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ARM Cortex-A15

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Family of microprocessor cores with ARM microarchitecture
ARM Cortex-A15
General information
LaunchedIn production late 2011,[1] to market late 2012[2]
Designed byARM Holdings
Performance
Max.CPUclock rate1.0 GHz  to 2.5 GHz 
Cache
L1cache64 KB (32 KB I-cache, 32 KB D-cache)per core
L2 cacheUp to 4 MB[3]per cluster
L3 cachenone
Architecture and classification
Technology node32 nm/28 nm initially[4] to22 nm roadmap[4]
Instruction setARMv7-A
Physical specifications
Cores
  • 1–4 per cluster, 1–2 clustersper physical chip[5]

TheARM Cortex-A15 MPCore is a 32-bit processor core licensed byARM Holdings implementing theARMv7-A architecture. It is a multicore processor without-of-ordersuperscalar pipeline running at up to 2.5 GHz.[6]

Overview

[edit]
Main article:Comparison of ARMv7-A cores

ARM has claimed that the Cortex-A15 core is 40 percent more powerful than theCortex-A9 core with the same number of cores at the same speed.[7] The first A15 designs came out in the autumn of 2011, but products based on the chip did not reach the market until 2012.[1]

Key features of the Cortex-A15 core are:

  • 40-bit Large Physical Address Extensions (LPAE) addressing up to 1 TB ofRAM with a 32-bitvirtual address space.[8][9][10]
  • 15 stage integer/17–25 stage floating point pipeline, without-of-orderspeculative issue 3-waysuperscalar execution pipeline[11]
  • 4 cores per cluster, up to 2 clusters per chip with CoreLink 400 (CCI-400, an AMBA-4 coherent interconnect) and 4 clusters per chip with CCN-504.[12] ARM provides specifications but the licensees individually design ARM chips, and AMBA-4 scales beyond 2 clusters. The theoretical limit is 16 clusters; 4 bits are used to code the CLUSTERID number in the CP15 register (bits 8 to 11).[13]
  • DSP andNEONSIMD extensions onboard (per core)
  • VFPv4 Floating Point Unit onboard (per core)
  • Hardware virtualization support
  • Thumb-2 instruction set encoding to reduce the size of programs with little impact on performance
  • TrustZone security extensions
  • Jazelle RCT forJIT compilation
  • Program Trace Macrocell and CoreSight Design Kit for unobtrusive tracing of instruction execution
  • 32 KB data + 32 KB instruction L1 cache per core
  • Integrated low-latency level-2 cache controller, up to 4 MB per cluster

Chips

[edit]

First implementation came from Samsung in 2012 with the Exynos 5 Dual, which shipped in October 2012 with the SamsungChromebook Series 3 (ARM version), followed in November by theGoogle Nexus 10.

Press announcements of current implementations:

Other licensees, such asLG,[22][23] are expected to produce an A15 based design at some point.

