло,Polish:abecadło) was a kind ofLatin alphabet for the Ukrainian language, which was developed on the basis of thePolish alphabet and published inGalicia in 1834 by Joseph Lozynskyi. Lozynskyi proposed to adopt this alphabet instead of the Church Slavonic Cyrillic alphabet. The idea failed due to criticism from the Ukrainian Galician intelligentsia, including theRuthenian Triad.
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In 1834, Joseph Lozynskyi proposed the complete translation of theRuthenian (Ukrainian) language into the Latin alphabet, writing an article on the introduction of the Polish alphabet to the Ruthenian alphabet (O wprowadzeniu abecadła polskiego do piśmiennictwa ruskiego) and elaborating (in Ukrainian) the manuscript the book "Ruskoje wesile" (1835).[1] He based his alphabet on Polish spelling. Lozynskyi was not the first to express this idea: in the early 19th century. Schletzer suggested something similar in his work on Nestor the Chronicler,Josip Voltiggi in the Dictionary of Illyrian, Italian, and German, and a few years laterJernej Kopitar and A. Pachmayer.
Lozynsky's grammar was approved by Erney Kopitar, but neither its first nor the second edition was published. The reason for this in the first attempt of the publication was that Lozynskyi undertook new research, while the second edition was rejected by the Lviv censor Venedikt Levitsky. Lozynsky's grammar was an attempt to solve the problem of unsuitability of the Church Slavonic Cyrillic alphabet for the new literary Ukrainian language, which began to develop in the early 19th century, based on the vernacular. Despite the fact that some Ukrainian figures supported this idea (for example, Ivan Holovatsky, the brother of Yakov Holovatskyi),[2] in general it did not gain wide recognition. In particular, Ukrainian cultural figures protested against this — theRuthenian Triad (in particular,Markiian Shashkevych in the article "Azbuka and Abecadło"),[3] Yosyp Levytskyi (the articleOdpowiedź na zdanie o zaprowadzeniu abecadła polskiego do piśmiennictwa ruskiego).
Polish figures were also interested in adopting the Latin alphabet for Ruthenian writing. In 1836, Lucian Semensky's article "Literatura krajowa" appeared, in which the author defended Lozynsky's idea.
Lozynsky's project was called the "Abecadło" (from the Polishabecadło — the alphabet), and the controversy over the introduction of Ukrainian Latin — the "Alphabet War". Despite the failure of the idea of universal adoption of the alphabet for the Ukrainian language, it was sometimes used to print books in Ukrainian — both in Austria and later in interwarPoland, and even duringWorld War II. In addition, in 1852, the Austrian EmperorFranz Joseph I ordered to respond to the appeal of Ukrainians in Ukrainian in the Latin alphabet of Lozynsky.[4]
Lozynskyi's project was based mainly on the phonetic principle of spelling. However, it also had a number of etymological features.
The first of these are listed at the beginning of the book «Ruskoje wesile»[5] in «Uwahach dla czytajuczych»:
Lozynskyi based his alphabet on the Polish alphabet and several Czech and Slovak letters to denote consonants that are not softened in Polish:Ďď, R'r', Ťť.
| Aa | Bb | Cc | Ćć | Czcz | Dd | Ďď | Ee | Éé |
| Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Łł | Mm |
| Nn | Ńń | Oo | Óó | Pp | Rr | R'r' | Ss | Śś |
| Szsz | Tt | Ťť | Uu | Ww | Yy | Zz | Źź | Żż |