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1951

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Clockwise from top-left: theTreaty of Paris establishes the European Coal and Steel Community, a precursor to the European Union; Shigeru Yoshida, Prime Minister of Japan signing theTreaty of San Francisco; Ships in Wellington harbour during the1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute; TheSakuragichō train is on fire; TheRosenbergs sentenced to death; Leading figures of the Nepali Congress in the1951 Nepalese revolution; Remington Rand delivers the firstUNIVAC I computer; Destruction left in the wake of the1951 eruption of Mount Lamington.

Calendar year

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	19th century 20th century 21st century
Decades:	1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s
Years:	1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
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1951 by topic
Subject
Animation Archaeology Architecture Art Aviation Awards Comics Film Literature Poetry Meteorology Music Country Jazz Rail transport Radio Science Spaceflight Sports Football Television American British Irish Italian
By country
Afghanistan Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Colombia Denmark France Germany India Ireland Israel Italy Japan Luxembourg Malaya Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines Portugal South Africa South Korea Soviet Union Spain Sweden Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States
Lists of leaders
Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Religious leaders Law
Birth and death categories
Births Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments Disestablishments
Works category
Works Introductions
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1951 in variouscalendars
Gregorian calendar	1951 MCMLI
Ab urbe condita	2704
Armenian calendar	1400 ԹՎ ՌՆ
Assyrian calendar	6701
Baháʼí calendar	107–108
Balinese saka calendar	1872–1873
Bengali calendar	1357–1358
Berber calendar	2901
British Regnal year	15 Geo. 6 – 16 Geo. 6
Buddhist calendar	2495
Burmese calendar	1313
Byzantine calendar	7459–7460
Chinese calendar	庚寅年 (Metal Tiger) 4648 or 4441 — to — 辛卯年 (Metal Rabbit) 4649 or 4442
Coptic calendar	1667–1668
Discordian calendar	3117
Ethiopian calendar	1943–1944
Hebrew calendar	5711–5712
Hindu calendars
-Vikram Samvat	2007–2008
-Shaka Samvat	1872–1873
-Kali Yuga	5051–5052
Holocene calendar	11951
Igbo calendar	951–952
Iranian calendar	1329–1330
Islamic calendar	1370–1371
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 26 (昭和２６年)
Javanese calendar	1882–1883
Juche calendar	40
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4284
Minguo calendar	ROC 40 民國40年
Nanakshahi calendar	483
Thai solar calendar	2494
Tibetan calendar	阳金虎年 (male Iron-Tiger) 2077 or 1696 or 924 — to — 阴金兔年 (female Iron-Rabbit) 2078 or 1697 or 925

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1951 (MCMLI) was acommon year starting on Monday of theGregorian calendar, the 1951st year of theCommon Era (CE) andAnno Domini (AD) designations, the 951st year of the2nd millennium, the 51st year of the20th century, and the 2nd year of the1950s decade.

Calendar year

Events

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January

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January 4 –Korean War:Third Battle of Seoul – Chinese andNorth Korean forces captureSeoul for the second time (having lost theSecond Battle of Seoul in September 1950).
January 9 – The Government of the United Kingdom announces abandonment of theTanganyika groundnut scheme for the cultivation ofpeanuts in theTanganyika Territory, with the writing off of £36.5M debt.^[1]
January 11 – In the U.S., a top secret report is delivered to U.S. President Truman by his National Security Resources Board, urging Truman to expand the Korean War by launching "a global offensive against communism" with sustained bombing of Red China and diplomatic moves to establish "moral justification" for a U.S. nuclear attack on the Soviet Union. The report will not not be declassified until 1978.^[2]
January 15 – In a criminal court in West Germany,Ilse Koch, The "Witch of Buchenwald", wife of thecommandant of theBuchenwald concentration camp, is sentenced to life imprisonment.^[3]
January 20 –Winter of Terror:Avalanches in theAlps kill 240 and bury 45,000 for a time, in Switzerland, Austria and Italy.
January 21 –Mount Lamington in Papua New Guineaerupts catastrophically, killing nearly 3,000 people and causing great devastation in Oro Province.^[4]
January 25 – Dutch authorAnne de Vries releases the first volume of his children's novelJourney Through the Night (Reis door de nacht), set during World War II.

February

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February – TheConvention People's Party winsnational elections inGold Coast (British colony).
February 1–2 – The1951 Nepalese revolution leads to agreement for a democratic constitution.
February 1 – TheUnited Nations General Assembly declares that China is an aggressor in the Korean War, in United Nations General Assembly Resolution 498.
February 6 –Woodbridge train wreck: APennsylvania Railroad passenger train derails nearWoodbridge Township, New Jersey, killing 85 people and injuring over 500, in one of the worst rail disasters in American history.
February 12
- The seven-nation Commonwealth Consultative Committee meets to discuss theColombo Plan for south and south-east Asia.^[5]
- Muhammad Reza Shah marriesSoraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari.
February 19 – Jean Lee becomes the last woman hanged in Australia, when she and her twopimps are hanged for the murder and torture of a 73-year-old bookmaker.
February 25 – The firstPan American Games open inBuenos Aires.
February 27 – TheTwenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, limitingPresidents to two terms, is ratified.

