| Abdollah Mirza | |
|---|---|
 Abdollah Mirza as depicted by an anonymous Armenian painter | |
| Born | (1796-11-25)25 November 1796 Shiraz, Qajar Iran |
| Died | 18 June 1846(1846-06-18) (aged 49) |
| Issue | Mohsen Mirza Mir Akhor |
| Royal house | Qajar dynasty |
| Father | Fath-Ali Shah Qajar |
| Mother | Kulthum Khanum |
Abdollah Mirza Qajar (Persian:شاهزاده عبدالله میرزا قاجار; 25 November 1796 – 18 June 1846) was an Iranian prince (shahzadeh) of theQajar dynasty, the 11th son ofFath-Ali Shah Qajar, the second shah ofQajar Iran from 1797 to 1834. Abdollah was the governor ofZanjan. He had two children, Mohsen Mirza and Shams al-Molok, with his wife. Other than that, he had 19 sons and 9 daughters from hisconcubines.
Abdollah Mirza distinguished himself early on in theRusso-Iranian War of 1826. Though his administration was accompanied by growth and development, he was twice ousted from the government due to complaints. The second time, Fath-Ali Shah handed over the rule of Zanjan to his other son, Fathollah Mirza. Following the death of Fath-Ali Shah, Abdollah tried to reclaim his rule by mobilizing and attacking Zanjan but failed. When during the early reign ofMohammad Shah Qajar (r. 1834-1848) the eldest sons of Fath-Ali Shah rebelled against him, Abdollah Mirza, unlike his other brothers, went on to confirm his rule.
He spent the last years of his life in the capitalTehran away from government jobs and spent time with scholars and writers, writing literary works and poetry. He wrote poetry under the pseudonym "Dara" and in addition to two books, wrote adivan of over fifty thousand verses.
Abdollah Mirza was born on 25 November 1796 inShiraz as the eleventh[1] son of Baba Khan (later known asFath-Ali Shah Qajar;r. 1797-1834) and asayyida mother named Kulthum Khanum,[2] aMazandarani lady from a local landholder family.[3] After the death of Fath-Ali Shah, she was one of few of his wives that were allowed to visit his successor and grandson,Mohammad Shah Qajar (r. 1834-1848).[3] At Abdollah Mirza's birth,Agha Mohammad Khan was the ruling monarch. In 1797, when Abdollah Mirza was one year old, his father Baba Khan was crowned asShah of Iran with theregnal name of Fath-Ali Shah after his predecessor's assassination.[4]
Abdollah Mirza lived in his father's court in Tehran until he was thirteen years old. He benefited from the "wise men" there and received the education fit for a prince.[5]
In March 1809, Abdollah Mirza, who was thirteen at the time, was appointed by his father to rule the cities of Zanjan,Sojas,Sohrevard,Abhar, andSoltanieh. He was also the governor of theKhamseh province.[2] Mohammad Taqi Saheb Ali Abadi,[2] Fath-Ali Shah's favorite poet, was appointed as Abdollah Mirza'sregent.[6] Because of his guardian's teachings, Abdollah Mirza developed a taste in poetry. Ali Abadi served as regent for Abdollah Mirza until 1819, when Fath-Ali Shah ordered him to return to Tehran.[7] Abdollah Mirza's rule over Zanjan was a period of prosperity and development. By his order, theJameh Mosque of Zanjan (built in 1826) and Zanjan Government House were built. The ZanjanBazaar was expanded as well.[7]
In 1810, Abdollah Mirza was informed of valuables being discovered in an area by a mountain near Zanjan. Abdollah sent for an investigation.[8] They discovered the tomb ofArghun Khan,Ilkhan ofIlkhanate which was filled with gold and jewelry.[9] Abdollah Mirza brought the findings to Tehran and presented them to Fath-Ali Shah. They were placed in the treasury by the Shah's order. After this incident, PrinceHossein Ali Mirza Farman Farma, governor ofFars and brother of Abdollah Mirza, immediately opened tombs ofAchaemenid shahs inMarvdasht and found them empty.[5][10][a]
In 1811[7] (or according to another source, 1812[12]), Abdollah Mirza, aged fifteen, married the daughter of Soleyman Khan Qajar Etezad ol-Dowleh,[2]laleh ofAbbas Mirza. As a result of the marriage, Abdollah Mirza was considered a relative ofMalek Jahan Khanom, wife of Mohammad Shah Qajar and mother of the futureNaser al-Din Shah Qajar (r. 1848-1896). According to tradition, Abdollah Mirza's family took a summer trip to Soltanieh, where Fath-Ali Shah held a wedding party there for the new couple.[12] Abdollah Mirza had two children, Mohsen Mirza and Shams al-Molok, with his wife. Otherwise, he had 19 sons and 9 daughters from his many concubines.[3]
