Born inMecca,Hejaz,Ottoman Empire, Abdullah was the second of four sons ofHussein bin Ali,Sharif of Mecca, and his first wife, Abdiyya bint Abdullah. He was educated inIstanbul and Hejaz. From 1909 to 1914, Abdullah sat in the Ottoman legislature, as deputy for Mecca, but allied withBritain during theFirst World War. During the war, he played a key role in secret negotiations with theUnited Kingdom that led to theArab Revolt against Ottoman rule that was led by his father Sharif Hussein.[6] Abdullah personally led guerrilla raids on garrisons.[7]
In 1910, Abdullah persuaded his father to stand, successfully, for GrandSharif of Mecca, a post for which Hussein acquired British support. In the following year, he became deputy for Mecca in the parliament established by theYoung Turks, acting as an intermediary between his father and the Ottoman government.[10] In 1914, Abdullah paid a clandestine visit to Cairo to meetLord Kitchener, the United Kingdom'sSecretary of State for War, to seek British support for his father's ambitions in Arabia.[11]
Abdullah maintained contact with the British throughout the First World War and in 1915 encouraged his father to enter into correspondence withSir Henry McMahon, British high commissioner in Egypt, about Arab independence from Turkish rule (seeMcMahon–Hussein Correspondence).[10] This correspondence in turn led to the Arab Revolt against theOttomans.[3] During theArab Revolt of 1916–18, Abdullah commanded the Arab Eastern Army.[11] Abdullah began his role in the Revolt by attacking the Ottoman garrison atTa'if on 10 June 1916.[12]
The garrison consisted of 3,000 men with ten75-mm Krupp guns. Abdullah led a force of 5,000 tribesmen, but they did not have the weapons or discipline for a full attack. Instead, he laid siege to town. In July, he received reinforcements from Egypt in the form ofhowitzer batteries manned by Egyptian personnel. He then joined the siege ofMedina commanding a force of 4,000 men based to the east and north-east of the town.[13]
In early 1917, Abdullah ambushed an Ottoman convoy in the desert, and captured £20,000 worth of gold coins that were intended to bribe theBedouin into loyalty to the Sultan.[14] In August 1917, Abdullah worked closely with the French Captain Muhammand Ould Ali Raho in sabotaging theHejaz Railway.[15] Abdullah's relations with the British CaptainT. E. Lawrence were not good, and as a result, Lawrence spent most of his time in the Hejaz serving with Abdullah's brother,Faisal, who commanded the Arab Northern Army.[11]
Abdullah arrives in Amman 1920Abdullah 1920Abdullah I of Transjordan during the visit to Turkey with Turkish presidentMustafa Kemal 1937
On 8 March 1920, Abdullah was proclaimed King of Iraq by the Iraqi Congress but he refused the position. After his refusal, his brotherFaisal who had just been defeated in Syria, accepted the position.[3][6] When French forces captured Damascus after theBattle of Maysalun (24 July 1920) and expelled his brotherFaisal (27 July–1 August 1920), Abdullah moved his forces from Hejaz into Transjordan with a view to liberating Damascus, where his brother had been proclaimed King in 1918.[10]
Having heard of Abdullah's plans,Winston Churchill invited Abdullah to Cairo in 1921 for a famous "tea party", where he convinced Abdullah to stay put and not attack Britain's allies, the French. Churchill told Abdullah that French forces were superior to his and that the British did not want any trouble with the French. Abdullah headed to Transjordan andestablished an emirate there on 11 April 1921[clarification needed] after being welcomed into the country by its inhabitants.[3]
Although Abdullah established a legislative council in 1928, its role remained advisory, leaving him to rule as an autocrat.[10] Prime ministers under Abdullah formed 18 governments during the 23 years of the Emirate.[citation needed]
Abdullah set about the task of building Transjordan with the help of a reserve force headed by Lieutenant-ColonelFrederick Peake, who was seconded from the Palestine police in 1921.[10] The force, renamed theArab Legion in 1923, was led byJohn Bagot Glubb between 1930 and 1956.[10] During World War II, Abdullah was a faithful British ally, maintaining strict order within Transjordan, and helping to suppress a pro-Axis uprising in Iraq.[10] The Arab Legion assisted in the occupation of Iraq and Syria.[3]