March

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March 31: Remington Rand delivers the firstUNIVAC I computer.

March 6 – The trial ofJulius and Ethel Rosenberg for conspiracy to commit espionage begins in the United States.
March 14
- Korean War:Operation Ripper – For the second time, United Nations troops recapture Seoul.
- West Germany joinsUNESCO.
March 29
- Second Red Scare: In the United States,Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are convicted ofconspiracy to commitespionage. OnApril 5 they are sentenced to death.
- Rodgers and Hammerstein'sThe King and I opens onBroadway, and runs for three years. It is the first of their musicals specifically written for an actress (Gertrude Lawrence). Lawrence is stricken withcancer during the run of the show, and dies halfway through its run a year later. The show makes a star ofYul Brynner.
- The23rd Academy Awards Ceremony is held;All About Eve wins theBest Picture award and five others.
March 31 –Remington Rand delivers the firstUNIVAC I computer to theUnited States Census Bureau.

April

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April 11
- U.S. PresidentHarry S. Truman relieves GeneralDouglas MacArthur of his Far Eastern commands.
- After its clandestine removal fromWestminster Abbey onChristmas Day,1950, theStone of Scone resurfaces atArbroath Abbey in Scotland.
April 18 – TheTreaty of Paris (1951) is adopted, establishing theEuropean Coal and Steel Community.
April 21 – TheNational Olympic Committee of theSoviet Union is formed. The USSR will first participate in the Olympic Games atHelsinki, Finland, in 1952.
April 24 –Sakuragichō train fire: inYokohama, Japan, a fire on atrain kills more than 100.
April 28 –1951 Australian federal election:Robert Menzies'Liberal/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a decreased majority, defeating theLabor Party, led by formerPrime Minister Ben Chifley. Chifley dies a little over a month after the election; he will bereplaced by his deputyH. V. Evatt.

May

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May 1 – Theopera house of Geneva, Switzerland is almost destroyed in a fire.
May 3
- KingGeorge VI opens theFestival of Britain in London, including theRoyal Festival Hall.^[6]
- TheU.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services andU.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations begin their closed door hearings into the dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur by U.S. President Harry S Truman.
May 8 –Operation Greenhouse: The firstthermonuclear weapon is tested in the "George" test onEnewetok Atoll in theMarshall Islands by the United States.
May 15 – Amilitary coup occurs inBolivia.
May 23 – TheTibetan government signs theSeventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet with the People's Republic of China.
May 24 – Operation Greenhouse: The first atomic bomb "boosted" by the inclusion oftritium is tested in the "Item" test on Enewetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands by the United States.
May 25–26 – British spiesGuy Burgess andDonald Maclean leave the United Kingdom to defect to theSoviet Union.^[7]

June

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June 7 – Nazi war criminalOtto Ohlendorf is hanged atLandsberg Prison,Bavaria.
June 14 –UNIVAC I is dedicated by the U.S. Census Bureau.^[8]
June 15–July 1 – InNew Mexico,Arizona,California,Oregon,Washington andBritish Columbia, thousands of acres of forests are destroyed in fires.

July

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July 4 –William Shockley of Bell Labs in the United States announces the invention jointly withJohn Bardeen andWalter Brattain of thegrown-junction transistor.^[9] Also this year, General Electric and RCA develop thealloy-junction transistor.
July 10
- Korean War:Armistice negotiations begin atKaesong.
- A formal peace agreement betweenCanada andGermany is signed.
July 13 –Vuoristorata, one of the oldest still-operating wooden roller coasters in Europe, is opened at theLinnanmäki amusement park inHelsinki, Finland.^[10]^[11]
July 16 – KingLeopold III of Belgium abdicates in favour of his sonBaudouin, who on July 17 takes the oath as king of Belgium.
July 20 – KingAbdullah I of Jordan is assassinated by aPalestinian while attending Friday prayers inJerusalem. He is succeeded by his son, KingTalal.
July 22 –Soviet space dogs Dezik and Tsygan become the first to enter space, in a 15-minutesub-orbital spaceflight in anR-1 rocket, being safely parachuted back to earth.^[12]
July 23 – MarshalPhilippe Pétain, former Prime Minister and Head of State of France, Chief of State ofVichy France duringWorld War II, hero commander ofWorld War I who led the French Army to victory at the nine-month-longBattle of Verdun, for which he was called "the Lion of Verdun", dies while serving a sentence of life-imprisonment on the island ofÎle-d'Yeu at 95 years old.
July 26 – The firstbirch bark manuscript is discovered inNovgorod.
July 28 –Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, amultilateral treaty of theUnited Nations, is signed at a special conference inGeneva, defining the status ofrefugees and setting out the basis for grantingright of asylum, coming into force on 22 April 1954.

