Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara | |||||||||||||
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 Location of the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara | |||||||||||||
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| Country | Australia | ||||||||||||
| State | South Australia | ||||||||||||
| Region | Far North[1] | ||||||||||||
| Established | 1981[2][3] | ||||||||||||
| Council seat | Umuwa | ||||||||||||
| Government | |||||||||||||
| • State electorate | |||||||||||||
| • Federal division | |||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
• Total | 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||
| • Total | 2,333 (LGA2021)[7] | ||||||||||||
| Time zone | UTC+9:30 (Australian Central Standard Time (ACST)) | ||||||||||||
| • Summer (DST) | Unlike in the rest of SA, daylight savings is not observed | ||||||||||||
| Website | Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara | ||||||||||||
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Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara, also known asAPY,APY Lands orthe Lands, is a large, sparsely populatedlocal government area (LGA) forAboriginal people, located in the remote north west ofSouth Australia. Some of theAṉangu (people) of theWestern Desert cultural bloc, in particularPitjantjatjara,Yankunytjatjara andNgaanyatjarra peoples, inhabit the Lands.
Governance of the area is determined by theAnangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 (or APYLRA), whereby an elected executive board reports to thePremier of South Australia. The APY's administration centre is located atUmuwa.
A large portion of the APY Lands was formerly theNorth-West Aboriginal Reserve.
Due to its links with theNorthern Territory and proximity to the border, the APY Lands do not observe daylight savings unlike the rest of South Australia. The time zone observed throughout the year is Australian Central Standard Time (UTC+9:30), in line withDarwin rather thanAdelaide.
The Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara people (aṉangu) had lived in this area for many thousands of years. Even after theBritish began to colonise the Australian continent from 1788 onwards, andthe colonisation of South Australia from 1836, theaṉangu remained more or less undisturbed for many more years, apart from very occasional encounters with a variety of European explorers.[citation needed]
In 1921, with white settlement now beginning to encroach on theaṉangu's traditional land, the South Australian Government proclaimed the North-WestAboriginal Reserve. This Reserve consisted of most of what is now known as the APY Lands, with the exception of the eastern part of the APY Lands, which was given over to pastoral leases to Europeans.[citation needed]
In 1937, thePresbyterian Church council, spearheaded byCharles Duguid, established the Ernabella Mission on the Lands at the place now known asPukatja.[citation needed]
By the 1950s, manyaṉangu were living at the Ernabella Mission, while many others lived at camps on pastoral leases on what are now the Lands, or nearby, where they would work. Those pastoral leases includedGranite Downs, Everard Park, Victory Downs, De Rose Hill, Kenmore Park, and Mount Cavanagh.[citation needed]
In 1961, to prevent overcrowding at Ernabella Mission, the Church established what became the community ofAmata, but which was originally known as Musgrave Park. At the same time the Church also established what is now the community ofKaltjiti, but which was then known as Fregon.[citation needed]
In 1968, what is now the community ofIndulkana was established by the South Australian Government, as a base from which to provide welfare services toaṉangu living in camps on pastoral leases, where work was becoming increasingly difficult to find. At that time, the surrounding area was excised from pastoral leases and declared the Indulkana Aboriginal Reserve.[citation needed]
The body now known as Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara was formed in 1981 by the passing of theAnangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981[8] by theParliament of South Australia under PremierDon Dunstan, and includes thePitjantjatjara,Yankunytjatjara andNgaanyatjarra groups.[9]
"Ara Irititja" is a project of the APY, commenced in 1994 to identify, copy and electronically record historical materials about the Anangu (Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara people). Its purpose is to prevent the loss of the history, and to allow the teaching of it to others in thecommunity.[10]
By 2007 the peoples of the region had not had any majoreconomic development, apart fromtourism, but there had been proposals tomine in the area. The opal fields ofMintabie came under separate governance that time.[11]
TheMusgrave Block in the Lands has been viewed as having billions of dollars in potentialmineral deposits andpetroleum. Butanangu have been wary of opening up the area to mining, concerned about the impact onsacred sites and theenvironment. In 2003 mining companies were conducting discussions to try to allay these worries.[12]
