| Emperor Taizu of Liao 遼太祖 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor ofKhitan Empire | |||||||||||||||||||||
 Modern artistic depiction of Abaoji | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Emperor of theLiao dynasty | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 916–926 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Dynasty established | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Emperor Taizong | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | Abaoji (阿保機) 872 Xialaiyishilie Township, Diela Tribe | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 6 September 926(926-09-06) (aged 53–54) Fuyu,Khitan Empire | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Burial | Zuling Mausoleum (祖陵, in present-dayBairin Left Banner, Inner Mongolia) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | Empress Shulü | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| House | Yelü | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Dynasty | Liao | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Father | Yelü Saladi | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Xiao Yanmujin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Abaoji | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 阿保機 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 阿保机 | ||||||||
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| Emperor Taizu of Liao | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 遼太祖 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 辽太祖 | ||||||||
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| Yelü Yi(sinicised name) | |||||||||
| Chinese | 耶律億 | ||||||||
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Abaoji (872 – 6 September 926), posthumously known by histemple name as theEmperor Taizu of Liao,[1][2] was aKhitan leader and the foundingemperor of theLiao dynasty of China, ruling from 916 to 926.[3] He had asinicised name,Yelü Yi; some sources suggest that Abaoji's family name,Yelü, was adopted during his lifetime,[3] although there is no consensus amongst historians on this point.
Abaoji was born in 872 inSouthern Mongolia and had a turbulent childhood. His grandfather was killed in a conflict between tribes, and his father and uncles fled. He was hidden by his grandmother for his safety. He becamekhagan of the Khitans on 27 February 907,[4] and was subsequently enthroned as emperor in 916, proclaiming his ownera name.[5] He died on 6 September 926.[4] He was responsible for the conquest and unification of all ofInner Mongolia,northern China and southernManchuria.[3] After the Khitan Empire became theLiao dynasty in 942, Abaoji was posthumously considered a Liao emperor.
Later generations of Chinese historians record a variety of legends that surrounded the birth of Abaoji. According to the legends, his motherXiao Yanmujin dreamt that the sun fell from the sky and into her bosom, from which her pregnancy followed. When she gave birth, the room was said to have become filled with a mysterious light and extraordinary fragrance. As a newborn, Abaoji's body was said to be that of a three-year-old, and the legends go on to say that he was walking at the age of three months. He was even recorded as being able to see events before they occurred.[6]
The location of theKhitans in relation to the other neighbouring tribes is of importance. The Khitans resided on the east slope of theGreater Khingan Mountains. West of the mountains were other nomadic pastoral tribes such as theShiwei and theXi, along with theTurkicUighur tribe. These other tribes had inter-married with the Khitans. Further west were theTatars, a warlike tribe on theMongolian Plateau. East and north-east lay theJurchens all the way to theAmur river. They were a peaceful people who resided in small villages and subsisted by hunting and fishing. Across theLiao River to the east and south-east as far as theYalu River lay theBalhae people, the majority of whom comprised a settled agricultural society.
The Yaonian clan had dominated the leadership of the Khitan[6] tribes since the 750s. They maintained good relations with theTang dynasty to the south. However, by the end of the ninth century, leaders of the powerful Yila tribe were expressing dissatisfaction with the Yaonian khans. Abaoji's father had been the elected chieftain of the Yila tribe. As surnames were considered a marker ofHan culture, they were not used by the Khitan people outside of the Yaonian imperial clan.