King Abdullah declaring the end of the British Mandate and the independence of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, 25 May 1946.The Independence of JordanKing Abdullah I of Jordan after Jordanian independence 1946
Abdullah negotiated with Britain to gain independence. On 25 May 1946, the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan (renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on 26 April 1949) was proclaimed independent. On the same day, Abdullah was crowned king inAmman.[3][16]
King Abdullah I of Transjordan and King Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia in 1947King Abdullah I of Transjordan and King Farouk I of Egypt
Abdullah, alone among the Arab leaders of his generation, was considered a moderate by the West.[17][18] It is possible that he might have been willing to sign a separate peace agreement with Israel, but for theArab League's militant opposition. Because of his dream for aGreater Syria within the borders of what was thenTransjordan, Syria, Lebanon, andPalestine under a Hashemite dynasty with "a throne in Damascus," many Arab countries distrusted Abdullah and saw him as both "a threat to the independence of their countries and they also suspected him of being in cahoots with the enemy" and in return, Abdullah distrusted the leaders of other Arab countries.[19][20][21]
Abdullah supported thePeel Commission in 1937, which proposed that Palestine be split up into a small Jewish state (20 percent of theBritish Mandate for Palestine) and the remaining land be annexed into Transjordan. The Arabs within Palestine and the surrounding Arab countries objected to the Peel Commission while the Jews accepted it reluctantly.[22] Ultimately, the Peel Commission was not adopted. In 1947, when the UN supportedpartition of Palestine into one Jewish and one Arab state, Abdullah was the only Arab leader supporting the decision.[3]
In 1946–48, Abdullah supported partition in order that the Arab allocated areas of the British Mandate for Palestine could be annexed into Transjordan. Abdullah went so far as to have secret meetings with theJewish Agency for Israel. Future Israeli prime ministerGolda Meir was among the delegates to these meetings that came to a mutually agreed upon partition plan independently of the United Nations in November 1947.[23]
On 17 November 1947, in a secret meeting with Golda Meir, Abdullah stated that he wished to annex all of the Arab parts as a minimum, and would prefer to annex all of Palestine.[24][25] This partition plan was supported by British Foreign SecretaryErnest Bevin who preferred to see Abdullah's territory increased at the expense of the Palestinians rather than risk the creation of a Palestinian state headed by theMufti of JerusalemMohammad Amin al-Husayni.[10][26]
Historian Graham Jevon discusses the Shlaim and Karsh interpretations of the critical meeting and accepts that there may not have been a "firm agreement" as posited by Shlaim while claiming it is clear that the parties openly discussed the possibility of a Hashemite-Zionist accommodation and further says it is "indisputable" that the Zionists confirmed that they were willing to accept Abdullah's intention.[27]
On 4 May 1948, Abdullah, as a part of the effort to seize as much of Palestine as possible, sent in the Arab Legion to attack the Israeli settlements in the Etzion Bloc.[24] Less than a week before the outbreak of the1948 Arab–Israeli War, Abdullah met with Meir for one last time on 11 May 1948.[24] Abdullah told Meir, "Why are you in such a hurry to proclaim your state? Why don't you wait a few years? I will take over the whole country and you will be represented in my parliament. I will treat you very well and there will be no war".[24]
Abdullah proposed to Meir the creation "of an autonomous Jewishcanton within a Hashemite kingdom," but "Meir countered back that in November, they had agreed on a partition withJewish statehood."[28] Depressed by the unavoidable war that would come between Jordan and theYishuv, oneJewish Agency representative wrote, "[Abdullah] will not remain faithful to the 29 November [UN Partition] borders, but [he] will not attempt to conquer all of our state [either]."[29] Abdullah too found the coming war to be unfortunate, in part because he "preferred a Jewish state [as Transjordan's neighbour] to a Palestinian Arab state run by themufti."[28]