A 2004 parliamentary report on an inquiry by a select committee led by Minister for Aboriginal AffairsTerry Roberts examined the shortcomings of the 1981 Act, which had not addressed entrenched social and economic problems in the Lands. The review noted shortcomings in the delivery of human services and infrastructure, and identified a "need to address the issue of the overall governance of the AP Lands and to formalise arrangements within an Act of Parliament and/or the Constitution of Anangu Pitjantjatjara". After wide consultation and consideration of many submissions, the committee made 15 recommendations. One of these was the establishment of a permanent police presence, as one of several strategies used to combat the problems ofpetrol sniffing andfamily violence.[13]
In July 2007South Australia Police in co-operation with liquor outlets inCoober Pedy (250 km to the south-east entrance to the Lands) agreed to create a register of alcohol purchases, to enable police to identify persons who purchased large quantities of alcohol in Coober Pedy potentially for transportation into Aboriginal lands.[citation needed] Also in July, Commonwealth Indigenous Affairs MinisterMal Brough offered federal help for a "drug and alcohol crackdown" in South Australian Aboriginal lands – such as the APY Lands.[14]
In early August 2007, theRann South Australian Labor Government announcedA$ 34 million package to "improve well-being of Aboriginal people" in the APY Lands. $25m was to be spent on improving housing and most of the remaining $8m on law enforcement inAmata andPukatja.[15] In November, SA Police Commissioner Mal Hyde announced the signing of a new enterprise agreement for South Australia Police that would include incentive packages to lure police to work in rural and remote areas such as the Lands.[16]
In May 2008, retiredSupreme Court judge the HonTed Mullighan QC delivered his supplementary report to hisChildren in State Care Commission of Inquiry, entitled the "Children on Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands Commission of Inquiry – a Report into Sexual Abuse" (aka "the Mullighan report").[17]
In December 2009 the South Australian Parliament passed the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights (Mintabie) Amendment Bill,[18] which was an amendment to theAPY Land Rights Act 1981, theOpal Mining Act 1995, and by-laws under theAPY Land Rights Act 1981, affecting the mainly non-Indigenous residents of the opal-mining town,Mintabie.[19] This amendment changed the licensing system for residential and commercial premises effective 1 July 2012, allowing the Minister responsible for theOpal Mining Act to grant licences.[20]
A 2017 report found many instances of non-compliance with the 2009 Amendment as well as other problems occurring in the settlement of Mintabie. It recommended closure of the township, with control reverting to APY.[20] After an appeal by residents failed, the final eviction date for the township was set at 31 December 2019.[21]
In March 2024, the Kulilaya Festival was held at Umuwa to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the 1981APY Land Rights Act. It had been delayed for three years owing to the impact of theCOVID-19 pandemic. Artists, musicians, and dancers presented their history and stories to commemorate the occasion.[22] The wordkulilaya approximates to the meaning of "listen", and was the name of a land rights protest song that was sung frequently in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and since then sung regularly by the Ernabella Choir, the APY Choir, and the Iwiri Choir.[23] Severalinma ceremonies were performed,[24] politicians from across the spectrum attended the festival, and performers includedDem Mob,Docker River Band, the Iwiri Choir, Mala, the Pukatja Band, and Desert Rain.[23]
TheMusgrave Ranges, straddling the border between South Australia and theNorthern Territory and theMann Ranges andTomkinson Ranges, both in the north-west of South Australia, stretch from east to west on the southern side of the NT border. The APY area includes isolated ranges and hills and largesandhill plains, and APY people also have affiliations with land in the NT to thePetermann Ranges, and inWestern Australia.[25]
There is a largepalaeovalley, ageological term for an ancient, buried river, underneath the APY Lands. A map of the geological formation, complete with scientific and technical terminology, has been translated intoPitjantjatjara by a team of translators, based on the English-language map developed by government agencies.[26]
There is a long strip oflimestone breaking through red soil nearFregon/Kaltjiti, where a new water source was found in 2019. The area is one of two places in the world which have landlockedtectonic plates, and drilling samples have been estimated to be between 5 and 10 million years old.[27]
To the north of the APY Lands, theMacDonnell Shire Council was created by the Northern Territory in 2008, renamed MacDonnell Region in 2014, spanning the south of the Territory from west to east.Western Australia lies to the west. The South Australian LGA to the south of APY Lands isMaralinga Tjarutja (with theDistrict Council of Coober Pedy to the east of that, but not adjoining APY).
