American multinational telecommunications holding company
This article is about the holding company known as AT&T since 2005. For the original AT&T founded in 1885, seeAT&T Corporation. For other uses, seeAT&T (disambiguation).
"Southwestern Bell Corporation" redirects here. For the local telephone company founded in 1882, seeSouthwestern Bell.
The modern company to bear the AT&T name began its history as the American District Telegraph Company, formed inSt. Louis in 1878.[7] After expanding services to Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas through a series of mergers, it became the Southwestern Bell Telephone Company in 1920.[8] Southwestern Bell was a subsidiary ofthe original American Telephone & Telegraph Company, itself founded in 1885 as a subsidiary of the originalBell Telephone Company founded byAlexander Graham Bell in 1877.[9][10][11] In 1899, AT&T became the parent company after the American Bell Telephone Company sold its assets to its subsidiary.[12] During most of the 20th century, AT&T had a nearmonopoly on phone service in the United States through itsBell System of local operating companies. This led to AT&T's common nickname of "Ma Bell". The company was formally rebranded asAT&T Corporation in 1994.[13]
In 2005, SBC purchased its former parent AT&T Corp. and took on the latter's branding, history, and stock trading symbol, as well as a version of its iconic logo. The merged entity, naming itself AT&T Inc., launched on December 30, 2005.[17] The newly merged and renamed AT&T Inc. acquiredBellSouth Corporation in 2006, the last independent Baby Bell, making the two companies' joint ventureCingular Wireless (which had itself acquiredAT&T Wireless in 2004) a wholly owned subsidiary of AT&T Inc. Cingular was then rebranded asAT&T Mobility.
AT&T Inc. also acquiredTime Warner in 2016,[18][19] with the proposed merger confirmed on June 12, 2018[20] and the aim of making AT&T Inc. the largest and controlling shareholder of Time Warner, which it then rebranded as WarnerMedia in 2018. The company later withdrew its equity stake in WarnerMedia in 2022 and merged it withDiscovery, Inc. to createWarner Bros. Discovery, divesting itself of its media arm.
AT&T was founded as Bell Telephone Company byAlexander Graham Bell,Thomas Watson andGardiner Greene Hubbard after Bell's patenting of the telephone in 1875.[21] By 1881, Bell Telephone Company had become the American Bell Telephone Company.[22] One of its subsidiaries was the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), established in 1885.[23] On December 30, 1899, AT&T acquired the assets of its parent American Bell Telephone, becoming the new parent company.[24]AT&T established a network of local telephone subsidiaries in the United States. AT&T and its subsidiaries held a phone servicemonopoly, authorized in 1913 by government authorities with theKingsbury Commitment, throughout most of the twentieth century.[25] This monopoly was known as theBell System,[26] and during this period, AT&T was also known by the nicknameMa Bell.[27]
In 1982, U.S.regulators broke up the AT&T monopoly, requiring AT&T to divest its local subsidiaries, which it did by grouping them into seven individual companies.[28] These new companies were known as Regional Bell Operating Companies, or more informally, Baby Bells.[29] Southwestern Bell Corporation (SBC) was one of the companies created by the breakup of AT&T Corp.[30] (Later renamed SBC Communications Inc.)
AT&T continued to operate long-distance services but faced increasing competition from competitors such asMCI andSprint.[31]
AT&T soon started a series of acquisitions, including the 1987 acquisition ofMetromedia mobile business and the acquisition of several cable companies in the early 1990s.[citation needed] In the latter half of the 1990s, AT&T acquired several other telecommunications companies, including two Baby Bells (Pacific Telesis Group andAmeritech Corporation),[32] while selling its cable business.[33] In early 1997C. Michael Armstrong was named CEO, and Armstrong appointedJohn Zeglis as president later in that same year. By 1998, the company was in the top 15 of the Fortune 500, and by 1999, when Zeglis assumed the positions of chairman and CEO ofAT&T Wireless, AT&T was part of theDow Jones Industrial Average (lasting through 2015).[34][35] Zeglis ended his service as president of AT&T in 2001 and resigned from his positions in AT&T Wireless in 2004.
Purchase of former parent and acquisitions (2005–2013)
On November 18, 2005, SBC Communications purchased its former parent, AT&T Corporation for $16 billion.[36] After this purchase, SBC adopted the better-known AT&T name and brand, with the original AT&T Corporation still existing as the long-distance landline subsidiary of the merged company.[37] The current AT&T Inc. claims the original AT&T Corporation's history (dating to 1877) as its own,[38] but retains SBC's pre-2005 corporate structure and stock price history. As well, all SEC filings before 2005 are under SBC, not AT&T.