Systems on a chip

[edit]
Model NumberSemiconductor technologyCPUGPUMemory interfaceWireless radio technologiesAvailabilityUtilizing devices
HiSilicon K3V328 nm HPLbig.LITTLE architecture using
1.8 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A15
+ dual-coreARM Cortex-A7
Mali-T628H2 2014
NvidiaTegra 4 T4028 nm HPL1.9 GHzquad-core ARM Cortex-A15[24] + 1 low power coreNvidia GeForce @ 72 core, 672 MHz, 96.8 GFLOPS = 48 PS + 24 VU × 0.672 × 2 (96.8 GFLOPS)[25](supportDirectX 11+,OpenGL 4.X, andPhysX)32-bit dual-channel DDR3L or LPDDR3 up to 933 MHz (1866 MT/s data rate)[24]Category 3 (100 Mbit/s) LTEQ2 2013Nvidia ShieldTegra Note 7
NvidiaTegra 4 AP4028 nm HPL1.2-1.8 GHz quad-core + low power coreNvidia GPU 60[24] cores (supportDirectX 11+,OpenGL 4.X, andPhysX)32-bitdual-channel 800 MHzLPDDR3Category 3 (100 Mbit/s) LTEQ3 2013
Nvidia Tegra K128 nm HPm2.3 GHz quad-core + battery saver coreKepler SMX (192CUDA cores, 8TMUs, 4ROPs)32-bit dual-channel DDR3L, LPDDR3 or LPDDR2Q2 2014Jetson TK1 development board,[26]Lenovo ThinkVision 28, Xiaomi MiPad,Shield Tablet
Texas Instruments OMAP543028 nm1.7 GHz dual-corePowerVR SGX544MP2 @ 532 MHz + dedicated2D graphics accelerator32-bitdual-channel 532 MHzLPDDR2Q2 2013phyCore-OMAP5430[27]
Texas Instruments OMAP543228 nm1.5 GHz dual-corePowerVR SGX544MP2 @ 532 MHz + dedicated2D graphics accelerator32-bitdual-channel 532 MHzDDR3Q2 2013DragonBox Pyra, SVTronics EVM,[28] Compulab SBC-T54[29]
Texas Instruments AM57x28 nm1.5 GHz single or dual-corePowerVR SGX544MP2 @ 532 MHz + dedicated2D graphics accelerator32-bitdual-channel 532 MHzDDR3Q4 2015BeagleBoard-X15,[30] BeagleBone AI,[31] Elesar Titanium[32]
Texas Instruments 66AK2x28 nm1.5 GHz single, dual, and quad core devices1-8 C66x DSP cores, radio acceleration, and many other application specific acceleratorsQ4 2015
Exynos 5 Dual[33]
(previously Exynos 5250)[34]
32 nm HKMG1.7 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A15ARM Mali-T604[35] (quad-core) @ 533 MHz; 68.224 GFLOPS[citation needed]32-bit dual-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3/DDR3 (12.8 GB/sec) or 533 MHz LPDDR2 (8.5 GB/sec)Q3 2012[34]SamsungChromebook XE303C12,[36]Google Nexus 10,Arndale Board,[37] Huins ACHRO 5250 Exynos,[38] Freelander PD800 HD,[39] Voyo A15, HP Chromebook 11, Samsung Homesync
Exynos 5 Octa[40][41][42]
(internally Exynos 5410)
28 nm HKMG1.6 GHz[43] quad-core ARM Cortex-A15 and 1.2 GHz quad-coreARM Cortex-A7 (ARMbig.LITTLE)[44]IT PowerVR SGX544MP3 (tri-core) @ 480 MHz 49 GFLOPS (532 MHz in some full-screen apps)[45]32-bit dual-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3 (12.8 GB/sec)Q2 2013Samsung Galaxy S4 I9500,[46][47] Hardkernel ODROID-XU,[48]Meizu MX3, ZTE Grand S II TD[49]ODROID-XU
Exynos 5 Octa[50]
(internally Exynos 5420)
28 nm HKMG1.8-1.9 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A15 and 1.3 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 (ARM big.LITTLE withGTS)ARM Mali-T628 MP6 @ 533 MHz; 109 GFLOPS32-bit dual-channel 933 MHz LPDDR3e (14.9 GB/sec)Q3 2013SamsungChromebook 2 11.6",[51]Samsung Galaxy Note 3,[52]Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 (2014 Edition),Samsung Galaxy Note Pro 12.2, Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro (12.2 &10.1), Arndale Octa Board, Galaxy S5 SM-G900H[53]
Exynos 5 Octa[54]
(internally Exynos 5422)
28 nm HKMG2.1 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A15 and 1.5 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 (ARM big.LITTLE with GTS)ARM Mali-T628 MP6 @ 695 MHz (142 Gflops)32-bit dual-channel 933 MHz LPDDR3/DDR3 (14.9 GB/sec)Q2 2014Galaxy S5 SM-G900,Hardkernel ODROID-XU3 & ODROID-XU4[55]
Exynos 5 Octa[56]
(internally Exynos 5800)
28 nm HKMG2.1 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A15 and 1.3 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 (ARM big.LITTLE with GTS)ARM Mali-T628 MP6 @ 695 MHz (142 Gflops)32-bit dual-channel 933 MHz LPDDR3/DDR3 (14.9 GB/sec)Q2 2014SamsungChromebook 2 13,3"[57]
Exynos 5 Hexa[58]
(internally Exynos 5260)
28 nm HKMG1.7 GHz dual-core ARM Cortex-A15 and 1.3 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 (ARM big.LITTLE with GTS)ARM Mali-T62432-bit dual-channel 800 MHz LPDDR3 (12.8 GB/sec)Q2 2014Galaxy Note 3 Neo (announced January 31, 2014), Samsung Galaxy K zoom[59]
Allwinner A80 Octa[60]28 nm HPmQuad-core ARM Cortex-A15 and Quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 (ARM big.LITTLE with GTS)PowerVR G6230 (Rogue)32-bit dual-channel DDR3/DDR3L/LPDDR3 or LPDDR2[61]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^"ARM Expects First Cortex-A15 Devices in Late 2012". Archived fromthe original on 2011-06-25. Retrieved2011-05-22.
  3. ^Cortex-A15 Processor — Product description
  4. ^abARM Unveils Cortex-A15 MPCore Processor to Dramatically Accelerate Capabilities of Mobile, Consumer and Infrastructure Applicationsin the Supporting Technology section
  5. ^"CoreLink Network Interconnect for AMBA AXI". Archived fromthe original on 2011-04-05. Retrieved2011-05-22.
  6. ^ARM Cortex-A15 - ARM Processor
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  11. ^Exploring the Design of the Cortex-A15 ProcessorArchived 2013-11-12 at theWayback Machine Travis Lanier
  12. ^"ARM A15 web page, Specification tab"
  13. ^"Cortex-A15 MPCore Technical Reference Manual"
  14. ^Broadcom announces plans for ARM's Cortex-A15 SoC | thinq
  15. ^Huawei Announces HiSilicon K3V3 Chipset For Smartphones onTom's Hardware
  16. ^NVIDIA Announces "Project Denver" to Build Custom CPU Cores Based on ARM Architecture, Targeting Personal Computers to Supercomputers - NVIDIA Newsroom
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External links