In 1822, during theOttoman-Persian War, Abdollah Mirza joined his nephew Muhammad Hussein Mirza Heshmat al-Dawlah, son ofDowlatshah by his father's order. They were on their way to Iraq to conquerBaghdad andShahr-e Zur. Abdollah Mirza took command of soldiers fromAstarabad,Damghan, andSemnan and headed to Shahr-e Zur with his army. He initially succeeded, but with an outbreak ofcholera among the army, the troops dispersed.[13]
During theSecond Russo-Persian War, Abdollah Mirza moved toArdabil with an army to helpAbbas Mirza, the crown prince and his older brother. During the war, Abdollah Mirza foughtValerian Madatov, a veteran of both Russo-Persian wars, and successfully looted horses, guns, and supplies.[2]
In 1827,vassals complained to Fath-Ali Shah about Abdollah Mirza and the Shah removed him from the government, but by offering 12,000tomans to his father, he was able to regain the governorship. The date of his second removal from governorship is unknown, but in 1834, the governor of Zanjan was Fathollah Mirza (35th son of Fath Ali Shah), and at that time Abdollah Mirza was serving his father.[14] The exact reasons why Abdollah Mirza was ousted are unknown, but according toJames Edward Alexander, aScottish soldier and traveller, who met him in 1821, Abdollah's character was greedy and tyrannical and his subjects were the most oppressed people in Iran. As a result of his government, people suffered from poverty and the temperament of plunder and shamelessness had prevailed over them.[15]
Abdollah Mirza accompanied Fath-Ali Shah on his trip toFars in 1834.[16] However, the shah died while inIsfahan.[1] After his father's death, Abdollah Mirza rushed to Zanjan to oust Fathollah Mirza and take over.[17] Abdollah Mirza had buried property under government buildings in Zanjan during his rule, he feared that if he did not take control of the city, he would lose all of it.[17] He reached Zanjan in a short time and gathered and mounted three thousand men from the villages of that area and the Valusi tribe. Ten days later, he went to Zanjan and camped a mile from the city. In return, Fathollah Mirza prepared an experienced and well-equipped army to confront his brother.[18]
Abdollah Mirza's troops, who were from different clans, were aware of the situation of Fathollah Mirza's forces and predicted the severity of the battle ahead. They dispersed two hours before dawn before any confrontation took place, and Abdollah Mirza was forced to flee toQazvin. A few days later, Prince Mohammad Mirza (the son of the late crown prince, Abbas Mirza), who was heading fromTabriz to Tehran to sit on the throne, arrived in Zanjan and ratified the rule of Fathollah Mirza.[18] Abdollah Mirza, who had failed to reclaim his rule, returned to Tehran and pledged allegiance to his nephew, Mohammad Shah, as King of Iran.[13]
During the reign of Mohammad Shah, Abdollah Mirza resigned from government affairs. He often traveled with the Shah and took part inMohammad Shah's expedition of Herat.[19] According to the modern historian, Ardakani, Abdollah Mirza foretold his own death and died on that exact date, 18 June 1846.[2]
Abdollah Mirza studiedIslamic astronomy under his brother Mohammad Vali Mirza.[2] Abdollah Mirza was also a writer and poet. He wrote poetry under the pseudonym "Dara"[2] and knew the principles of poetry andprose. Hisdivan consists of fifty thousand verses and contains poems and lyric poems. Another divan he wrote wasDivan-e Marathi. He also co-wrote a satiricalmathnavi calledGolnameh orKalnameh about the life of a balding person with his brother Mohammad Reza Mirza.[20] The only known prose work of Abdollah Mirza is a satirical book that was completed in 1845,Qanun va Basat Neshat.[20]
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