AT&T madean attempt in 2011 to purchaseT-Mobile for a $39 billion stock and cash offer.[39] The bid was withdrawn after the takeover company was faced with significant regulatory and legal hurdles, along with heavy resistance from the U.S. government. As per the original acquisition agreement, T-Mobile received $3 billion in cash as well as access to $1 billion worth of AT&T-held wireless spectrum.[40][41]
In September 2013, AT&T announced it would expand intoLatin America through a collaboration withAmérica Móvil.[42] In December 2013, AT&T announced plans to sell its Connecticut wireline operations to Stamford-basedFrontier Communications.[43]
AT&T acquiredBellSouth Corporation on December 29, 2006, followingFCC approval.[44] The transaction consolidated ownership and management of Cingular Wireless.[45] AT&T rebranded its wireless retail stores from Cingular to AT&T in January 2007.[46]
In late 2014, AT&T purchased Mexican cellular carrierIusacell,[47] and two months later, it purchased the Mexican wireless business ofNII Holdings.[48] AT&T merged the two companies to createAT&T Mexico.[49]
On October 22, 2016, AT&T announced a deal to buyTime Warner for $108.7 billion in an effort to increase its media holdings.[56][57][58][59][60][61] On November 20, 2017, Assistant Attorney GeneralMakan Delrahim filed a lawsuit for theUnited States Department of Justice Antitrust Division to block the merger with Time Warner, saying it "will harm competition, result in higher bills for consumers and less innovation."[62][63] On June 12, 2018, U.S. District Court JudgeRichard J. Leon ruled that the merger could go forward.[64] The merger closed two days afterwards, with Time Warner becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of AT&T. A day later, the company was renamed WarnerMedia.[65][66]
Three months after completing the acquisition, AT&T reorganized into four main units: Communications, including consumer and business wireline telephony, AT&T Mobility, and consumer entertainment video services; WarnerMedia, including Turner cable television networks,Warner Bros. film and television production, andHBO; AT&T Latin America, consisting of wireless service in Mexico and video in Latin America and the Caribbean under theVrio brand; and Advertising and Analytics, since renamedXandr.[67][68]
On July 13, 2017, it was reported that AT&T would introduce acloud-basedDVR streaming service. It hoped to create a unified platform across DirecTV and itsDirecTV Now streaming service, withU-verse to be added shortly afterward.[69][70][71] The service, namedHBO Max, launched in May 2020.[72]
On September 12, 2017, it was reported that AT&T planned to launch a new cable TV-like service for delivery over-the-top over its own or a competitor's broadband network sometime the following year.[73]
On March 7, 2018, the company prepared to sell a minority stake of DirecTV Latin America through anIPO, creating a new holding company for those assets named Vrio Corp.[74][75] On April 18, just a day before the public debut of Vrio, AT&T canceled the IPO due to market conditions.[76][77]
As of 2019,[update] AT&T is the world's largest telecommunications company.[78] AT&T is also the largest provider of mobile telephone[79][80] services and the largest provider offixed telephone (landline) services in the United States.[81]
In September 2019,activist investorElliott Management revealed that it had purchased $3.2 billion of AT&T stock (a 1.2% equity interest), and had pushed for the company to divest assets to improve its share value.[82]
On March 4, 2020, AT&T announced its intent to perform major cost-cutting moves, including cuts to capital investment, and plans to promoteAT&T TV (which officially launched nationally on March 2) as its primary pay television service offering. AT&T stated it would still primarily promote DirecTV "where cable broadband is not prevalent", and as a specialty option.[83]
On April 24, 2020, AT&T announced that effective July 1, 2020, company COOJohn Stankey would replaceRandall L. Stephenson as CEO of AT&T.[84] It was also acknowledged that AT&T's acquisitions of DirecTV and Time Warner had by this point resulted in a massive debt burden of $200 billion for the company.[84]
On February 25, 2021, AT&T announced that it would spin-off DirecTV, U-Verse TV, and DirecTV Stream into a separate entity, selling a 30% stake toTPG Capital (owners ofAstound Broadband cable), while retaining a 70% stake in the new standalone company. The deal was closed on August 2, 2021.[88][89]
On May 17, 2021, AT&T announced plans to relinquish its equity interest inWarnerMedia, and have it merge withDiscovery, Inc. in aUS$43 billion deal to establish a new media company.[90]
Electronic Arts, which was a bidder in the proposed sale of Warner Bros Interactive Entertainment, purchased the mobile gaming studio Playdemic from WBIE forUS$1.4 billion in June 2021.[91]
In September 2021, Fox Corporation acquiredTMZ fromWarnerMedia in a deal worth about $50 million with TMZ being operated under theFox Entertainment division.[92]
On December 21, 2021, AT&T announced that they had agreed to sell Xandr (andAppNexus) toMicrosoft for an undisclosed price.[93] The deal was completed in June 2022.[94]
On April 8, 2022, the spinoff of WarnerMedia and its subsequent merger with Discovery, Inc. to formWarner Bros. Discovery was completed.[95] As a result of this merger, HBO Max and other video services were dropped from AT&T's unlimited plan offering.[96]
In 2024, AT&T was one of several clients ofSnowflake Inc. that had data stolen in as part of the mass 2024 Snowflake data breach.[97] Phone and text logs from May 1, 2022 to October 31, 2022 of "nearly all" AT&T customers were exposed as part of the breach.[98] This hack is the first cyber incident in which the Justice Department has asked a company to delay filing a disclosure with the SEC because of potential national security or public safety concerns.[99]
Of theBaby Bells, Ameritech sold some of itsWisconsin landlines toCenturyTel, in 1998; BellSouth sold some of its lines to MebTel, during the 2000s;US West sold many historically Bell landlines to Lynch Communications andPacific Telecom, in the 1990s;Verizon sold many of itsNew England lines toFairPoint in 2008, and itsWest Virginia operations to Frontier Communications in 2010.
