12°16′N69°05′W / 12.27°N 69.08°W /12.27; -69.08
ABC islands
| |
|---|---|
 From left to right, Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire | |
 Location of ABC islands in theLeeward Antilles | |
| Capitals | |
| Languages | |
| Demonyms | |
| Islands | |
| Area | |
• Total | 912 km2 (352 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2022 estimate | 300,000 |
• Density | 298/km2 (771.8/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | estimate |
• Total | $15.977 billion |
• Per capita | $47,683 |
| GDP (nominal) | estimate |
• Total | $18.852 billion |
• Per capita | $47,113 |
| HDI | 0.833 very high |
| Currency | |
| Today part of | Kingdom of the Netherlands |
TheABC islands are the physical group ofAruba,Bonaire, andCuraçao, the three westernmost islands of theLeeward Antilles in theCaribbean Sea. These islands have a shared political history and a status of Dutch underlying ownership, since theAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 ceded them back to theKingdom of the Netherlands, asCuraçao and Dependencies from 1815. They are a short distance north of theFalcón State,Venezuela.[1] Aruba and Curaçao are autonomous, self governingconstituent countries of theKingdom of the Netherlands, while Bonaire is aspecial municipality of theNetherlands. Territories of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the countries, and its special municipalities, are outside theEuropean Union; citizens have Dutch nationality and the former colonial power benefits from preferential trade, mineral and natural resource rights, particularly offshore.
Arawakan people such as theCaquetio are indigenous to the ABC islands.[2] According to the disputed letters ofAmerigo Vespucci, the first European to explore the ABC islands was one ofChristopher Columbus' captains,Alonso de Ojeda, who landed on Curaçao in 1499.[3] He is said to have called the islandsLas islas de los Gigantes orIslands of the Giants due to the native inhabitants, theCaiquetio Indians. The first known European exploration was by Amerigo Vespucci, whose cartographerJuan de la Cosa first described the islands. By 1527 the Spanish had formed a government and establishedCatholicism on the islands.
In 1634, theNetherlands fought Spain over control of the islands. The Dutch won, (although Spain won them back before abandoning them due to them being of little value to the Spanish[citation needed]) and the islands were then administered by the Netherlands. TheDutch West India Company established a major port on Curaçao and began importing West-African slaves to the island and to nearby Bonaire. On Aruba however, slavery was not as widespread due to island being considered too dry by the Dutch and Spanish for large plantations.
The abolition of the slave trade in 1863 had a devastating impact on the plantation-driven economies of Curaçao and Bonaire. The ABC islands gained newfound economic importance when oil was discovered inVenezuela during the early 20th century, the islands became sites of major oil refineries. Oil refining on the islands aided heavily in theAllied war effort duringWorld War II.
From 1815 until 1954 the three islands were known as theColony of Curaçao and Dependencies. This colony at various times also includedNetherlands Suriname andSint Eustatius and Dependencies. In 1954, the ABC islands were grouped together and became part of theNetherlands Antilles, which gave the islands political autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Although within The Netherlands Antilles, political power was largely dominated and held by Curaçao.
In 1986, Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles after a 30-year political battle for separation, becoming a separate country within the kingdom.[4] Upon thedissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010, Curaçao gained a similar status to Aruba. Bonaire became a special municipality of the Netherlands proper, although it maintains its status of anoverseas territory of theEuropean Union.
The ABC islands are part of theLeeward Antilles, which is the westernmost area of theLesser Antilles. They lie immediately to the north ofFalcón State, Venezuela. Due to their political history, they are sometimes considered to be part ofNorth America along with the other Caribbean islands, but are onSouth America's geographical plate and continental shelf as withTrinidad and Tobago.
ABC does not indicate the geographical order to each other; from west to east the islands are Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire. Aruba is a flat island, much coastal land being exposed to tidal storm surges. Bonaire and Curaçao are surrounded by reefs, and so are much more sheltered from this. Bonaire's and Curaçao's reefs are popular tourist destinations.