August

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August 11 –René Pleven becomes Prime Minister of France.
August 31 – The firstVolkswagen Type 1 rolls off the production line inUitenhage, South Africa.

September

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September 1 – The United States, Australia and New Zealand all sign a mutual defense pact, theANZUS Treaty.
September 2 – TheSri Lanka Freedom Party is founded byS. W. R. D. Bandaranaike.
September 8
- Treaty of San Francisco: InSan Francisco, 48 representatives out of 51 attending sign apeace treaty with Japan, formally ending thePacific War; the delegations of theSoviet Union,Poland andCzechoslovakia do not sign the treaty, instead favoring separate treaties.
- TheU.S.-Japan Security Treaty, which allowsUnited States Armed Forces to be stationed in Japan even after the end of theoccupation of Japan, is signed by Japan and the United States.
September 9 – Chinese Communist forces move into Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.
September 10 – The United Kingdom begins an economic boycott ofIran.
September 20 –NATO accepts Greece and Turkey as members.
September 26–28 – A blue sun is seen over Europe: the effect is due to ash coming from the Canadian forest fires 4 months previously.
September 30 –Charlotte Whitton becomes mayor ofOttawa and Canada's first woman mayor of a major city.

October

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October 2 –Television in the Netherlands commences with the first broadcast fromNTS; alsotelevision in Denmark fromDR1.
October 3–8 –Korean War:First Battle of Maryang-san – United Nations (primarily Australian) forces drive back the Chinese.
October 6 –Malayan Emergency:Communist insurgents kill British commander SirHenry Gurney.
October 14 – TheOrganization of Central American States (Organización de Estados Centroamericanos, ODECA) is formed.
October 15
- Norethisterone, theprogestin used in thecombined oral contraceptive pill, is synthesized byLuis E. Miramontes in Mexico.
- On television, the situation comedyI Love Lucy airs its first episode onCBS in the U.S.
October 16
- Judy Garland begins a series of concerts in New York'sPalace Theatre.
- Prime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan of Pakistan is assassinated.
- East China Normal University is founded in Shanghai, China.
October 19 – The state of war between the United States andGermany is officially ended.
October 21 – A storm in southern Italy kills over 100.
October 24 – U.S. President Harry Truman declares an official end to war with Germany.
October 26 –Winston Churchill is re-electedPrime Minister of the United Kingdom (a month before his 77th birthday) in ageneral election which sees the defeat ofClement Attlee'sLabour government, after 6 years in power.^[13]
October 27 –Farouk of Egypt declares himself king ofSudan, with no support.

November

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November 1 –Desert Rock exercises, the first military exercises fornuclear war, with infantry troops included, are held in theNevada desert.
November 2 – 6,000 British troops are flown into Egypt to quell unrest in theSuez Canal zone.^[14]
November 10 –Direct dial coast-to-coast telephone service begins in the United States.
November 11 –Juan Perón is re-elected president ofArgentina.
November 12 – TheNational Ballet of Canada performs for the first time inEaton Auditorium, Toronto.
November 20 – ThePo River floods in northern Italy.
November 29 –LEO runs the world's first commercial computer program, bakery valuations, forJ. Lyons and Co.'s tea shops in the U.K.

December

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c. December – TheInstitute of War and Peace Studies is established byDwight D. Eisenhower atColumbia University in New York (of which he isPresident) withWilliam T. R. Fox as first director.^[15]
December 3 –Lebanese University is founded inLebanon.
December 6 – Astate of emergency is declared inEgypt, due to increasing riots.
December 13 – A water storage tank collapses inTucumcari, New Mexico, United States, resulting in 4 deaths and 200 buildings destroyed.
December 17 –We Charge Genocide, a petition describinggenocide againstAfrican Americans, is delivered to the United Nations.
December 20
- Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-1), the world's first (experimental)nuclear power plant, opens inIdaho, United States.
- A charteredCurtiss C-46 Commando crash-lands inCobourg,Ontario Canada; all on board survive.
- TheWorld Meteorological Organization becomes a specialized agency of theUnited Nations.
December 22 – TheSelangor Labour Party is founded inSelangor,Malaya.
December 24
- Libya becomes independent from Italy;Idris I is proclaimed King.
- Gian Carlo Menotti's 45-minute opera,Amahl and the Night Visitors, premieres live onNBC in the United States, becoming the first opera written especially for television.
December 31 – TheMarshall Plan expires, after distributing more than $13.3 billion US inforeign aid to rebuild Europe.^[16]

Unknown dates

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IBM (United Kingdom) is formed.^[17]
An 18-year-old sailor is fined for kissing in public inStockholm,Sweden. The law court calls his actions "obnoxious behavior repulsive to the public morals".^[17]
The continental United States becomesmalaria-free.^[18]^[19]