On October 25, 2014, Frontier Communications took over control of the AT&T landline network in Connecticut after being approved by state utility regulators. The deal was worth about $2 billion, and included Frontier inheriting about 2,500 of AT&T's employees and many of AT&T's buildings.[105]
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The company is headquartered at Whitacre Tower indowntown Dallas, Texas.[5] On June 27, 2008, AT&T announced that it would move its corporate headquarters from downtown San Antonio toOne AT&T Plaza in downtown Dallas.[5][106] The company said that it moved to gain better access to its customers and operations throughout the world, and to the key technology partners, suppliers, innovation and human resources needed as it continues to grow, domestically and internationally.[107] AT&T Inc. previously relocated its corporate headquarters to San Antonio from St. Louis, Missouri, in 1992, when it was then named Southwestern Bell Corporation. The company's Telecom Operations group, which serves residential and regional business customers in 22 U.S. states, remains in San Antonio.[108][109] Atlanta, Georgia, continues to be the headquarters for AT&T Mobility, with significant offices in Redmond, Washington, the former home ofAT&T Wireless. Bedminster, New Jersey, is the headquarters for the company's Global Business Services group and AT&T Labs and is where the original AT&T Corp. remains located. St. Louis continues as home to the company's Directory operations,AT&T Advertising Solutions.[110]
AT&T also offers services in many locations throughout theAsia Pacific; its regional headquarters is located in Hong Kong.[111] The company is also active in Mexico, and on November 7, 2014, it was announced that Mexican carrier Iusacell would be acquired by AT&T.[47] The acquisition was approved in January 2015.[112][113] On April 30, 2015, AT&T acquired wireless operations Nextel Mexico from NII Holdings (now AT&T Mexico).[114]
This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(June 2018)
According toOpenSecrets, AT&T was the fourteenth-largest donor to United States federal political campaigns and committees from 1989 to 2019,[117] having contributed more thanUS$84.1 million, 42% of which went toRepublicans and 58% of which went toDemocrats. In 2005, AT&T was among 53 entities that contributed the maximum of $250,000 to the second inauguration of PresidentGeorge W. Bush.[118][119][120] Bill Leahy, representing AT&T, sits on the Private Enterprise Board of theAmerican Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC).[121] ALEC is anonprofit organization ofconservativestate legislators andprivate sector representatives that drafts and shares model state-level legislation for distribution among state governments in the United States.[122][123][124]
During the period of 1998 to 2019, the company expendedUS$380.1 million onlobbying in the United States.[125] A key political issue for AT&T has been the question of which businesses win the right to profit by providing broadband internet access in the United States.[126] The company has also lobbied in support of several federal bills. AT&T supported theFederal Communications Commission Process Reform Act of 2013 (H.R. 3675; 113th Congress), a bill that would make a number of changes to procedures that theU.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) follows in its rulemaking processes.[127] The FCC would have to act in a more transparent way as a result of this bill, forced to accept public input about regulations.[128] AT&T's Executive Vice President of Federal Relations, Tim McKone, said that the bill's "much needed institutional reforms will help arm the agency with the tools to keep pace with the Internet speed of today's marketplace. It will also ensure that outmoded regulatory practices for today's competitive marketplace are properly placed in the dustbin of history."[129]
In May 2018, reports emerged that AT&T made 12 monthly payments between January and December 2017 to Essential Consultants, a company set up by PresidentDonald Trump's lawyerMichael Cohen, totaling $600,000.[130] Although initial reports on May 8 mentioned only four monthly payments totaling $200,000,[131] documents obtained by theWashington Post on May 10 confirmed the figure of 12 payments, which had begun three days after the President wassworn into office.[132][133] AT&T confirmed the report the same day.[134] The report fromThe Washington Post, as well as additional reporting fromBloomberg, revealed the payments had been made for Cohen to "provide guidance" relating to the attempted $85 billion merger withTime Warner,[132][133] to gain information on the Trump administration's planned tax reforms, as well as about potential changes tonet neutrality policies under the new FCC.[135] Chairman of the FCCAjit Pai denied Cohen ever inquired about net neutrality on AT&T's behalf.[134][136] A spokesperson for AT&T said that the company had been contacted bythe Special Counsel investigation led by Robert Mueller regarding the payments, and had provided all the information requested in November and December 2017.[137][138]