The ABC islands have an atypical hot desert climate seen in hot pockets of Australia,Köppen climate classificationBWh andBWk, with some notable rain but an excess ofevaporation overprecipitation. Surfaces on these islands hold little moisture and evaporate the little rainfall they receive. In addition,Aruba–Curaçao–Bonaire cactus scrub is the most common vegetation on these islands. Furthermore, the ABC islands are very dry as they lie north of theIntertropical Convergence Zone. Only in their short rainy season from October to December or January are they exposed to showers or storms formed from the northeasttrade winds. The rainy season is powerfully influenced by theSouthern Oscillation resulting in very high variability.[5] During strongEl Niño years like 1911/1912, 1930/1931, 1982/1983, and 1997/1998, annual (fiscal year) rainfall can be less than 200 millimetres or 8 inches, and even under 100 millimetres or 4 inches in Curação in 1911/1912. As much as 1,100 millimetres or 43 inches fell during strongLa Niña northern hemisphere winters: 1933/1934, 1970/1971, 1988/1989, 1999/2000, 2010/2011, and 2020/2021, with the highest monthly totals being over 350 millimetres or 14 inches.
Temperatures in the ABC islands are uniformly hot, averaging around 28 to 37 °C (82.4 to 98.6 °F) year-round, with comfortable humidity and minima rarely falling below 25 °C or 77 °F even on the mildest mornings, although afternoons rarely top 38 °C or 100 °F.
Bonaire is known for being a "diving paradise", with ecotourism playing a large part in its economy. The islands have a huge variety of wildlife, includingflamingos and four species ofsea turtle.[4]
Aruba set aside 20% of its land for a National Park to protect and conserve its wildlife, known asArikok National Park. The island is widely known for its beaches and low amounts of rainfall (even less rainfall than Curaçao and Bonaire).[6][7]
People ofAfrican descent make up the majorities of Curaçao and Bonaire's populations,[8] while people ofMestizo andEuropean descent make up the majority of Aruba's population.[9] Inhabitants of other descent and variousnationalities are also present on each island.
The islands have received substantial immigration in recent decades, namely from South America, other Caribbean islands,Europe,Asia and North America. Significant numbers ofVenezuelan refugees also reside on the ABC islands.[10]
Multilingualism is prevalent in the ABC Islands,[11] with most inhabitants speaking multiple languages.
Dutch has been the official language of the islands for most of their history since European contact, it is the language of education and government. However Dutch is not the common language on any of the ABC Islands.
Papiamentu (Papiamento on Aruba), aPortuguese creole language, is the most widely spoken language on all three ABC islands.[12] There are two main dialects of the language, Papiamentu (Curaçao, Bonaire) and Papiamento (Aruba). Unlike many other creole languages, Papiamento/u has and is not decreasing in usage. It has been made an official language on Aruba since 2003 and later official on in Curaçao and Bonaire since 2007.[13] Papiamento/u is based onPortuguese/Spanish with significant influences from Dutch,English,French,West African andAmerindian languages.[14]
Spanish and English are also widely known and spoken on the ABC islands. Spanish due to historical ties and proximity toLatin America, and English due toNorth American tourism.
Other languages brought over by immigrants such asChinese, Portuguese, French,Italian,Sranan Tongo and others are also spoken by smaller communities of speakers on the islands.
Aruba and Curaçao are autonomous countries of theKingdom of the Netherlands, which have their own parliament and prime minister. Bonaire is a "special municipality" of the Netherlands proper, and subject to Dutch law.
Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao are constitutional parts of the European Union, meaning that all three islands are special member state territories. Citizens of these islands hold European passports and can vote in European parliament elections. In addition, the islands get European development funds and students on the islands can also apply for Erasmus program from the islands. However, the islands are not in theSchengen area of the European Union.
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