Abaoji became chieftain of the Yila tribe in 901, and in 903 he was named the Yuyue, commander of all of the Khitan military forces. This had the effect of making him second only to the great khan in the hierarchy of the Khitan state. He started making a name for himself in 905 when he led 70,000 cavalry intoShanxi to create a brotherhood withLi Keyong. Not only did he offer "brotherhood" but he pledged support againstZhu Wen.[7] This showed that he was willing to be more aggressive than the Great Khan. In 907, he appeared at the triennial council and demanded to be named thekhagan, the Khan of khans. His successes against the Han people in the north, against whom he had been raiding since 901, led to him receiving the support of seven tribal chiefs and even the acquiescence of the last Yaonian Great Khan.[8]
From 907 until 916, Abaoji was beset with constant uprisings and rebellions, mostly instigated by his own family members (cousins and brothers). He eventually won them over by persuading them that they could become more successful as a dynasty. With his walled city showing off the tribe's wealth and power, he appointed all the usurpers to positions of influence which placated them. Abaoji's skilful manipulation of his enemies allowed him to increase his own and his tribe's power.[9]
Abaoji's ongoing success was due to his ability to introduce innovations to Khitan society. Arguably the most important was the introduction of a dual administrative system in which nomadic steppe peoples would be governed by steppe traditions while sedentary populations in conqueredBalhae andnorth China would be governed by a civil bureaucracy run largely onHan protocols. While this did not receive universal support from tribal leaders due to the erosion of their own powers, this became the model that later steppe peoples would use to govern their diverse empires.[10]
Two other important innovations were introduced in 916. He adopted Han court formalities in which he declared himself Celestial Emperor in the Han style and adopted anera name, also in the Han manner of ruling. The second was to name his son,Yelü Bei, as his heir apparent, also a first in Khitan society and something that directly contrasted with Khitan notions of rule by merit. This second innovation did not take hold easily as only a few of his successors experienced simple successions.[11][12]
He also organised his followers into warrior units known asorda, and then by joining 12 ordas together, he formed an administrative district.[1]
In 918, Abaoji had a new walled city built. A Chinese city was built adjacent to this city in which artisans' shops, commercial shops and warehouses were constructed. Later, five capital cities would be built, including aSupreme Capital (上京), that served as the base of Khitan administration.[11]
Abaoji ordered the development of aKhitan large script in 920. This script looks superficially like Chinese writing. However, it bears little resemblance to Chinese writing, and the two were mutually unintelligible. Five years later, the arrival of aUyghur delegation led Abaoji to order his younger brother,Yelü Diela, to develop anew script on more syllabic principles. Unlike the Japanese and Koreans, the Khitans managed to adopt the cultural and administrative tool of writing without the baggage of Han culture and grammar that came with the wholesale adoption of Chinese characters.[13]
By the time he died of typhoid fever at the age of 54, Abaoji had captured the entireBalhae state,[14] keeping their ruling family as nobility ruling his new fiefdom. His eastern boundaries were theYalu River and theUssuri River. His westward progression had gone far onto theMongolian Plateau. By the time of his death, he had not acted on his plan to move south.[15]
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Li Cunxu, the son ofLi Keyong, who had formed a bond with Abaoji back in 905, founded theLater Tang on the ashes of theLater Liang in 923. On Li Cunxu's death, though relations between the two had soured, the proper forms were followed and an emissary was sent to the Khitan capital. The souring of relations occurred probably due to the aggressiveness of Abaoji, as in 922 and 923 he had led an army deep intoHebei, looting and taking prisoners along the way. This was in essence Later Tang territory.[16]
Yao Kun was sent by theLater Tang court to meet with Abaoji in 926. He caught up with the Khitan ruler inManchuria while he was on campaign against theBalhae kingdom and while he was encamped at Fuyu in present-dayJilin Province. Abaoji demanded that theLater Tang surrender theSixteen Prefectures. If they were given up, there would be no reason for Abaoji to invadeChina proper. Yao Kun stated that this demand was not in his power to grant. This response landed Yao Kun in prison, where he still was when Abaoji died from illness on 6 September 926.[4][17]
ThoughYelü Bei was designated heir apparent in 916, theempress dowagerShulü Ping did not consider him to be worthy and managed to have her second son Deguang succeed to the throne. Deguang became known to history asEmperor Taizong and he reigned from 926 to 947.[18]
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Consort and issue(s):
Abaoji House of Yelü (916–1125) Born: 872 Died: 926 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
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| Preceded by Dynasty created | Emperor of the Khitan 916–926 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Emperor of China (EasternInner Mongolia) 916–926 | |
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