In early 2019, the DemocraticHouse Judiciary requested records related to the AT&T-Time Warner merger from theWhite House.[139]
While it has expressed support forLGBTQ causes, AT&T has also donated to sponsors of anti-transgender legislation in several US states, especially those predominantlyRepublican-governed, including Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Texas and Florida.[140][141][142]
The financial performance of the company is reported to shareholders on an annual basis and a matter of public record. Where performance has been restated, the most recent statement of performance from an annual report is used.[143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153]
AT&T reported totalCO2e emissions (direct + indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 5,788 Kt (-737 /-11.3% y-o-y)[154] and plans to reduce emissions by 63% by 2030 from a 2015 base year.[155] Thisscience-based target is aligned with theParis Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.[156]
AT&T's annual total CO2e emissions - market-based scope 1 + scope 2 (in kilotonnes)
In September 2007, AT&T changed its legal policy to state that "AT&T may immediately terminate or suspend all or a portion of your Service, any Member ID, electronic mail address, IP address, Universal Resource Locator or domain name used by you, without notice for conduct that AT&T believes ... (c) tends to damage the name or reputation of AT&T, or its parents, affiliates and subsidiaries."[161] By October 10, 2007, AT&T had altered the terms and conditions for its Internet service to explicitly support freedom of expression by its subscribers, after an outcry claiming the company had given itself the right to censor its subscribers' transmissions.[162]
In July 2006, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California – in which the suit was filed – rejected a federal government motion to dismiss the case. The motion to dismiss, which invoked the State Secrets Privilege, had argued that any court review of the alleged partnership between the federal government and AT&T would harm national security. The case was immediately appealed to the Ninth Circuit. It was dismissed on June 3, 2009, citing retroactive legislation in theForeign Intelligence Surveillance Act.[167][168]
In May 2006,USA Today reported that all international and domestic calling records had been handed over to the National Security Agency by AT&T, Verizon, SBC, and BellSouth for the purpose of creating a massivecalling database.[169] The portions of thenew AT&T that had been part of SBC Communications before November 18, 2005, were not mentioned.
On June 21, 2006, theSan Francisco Chronicle reported that AT&T had rewritten rules on its privacy policy. The policy, which took effect June 23, 2006, says that "AT&T – not customers – owns customers' confidential info and can use it 'to protect its legitimate business interests, safeguard others, or respond to legal process.'"[170]
On August 22, 2007, National Intelligence DirectorMike McConnell confirmed that AT&T was one of the telecommunications companies that assisted with the government's warrantless wire-tapping program on calls between foreign and domestic sources.[171]
On November 8, 2007, Mark Klein, a former AT&T technician, toldKeith Olbermann ofMSNBC that all Internet traffic passing over AT&T lines was copied intoa locked room at the company's San Francisco office – to which only employees with National Security Agency clearance had access.[172]
AT&T keeps for five to seven years a record of who text messages whom and the date and time, but not the content of the messages.[173]
AT&T has a one starprivacy rating from the Electronic Frontier Foundation.[174]
In January 2008, reports emerged that the company planned to begin filtering allInternet traffic which passed through its network for intellectual property violations.[175] Media commentators speculated that if this plan was implemented, it would have led to a mass exodus of subscribers from AT&T,[176] although Internet traffic of non-subscribers may have gone through the company's network anyway.[175] Internet freedom proponents used these developments as justification for government-mandatednetwork neutrality.
