 | |
| Names | Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey |
|---|---|
| Mission type | Space telescope |
| Operator | ESA |
| Website | esa.int: Ariel arielmission |
| Mission duration | 4 years (planned)[1] |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Launch mass | 1,300 kg (2,900 lb)[2] |
| Dry mass | 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) |
| Payload mass | 300 kg (660 lb) |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 2029 (planned)[3] |
| Rocket | Ariane 62 |
| Launch site | Guiana Space Centre, Kourou, ELA-4 |
| Contractor | Arianespace |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Sun–Earth L2 orbit[4] |
| MainCassegrain reflector | |
| Diameter | 1.1 × 0.7 m |
| Focal length | f/13.4 |
| Collecting area | 0.64 m2 |
| Wavelengths | visible andnear-infrared |
| Instruments | |
| Telescope assembly (TA) Ariel infrared spectrometer (AIRS) Fine Guidance System (FGS) | |
 Ariel mission insignia | |
Ariel (AtmosphericRemote-sensingInfraredExoplanetLarge-survey) is a plannedspace telescope and the fourth medium-class mission of theEuropean Space Agency'sCosmic Vision programme. The mission is aimed at observing at least 1,000 knownexoplanets using thetransit method, studying and characterising the planets' chemical composition and thermal structures. Compared to theJames Webb Space Telescope, Ariel will be a much smaller telescope with more observing time available for planet characterisation. Ariel is expected to be launched in 2029 aboard an ArianespaceAriane 6 together with theComet Interceptor into the Sun-EarthLagrange point L2.[5][6][7]
The Ariel mission is being developed by aconsortium of various institutions from eleven member states of theEuropean Space Agency (ESA),[a] and international contributors from four countries.[b] The project is led byprincipal investigatorGiovanna Tinetti of theUniversity College London,[9][10] who had previously led the unsuccessfulExoplanet Characterisation Observatory (EcHO) proposal for the M3 Cosmic Vision launch slot.[11][12]
Operations of the mission and the spacecraft will be handled jointly by ESA and the consortium behind the mission's development, through a coordinated Instrument Operations and Science Data Centre (IOSDC).[8] A Mission Operations Centre (MOC) will be set up at theEuropean Space Operations Centre (ESOC) inDarmstadt, Germany, while a concurrent Ariel Science Operations Centre (SOC) will be set up at theEuropean Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) nearMadrid, Spain.[8] The MOC will be responsible for the spacecraft itself, while the SOC will be responsible for archiving mission data and scientific data downlinked from the spacecraft. The IOSDC will help develop results from the mission based on data received by the SOC.[8]
Ariel will observe 1,000 planets orbiting distant stars and make the first large-scale survey of the chemistry ofexoplanet atmospheres.[13] The objective is to answer fundamental questions about howplanetary systems form and evolve.[14] Aspectrometer will spread the light into aspectrum and determine the chemical fingerprints of gases in the planets' atmospheres.[14] This will enable scientists to understand how the chemistry of a planet links to the environment in which it forms, and how its formation and evolution are affected by its parent star.[14] Ariel will study a diverse population of exoplanets in a wide variety of environments, but it will focus on warm and hot planets in orbits close to their star.[14]
The design of the Ariel spacecraft is based on that intended for theExoplanet Characterisation Observatory (EChO) mission, and has heritage from the thermal design of thePlanck space observatory.[8][15] The body of the spacecraft is split into two distinct modules known as the Service Module (SVM) and the Payload Module (PLM). The PLM will complete its Assembly, Integration and Test (AIT) at RAL Space, STFC. The PLM consists of threealuminium V-Grooves and three pairs of low conductivityfibreglass bipod struts supporting the PLM.[15] A basic horizontal telescope configuration is used for the PLM itself, housing all of the spacecraft's scientific instruments and its oval 1.1 m × 0.7 m (3 ft 7 in × 2 ft 4 in)primary mirror.[15][16] At launch, the spacecraft will have a fuelled mass of 1,300 kg (2,900 lb), and will have a dry mass of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb).[16] The PLM will account for around 300 kg (660 lb) of that mass.[16]
The Ariel telescope's assembly is an off-axisCassegrain telescope followed by a third parabolic mirror torecollimate the beam. The telescope uses an oval 1.1 m × 0.7 m (3 ft 7 in × 2 ft 4 in)primary mirror; the imaging quality of the system is limited by diffraction for wavelengths longer than about 3μm, and itsfocal ratio (f) is 13.4.[17] The system will acquire images in the visible and near-infrared spectrum.[17] The near-infrared sensor and its front-end driver board is the same as that ofEuclid's NISP instrument. To operate itsinfrared spectroscope between 1.95 μm and 7.8 μm, the telescope will be cooled to a temperature of 55 K (−218.2 °C; −360.7 °F).[8][17]
Ariel's 1.1-m-diameterprimary mirror will be the largest telescope mirror ever constructed completely fromaluminium.[18][19] It will be built in a conventional way from a single large piece of metal.[20] However, for future space telescopes,ESA is developing techniques for joining together multiple aluminium segments to form a single large mirror.[21]
In August 2017,NASA conditionally selectedContribution to ARIEL Spectroscopy of Exoplanets (CASE) as aPartner Mission of Opportunity, pending the result of ESA'sCosmic Vision selection.[22] Under the proposal NASA provides twofine guidance sensors for the Ariel spacecraft in return for the participation of U.S. scientists in the mission.[23]CASE was officially selected in November 2019, withJPL astrophysicist Mark Swain as principal investigator.[24]
In March 2018, ESA officially selected Ariel as its fourth medium-class science mission. At that time, its launch was planned for 2028.[25][26][27] In November 2020, Ariel moved from study to implementation phase. Its launch was rescheduled to 2029.[28] On 7 December 2021, ESA announced that the €200 million contract to build Ariel had been awarded toAirbus Defence and Space.[29] In August 2023, Ariel passed its payload Preliminary Design Review.[30] On 6 December 2023, ESA approved the construction of Ariel with a targeted launch date of 2029.[31]
In October 2024, the mission's construction phase has started atAirbus inToulouse, France with the assembly of Ariel's structural model.[32]
The Ariel spacecraft is expected to be launched in 2029 byArianespace'sAriane 62launch vehicle together with theComet Interceptor.[29][3][33][34] It will be launched from theGuiana Space Centre inKourou,French Guiana,[33][34] fromELA-4 purpose-built forAriane 6 launches.[35] Ariel will be launched to the Sun-EarthLagrange point L2, in a position located at a distance of 1,500,000 km (930,000 mi) fromEarth,[33] where it will encounter a very stable thermal environment that is required for its operations.[34]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
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