The Palestinian Arabs, the neighbouring Arab states, the promise of the expansion of territory and the goal to conquerJerusalem finally pressured Abdullah into joining them in an "all-Arab military intervention" on 15 May 1948. He used the military intervention to restore his prestige in the Arab world, which had grown suspicious of his relatively good relationship with Western and Jewish leaders.[28][30] Abdullah was especially anxious to take Jerusalem as compensation for the loss of the guardianship of Mecca, which had traditionally been held by the Hashemites untilIbn Saudseized the Hejaz in 1925.[31]
Abdullah's role in this war became substantial. He distrusted the leaders of the other Arab nations and thought they had weak military forces; the other Arabs distrusted Abdullah in return.[32][33] He saw himself as the "supreme commander of the Arab forces" and "persuaded theArab League to appoint him" to this position.[34] His forces under their British commanderGlubb Pasha did not approach the area set aside for the Jewish state, though they clashed with the Yishuv forces around Jerusalem, intended to be an international zone.[citation needed] According toAbdullah el-Tell it was the King's personal intervention that led to theArab Legion entering theOld City against Glubb's wishes.[32]
On 16 July 1951,Riad Al Solh, a former prime minister of Lebanon, was assassinated in Amman, where rumours were circulating that Lebanon and Jordan were discussing a joint separate peace with Israel.[32]
Visiting the Dome of the Rock, 1948King Abdullah, in white, leaving theAl-Aqsa Mosque compound a few weeks before his assassination, July 1951King Abdullah withGlubb Pasha, the day before Abdullah's assassination, 19 July 1951Abdullah's coffin with mourners.
On 20 July 1951, King Abdullah of Jordan was assassinated while visiting Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem by Mustafa Shukri Ashu, a Palestinian tailor's apprentice associated with a groupseeking anindependent Palestinian state. Abdullah, who was accompanied by his grandson Prince Hussein, was shot during Friday prayers, with three bullets hitting his head and chest. Prince Hussein survived when a medal he wore deflected a bullet.
The assassination was attributed to a secret group linked to theMuslim Brotherhood, with political ties to the formerGrand Mufti of Jerusalem. The assassin was shot dead by Abdullah's guards, and several individuals, including Colonel Abdullah at-Tell and members of the Husseini family, were later implicated in the plot. Abdullah's death led to his son Talal taking over, before his son Hussein later succeeded him. The assassination is thought to have influenced Hussein's decision not to pursue peace talks with Israel after the Six-Day War.[citation needed]
In 1904, Abdullah married his first wife, SharifaMusbah bint Nasser (1884 – 15 March 1961), at Stinia Palace,İstinye,Istanbul,Ottoman Empire. She was a daughter ofEmir Nasser Pasha and his wife, Dilber Khanum. They had three children:
Princess Haya (1907–1990). Married Abdul-Karim Ja'afar Zeid Dhaoui.
^abcHashemite Monarchs of Jordan, "The Emirate of Transjordan was founded on 11 April 1921, and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan upon formal independence from Britain in 1946". alhussein.jo.
Sela, Avraham, ed. (2002).The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. New York: Continuum.
Sela, "Abdallah Ibn Hussein". pp. 13–14.
"al-Husseini, Hajj (Muhammad) Amin". pp. 360–362.
Shlaim, Avi (1988).Collusion across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist movement, and the partition of Palestine. Columbia University Press.ISBN978-0-231-06838-3.OCLC876002691.
Shlaim, Avi (2007).Lion of Jordan; The life of King Hussein in War and Peace. Allen LaneISBN978-0-7139-9777-4
Thornhill, Michael T. (2004).Abdullah ibn Hussein (1882–1951). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press; online edn, Jan 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2009.
Wilson, Mary Christina (1990).King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan. Cambridge University Press.ISBN0-521-39987-4.
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