Under AT&T's current copyright enforcement program, content owners may notify AT&T when they allege unlawful sharing of material. The program is based on IP addresses visible to content owners in peer-to-peer networks, not on filtering. AT&T has terminated the broadband service of some customers accused of copyright infringement.[177]
Discrimination against local public-access television channels
According to Barbara Popovic, executive director of the Chicago public-access serviceCAN-TV, the new AT&TU-verse system forced allPublic-access television into a special menu system, denying normal functionality such as channel numbers, access to the standardprogram guide, and DVR recording.[178] The Ratepayer Advocates division of theCalifornia Public Utilities Commission reported: "Instead of putting the stations on individual channels, AT&T has bundled community stations into a generic channel that can only be navigated through a complex and lengthy process."[178]
Sue Buske (president of telecommunications consulting firm the Buske Group and a former head of the National Federation of Local Cable Programmers/Alliance for Community Media) argue that this is "an overall attack [...] on public access across the [United States], the place in the dial around cities and communities where people can make their own media in their own communities".[178]
In June 2010, ahacker group known asGoatse Security discovered avulnerability within AT&T that could allow anyone to uncover email addresses belonging to customers of AT&T 3G service for theAppleiPad.[179] These email addresses could be accessed without a protective password.[180] Using a script, Goatse Security collected thousands of email addresses from AT&T.[179] Goatse Security informed AT&T about the security flaw through a third party.[181] Goatse Security then disclosed around 114,000 of these emails toGawker Media, which published an article about the security flaw and disclosure inValleywag.[179][181] Praetorian Security Group criticized the web application that Goatse Security exploited as "poorly designed".[179]
In April 2015, AT&T was fined $25 million over data security breaches, marking the largest ever fine issued by theFederal Communications Commission (FCC) for breaking data privacy laws. The investigation revealed the theft of details of approximately 280,000 people from call centers in Mexico,Colombia and thePhilippines.[182][183]
In March 2024, AT&T confirmed the 2021 leak of contact information for over 7.6 million current users, as well as 65 million former ones. The leaked records may contain "full name, email address, mailing address, phone number, social security number, date of birth, AT&T account number and passcode".[184] Multiple class-action lawsuits have been filed as a result of this.[185][186]
In July 2024, the company stated it experienced a new breach, the largest to date. The company is expected to notify around 110 million customers who were affected.[187]
In March 2012, the United States federal government announced a lawsuit against AT&T. The specific accusations state that AT&T "violated the False Claims Act by facilitating and seeking federal payment for IP Relay calls by international callers who were ineligible for the service and sought to use it for fraudulent purposes. The complaint alleges that, out of fears that fraudulent call volume would drop after the registration deadline, AT&T knowingly adopted a non-compliant registration system that did not verify whether the user was located within the United States. The complaint further contends that AT&T continued to employ this system even with the knowledge that it facilitated the use of IP Relay by fraudulent foreign callers, which accounted for up to 95 percent of AT&T's call volume. The government's complaint alleges that AT&T improperly billed the TRS Fund for reimbursement of these calls and received millions of dollars in federal payments as a result."[188] In 2013, AT&T entered into a consent decree with the FCC and paid a total of $21.75 million.[189]
On April 28, 2015, AT&T announced that it had fired Aaron Slator, President of Content and Advertising Sales, for sending text messages critics described as racist.[190] African-American employee Knoyme King filed a $100 million defamation lawsuit against Slator.[191] The day before that, protesters arrived at AT&T's headquarters in Dallas and its satellite offices in Los Angeles as well as at the home of CEO Randall Stephenson to protest alleged systemic racial policies. According to accounts, the protesters demanded that AT&T begin working with 100% black-owned media companies.[192]
On January 24, 2017, Slator sued AT&T in theLos Angeles Superior Court, accusing the company ofdefamation and wrongful termination. Slator had been involved in organizing AT&T's planned $48.5 billion acquisition of DirecTV since 2014, and he claimed that when news headlines speculated that his text messages could prevent the acquisition from going through, he was fired as a "scapegoat" by company executives. He also claimed that the executives had known about the text messages since at least late 2013, and had promised him at the time that he would not be fired for them.[193][194] The company stood by its decision to terminate Slator.[195]
In 2020 AT&T paid out $48 million to settle a lawsuit with 30 government entities. The suit (under the California False Claims Act) related to contractual undertakings to provide services at "the lowest cost available". AT&T denied any wrongdoing in the matter.[196]
An investigative report byReuters in 2021 revealed that AT&T played a key role in creating, funding and sustainingOne America News Network (OAN), afar-right TV network known for promotingconspiracy theories.[197] According to 2020 sworn testimony by an OAN accountant, 90% of OAN's revenue came from AT&T. According to OAN founderRobert Herring Sr., AT&T wanted to create a conservative network to compete withFox News. Court documents showed OAN promised to "cast a positive light" on AT&T during newscasts. AT&T denied the allegations.[198][199]NAACP presidentDerrick Johnson and comedianJohn Oliver criticized AT&T for funding OAN.[200][201]