[edit]
Application ARM-based chips
Application
processors
(32-bit)
ARMv7-A
Cortex-A5
Cortex-A7
Cortex-A8
Cortex-A9
Cortex-A15
Cortex-A17
Others
ARMv7-A
compatible
ARMv8-A
Others
Application
processors
(64-bit)
ARMv8-A
Cortex-A35
Cortex-A53
Cortex-A57
Cortex-A72
Cortex-A73
Others
ARMv8-A
compatible
ARMv8.1-A
ARMv8.1-A
compatible
ARMv8.2-A
Cortex-A55
Cortex-A75
Cortex-A76
Cortex-A77
Cortex-A78
Cortex-X1
Neoverse N1
Others
  • Cortex-A65, Cortex-A65AE, Cortex-A76AE, Cortex-A78C, Cortex-X1C,Neoverse E1
ARMv8.2-A
compatible
ARMv8.3-A
ARMv8.3-A
compatible
ARMv8.4-A
Neoverse V1
ARMv8.4-A
compatible
ARMv8.5-A
ARMv8.5-A
compatible
ARMv8.6-A
ARMv8.6-A
compatible
ARMv8.7-A
ARMv8.7-A
compatible
ARMv9.0-A
Cortex-A510
Cortex-A710
Cortex-A715
Cortex-X2
Cortex-X3
Neoverse N2
Neoverse V2
ARMv9.2-A
Cortex-A520
Cortex-A720
Cortex-A725
Cortex-X4
Cortex-X925
Neoverse N3
-
Neoverse V3
ARMv9.2-A
compatible
ARMv9.3-A
Lumex C1-Ultra
Lumex C1-Premium
Lumex C1-Pro
Lumex C1-Nano
TBD
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