In March 2021 theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filed suit against AT&T and three of its executives for violating theFair Disclosure Rule against making selective disclosures of "material nonpublic information" to analysts and others. The SEC alleged that beginning in early 2016 these executives leaked key information toWall Street analysts in order to manipulate revenue forecasts for the company.[202]
In December 2022, without acknowledging any guilt, AT&T agreed to pay $6.25 million in fines to settle the lawsuit. The individual executives were also on the hook for $25,000 each.[202][203]
In October 2022, AT&T agreed to pay a $23 million fine to resolve a federal criminal investigation into the company's efforts to unlawfully influence former Illinois Speaker of the HouseMichael J. Madigan.[204] Under a deferred prosecution with theUS Department of Justice, AT&T admitted that it arranged for payments to an ally of Madigan in order to influence Madigan's vote in 2017 on legislation that would eliminate AT&T's so-called "Carrier of Last Resort" obligation to provide landline telephone service to all Illinois residents, which was expected to save the company millions of dollars.[204] Madigan also helped to defeat an amendment to a bill that became law in 2018 regarding fees for small cell tower attachments that would have been harmful to AT&T's interests.[205] Former AT&T Illinois President Paul La Schiazza, who is set to go on trial in September 2024 for the alleged bribery scheme, described AT&T'squid pro quo relationship with Madigan in an email to an AT&T employee as "the friends and family plan."[205]
On February 22, 2024, cellular service was disrupted across the United States with "millions" unable to connect to the cellular network.[206] Municipalities reported that AT&T customers were unable to place calls to emergency services, even when using their phone's SOS capability.[207] The blackout prompted the FBI and Department of Homeland Security to launch investigations into the possibility of a cyber attack being the cause of the blackout.[208] AT&T later claimed that the cause was instead a poorly timed server update.[209] Users were later compensated credit as a result of the outage.[210] In March, the FCC opened an investigation into the outage.[206]
2024 Data Breach Fine
On September 18, 2024, AT&T was fined $13 million by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) following a major data breach that exposed millions of customers' personal information. The FTC found that AT&T failed to implement adequate cybersecurity measures and did not promptly notify affected individuals. As part of the settlement, AT&T is required to enhance its data protection practices and provide identity theft protection to those impacted.[211]
^Hast, Adele (1992).International Directory of Company Histories. Detroit: St. James Press. p. 328.ISBN1-55862-061-3.Southwestern Bell Telephone Company has about 20 predecessor companies. The four largest of these were American District Telegraph Company, formed in St. Louis, Missouri 1878; the Kansas City Telephone Exchange, formed in Kansas City, Missouri in 1879, Southwestern Telegraph & Telephone Company, which began serving Texas and Arkansas in 1881; and Pioneer Telephone & Telegraph Company, which provided telephone service beginning in 1904 in Oklahoma – not then a state, but known as Indian Territory – and in parts of Kansas.
^Hast, Adele (1992).International Directory of Company Histories. Detroit: St. James Press. p. 328.ISBN1-55862-061-3.In 1917, the four companies began moving toward a more formal merge, with the Missouri & Kansas Telephone Company – the new name of the Kansas City Telephone Exchange – acquiring Bell Telephone Company of Missouri, successor to American District Telegraph. The resulting company was named Southwestern Bell Telephone Company (Missouri). In 1920 this company bought Southwestern Telephone & Telegraph and Southwestern Bell Telephone Company (Oklahoma), the successor to Pioneer Telephone & Telegraph, establishing the new Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, which was a subsidiary of AT&T.
^Danielian, N.R. (1939).A.T.&T. The Story of Industrial Conquest. New York:Vanguard Press. p. 9.ISBN9780405060380.After the success of Bell's experiments, which resulted in the basic Bell patents of 1876 and 1877, a new company was organized for the purpose of commercial exploitation. The Bell Telephone Company, a Massachusetts voluntary association, was formed on July 9, 1877, with Gardiner G. Hubbard as trustee.
^Danielian, N.R. (1939).A.T.&T. The Story of Industrial Conquest. New York:Vanguard Press. p. 12.ISBN9780405060380.The American Telephone and Telegraph Company was, therefore, incorporated in New York in 1885, as a subsidiary of American Bell Telephone Company, to operate long-distance telephone lines...In 1899, American Bell sold all of its assets to its subsidiary, AT&T...As a result of this transaction, AT&T emerged as the parent company in the Bell System, assuming the holding-company functions previously exercised by American Bell Telephone Company.
^Danielian, N.R. (1939).A.T.&T. The Story of Industrial Conquest. New York:Vanguard Press. pp. 11–12.ISBN9780405060380.With increasing demands for telephones, the financial needs of the Bell System were expanding. To meet these needs, a new corporation, the American Bell Telephone Company, was created by a special act of the Massachusetts legislature... The American Telephone and Telegraph Company was, therefore, incorporated in New York in 1885, as a subsidiary of American Bell Telephone Company, to operate long-distance telephone lines, and Vail became its first president.
^Danielian, N.R. (1939).A.T.&T. The Story of Industrial Conquest. New York:Vanguard Press. p. 12.ISBN9780405060380.In 1899, American Bell sold all of its assets (except A.T.&T. stock) to its subsidiary, A.T.&T. It then offered to its stockholders two shares of the A.T.&T. stock which hit held, in exchange for one share of American Bell stock. As a result of this transaction, A.T.&T. emerged as the parent company in the Bell System, assuming the holding-company functions previously exercised by American Bell Telephone Company.
^"DIGEST".The Washington Post. March 2, 1994.Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. RetrievedMarch 23, 2021.AT&T is asking shareholders to change its official name from American Telephone & Telegraph Co. to AT&T Corp. at the annual meeting April 20 in Atlanta.
^ab"THE CHALLENGE OF DIVESTITURE".The New York Times. October 25, 1983.Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. RetrievedMarch 23, 2021.The 7 Holding Companies. The seven regional holding companies that will result from the breakup of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company are sketched here, with a brief outline of their potential strengths and weaknesses.
^ab"How AT&T got busted up and pieced back together".CNN Money. May 20, 2014.Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. RetrievedMarch 23, 2021.The whirlwind began in 1997, when Southwestern Bell Corp. (SBC) merged with fellow Baby Bell Pacific Telesis. Two years later, SBC bought Ameritech, another Baby Bell. Then, the craziness really started when SBC bought Ma Bell -- its former parent company -- in 2005. The combined company renamed itself AT&T. A year later, the new AT&T bought BellSouth, yet another Baby Bell. The new AT&T also bought Cingular Wireless in 2006 -- a company jointly run by Baby Bells SBC and BellSouth that had bought the old AT&T Wireless in 2004. Cingular then changed its name to AT&T Mobility. Got all that? The merger history of these five Baby Bells is dizzying and better explained visually.
^"SBC wraps up acquisition of AT&T".Chicago Tribune. November 19, 2005.Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. RetrievedMarch 23, 2021.SBC will unveil a new AT&T logo Monday as it outlines plans for changing the name of the merged company...The combined company will adopt AT&T's stock symbol, T, on the New York Stock Exchange beginning Dec. 1.
^"History". AT&T.Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. RetrievedMarch 3, 2017.
^Brooks, John (1976).Telephone: The First Hundred Years. New York:Harper & Row. p. 73.ISBN0-06-010540-2.Early in 1881, the American Bell Telephone Company – as it came to be called beginning in March 1880 – issued its first annual report to stockholders.
^"AT&T's History of Invention and Breakups".The New York Times. February 13, 2016.Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. RetrievedApril 22, 2021.1885 - The American Telephone and Telegraph Company is created as a subsidiary of Bell Telephone to build and operate a long-distance telephone network.
^Brooks, John (1975).TELEPHONE The First Hundred Years. New York:Harper & Row. p. 107.ISBN0-06-010540-2.Accordingly, the American Bell management bad farewell to Boston and gradually moved its offices to downtown Manhattan, and on December 30, 1899 – the next-to-last day of the old century – AT&T, with a new capitalization of over seventy million dollars, became the parent company of the Bell System, which, of course, it has remained ever since.
^Griffin, Jodie (December 19, 2013)."100th Anniversary of the Kingsbury Commitment".Public Knowledge.Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. RetrievedApril 22, 2021.In 1913, the U.S. filed an antitrust lawsuit against AT&T to break up its growing monopoly in the phone service market. While Congress contemplated nationalizing the long distance telephone network, AT&T settled the antitrust lawsuit with the Kingsbury Commitment. In the Kingsbury Commitment, AT&T agreed to allow independent local telephone companies to interconnect with AT&T's long distance network, divest Western Union, and refrain from purchasing other companies if the Interstate Commerce Commission objected.
^Pollack, Andrew (August 4, 1983)."A.T.& T., U.S. AGREE ON FINAL ASPECTS OF BELL BREAKUP".The New York Times.Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. RetrievedApril 22, 2021.The local companies, grouped into seven regional holding companies, will provide local telephone service and can sell, but not manufacture, telephone equipment.
^"TELEPHONE INDUSTRY".Oklahoma Historical Society.Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. RetrievedApril 22, 2021.After Congress de-regulated the telecommunications industry in February 1996, allowing regional companies to compete with long distance carriers, among other rule changes, SBC began to expand. In 1996 it merged with Pacific Telesis Group, and in 1998 the company bought the Ameritech Corporation.
^Gaffen, David (March 6, 2015)."At long last, Dow gets a taste for Apple".Reuters.Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. RetrievedApril 22, 2021.Apple Inc AAPL.O, the largest U.S. company by market value, will join the Dow Jones industrial average .DJI, replacing AT&T Inc T.N, in a change that reflects the dominant position of the iPhone maker in the U.S. consumer economy.
^Van, Jon (November 19, 2005)."SBC wraps up acquisition of AT&T".Chicago Tribune.Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. RetrievedApril 22, 2021.SBC Communications Inc. completed its acquisition of AT&T Corp. on Friday after California regulators approved the $16 billion deal.
^Belson, Ken (January 31, 2005)."SBC Agrees to Acquire AT&T for $16 Billion".The New York Times.Archived from the original on May 12, 2020. RetrievedApril 25, 2021.SBC Communications last night was close to concluding a $16 billion deal for its former parent, AT&T, that would lead to the virtual disappearance of one of America's best known corporate icons and set off what promises to be a new round of competition between the Baby Bells, executives close to the negotiations said.
^Danielian, N. R. (1939).AT&T The Story of Industrial Conquest. New York: The Vanguard Press. p. 9.ISBN0405060386.The Bell Telephone Company, a Massachusetts voluntary association, was formed on July 9, 1877, with Gardiner G. Hubbard as trustee.
^Bajaj, Vikas (December 30, 2006)."BellSouth and AT&T Close Deal".The New York Times.Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. RetrievedApril 22, 2021.Federal regulators approved AT&T's $85.8 billion acquisition of BellSouth yesterday, allowing the companies to close their delayed deal.
^Vorman, Julie (January 21, 2007)."AT&T closes $86 billion BellSouth deal".Reuters.Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. RetrievedApril 22, 2021.Now four of the seven companies that were spun off from the original AT&T in 1984 are back under one roof, and it includes 66.1 million telephone lines, 58.7 million Cingular Wireless customers and 11.6 million high-speed Internet customers.
^Searcey, Dionne (January 12, 2007)."Bye, Cingular, in AT&T Rebranding".The Wall Street Journal.Archived from the original on April 23, 2021. RetrievedApril 22, 2021.But in the long term, Mr. Lerman said, AT&T will benefit from the efficiency of having its well-known name appear on all its services. AT&T executives wouldn't say how much the rebranding will cost as they change signs in roughly 2,000 stores as well as employee uniforms and billing letterhead. But executives estimate 20% of the expected operating-expense savings from the merger will come from advertising, because of the single AT&T brand.
^Leichtman Research Group,"Research Notes,"Archived October 20, 2016, at theWayback Machine First Quarter 2012, pg. 6, AT&T (#1) with 21,232,000 residential phone lines.
^AT&T Inc. (March 14, 2003).Form 10-K ANNUAL REPORT - 2002 (Report). p. 155.Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. RetrievedMarch 22, 2021.2002 Operating Revenues - $43,138 (dollars in millions
^AT&T Inc. (March 14, 2003).Form 10-K ANNUAL REPORT - 2006 (Report). p. 312.Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. RetrievedMarch 22, 2021.2005 Net Income - $4,786 (dollars in millions
^AT&T Inc. (February 24, 2012).Form 10-K ANNUAL REPORT - 2011 (Report). p. 267.Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. RetrievedMarch 22, 2021.2009 Net Income (Loss) Attributable to AT&T - $12,138 (dollars in millions
^AT&T Inc. (February 24, 2012).Form 10-K ANNUAL REPORT - 2011 (Report). p. 267.Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. RetrievedMarch 22, 2021.2010 Net Income (Loss) Attributable to AT&T - $19,864 (dollars in millions
^"Hepting v. AT&T".Electronic Frontier Foundation. July 2011.Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. RetrievedMarch 23, 2021.In June of 2009, a federal judge dismissed Hepting and dozens of other lawsuits against telecoms. EFF appealed that decision but it was affirmed, and in October, 2012, the Supreme Court declined to hear the case.
^Svensson, Peter (September 29, 2011)."Document Shows How Phone Cos. Treat Private Data".Phys.org. Associated Press.Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. RetrievedMay 13, 2019.T-Mobile USA doesn't keep any information on Web browsing activity. Verizon, on the other hand, keeps some information for up to a year that can be used to ascertain if a particular phone visited a particular Web site. According to the sheet, Sprint Nextel Corp.'s Virgin Mobile brand keeps the text content of text messages for three months. Verizon keeps it for three to five days. None of the other carriers keep texts at all, but they keep records of who texted who for more than a year. The document says AT&T keeps for five to seven years a record of who text messages who —and when, but not the content of the messages. Virgin Mobile only keeps that data for two to three months.
^"AT&T steps up copyright enforcement, kicks customers off network".Ars Technica. November 6, 2018.Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. RetrievedMarch 23, 2021.Content owners notified us when they believed they had evidence that an Internet account was sharing copyrighted material unlawfully. Based on the notices we received, we identified the customer on the account and share[d] with them the information we received. We also reached out to the customer to educate them about copyright infringement and offer assistance to help prevent the activity from continuing. A small number of customers who continue to receive additional copyright infringement notifications from content owners despite our efforts to educate them will have their service discontinued. When files are distributed on the Internet over peer-to-peer networks, the IP address associated with a subscriber's account is visible by design to other users on the network. Content owners provide these IP addresses to AT&T along with additional information about the content that was allegedly shared by that IP address.
^"AT&T sued by exec who was fired over racist text".The Dallas Morning News. January 24, 2017.Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. RetrievedMarch 23, 2021.Diversity and inclusion are important core values to us," the statement said. "We stand behind our decision to terminate Mr. Slator and are confident that his baseless allegations will ultimately be rejected.
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