TheOutback Communities Authority is not an LGA, but is thestatutory authority responsible for the development of areas adjoining the APY Lands (excluding the above-mentioned) as well as other large areas (63% of the state in total), to "manage the provision of public services and facilities to outback communities" which are widely dispersed across the region.[28]
The APY LGA encompasses a number of settlements of a range of sizes, many of them being located in the Musgrave Ranges. An interactive map shows the location of communities and further information about each on the Paper Tracker website.[29]
The main communities includeIndulkana (Iwantja),Mimili,Kaltjiti (Fregon),Pukatja (Ernabella),Amata,Pipalyatjara, andWatarru; the larger homelands areKalka,Kanpi,Nyapari andYunyarinyi (homeland). The APY administration centre of the Lands is located at Umuwa.[2][30]
Mintabie was anopal-mining town, leased back to theGovernment of South Australia between 1981 and 2019, when the residents were evicted.[21][31][32][33]
The list of Aboriginal communities (c) and homelands (h):[2]
Governance of the area is determined by theAPY Land Rights Act 1981 (amended 2017), whereby an elected executive board reports to thePremier of South Australia.[34][35] The board appoints a general manager for a fixed term. Richard King was elected by the board in April 2015, and his term was extended for a year in March 2023, despite opposition by some councillors.[36] In August 2025, theSouth Australian Government announced the appointment of administrators to run the lands for three months from 3 September, after a review found the reappointment of its general manager was constitutionally invalid under theAPY Land Rights Act. King said that, after 12 years in the job, he would return to his family in Adelaide.[37]
The statutory functions of the APY body corporate, aland council, are:[38]
The area is usually referred to as the APY Lands.[39][40][41][42] A permit is required for visitors to any community on the APY Lands, as they arefreehold lands owned by the Aboriginal people.[43]
TheAnangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands Rights (Miscellaneous) Amendment Act 2016 determined the boundaries of seven APY electorates to elect the executive board of Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara. The electorates would be:[44][45]
The 2016 census identified the following statistics:[46]
The 2006 ABS census figures were not vastly different. The total number of residents was slightly lower, at 2,230, but with a higher percentage born in Australia, at 98%. There were fewer speakers of Pitjantjatjara (58.6%), and more Yankuntjatjara (14.3%). More (46.1%) identified as being affiliated with the Uniting Church, and a similar percentage rented their homes.[53]
The upgrade to the Main Access Road is a major project, originally scheduled to begin in 2015 and be completed in 2019, at a cost ofA$106.25m (split 80/20 between federal and state governments). It is an upgrade to 210 kilometres (130 mi) of the main access road between theStuart Highway and Pukatja/Ernabella, and 21 kilometres (13 mi) of community and airstrip access roads in Pukatja, Umuwa, Kaltjiti/Fregon, Mimili and Iwantja/Indulkana. It is expected to deliver safer road travel, better access to employment opportunities, improved delivery of food supplies, improved living standards, etc.[54] In January 2019 it was reported that construction started in 2017, and should be completed by 2021.[55]
Based in Umuwa, Anangu Pitjantjatjara Services (AP Services), an incorporated body established in 1993, provides essential services such as roads and housing.[56] Regional Anangu Services Aboriginal Corporation (RASAC) was established in early 2010 as an offshoot of AP Services,[57] and is now the biggest employer of APY people, with headquarters in Alice Springs and seven community depots. It delivers services such as rental accommodation, aerodromes, building repairs and maintenance, civil works, community patrols, fuel supplies, homeland services and municipal services.[58]
A few months after his election in early 2018, PremierSteven Marshall, also responsible for Aboriginal Affairs, visited the APY Lands as part of his "whole-of-government" plan which aims to measure SA's progress on improving services to Aboriginal communities. He reported afterwards that employment, especially for young people, was a major issue that needed addressing; and the other one was housing. His government was working on a new funding agreement for remote housing with thefederal government, after the 10-year National Partnership Agreement on Remote Housing had ended on 30 June. Susan Tilley, Uniting Communities Aboriginal policy and advocacy manager, said that there were about 75 families still on the waiting list for housing, and that maintenance of existing stock and new housing had to be continued.[59]
The Nganampa Health Council (NHC), an Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Organisation, runs all of the clinics in the APY Lands and runs a wide range of services, such as the Tjilpi Pampaku Ngura Aged Care facility and health-related programs "including aged care, sexual health, environmental health, health worker training, dental, women's health, male health, children's health, immunisation, eye health and mental health".[60]
In 2014, a MobileDialysis Unit, a specially designed truck fitted with threedialysis chairs started operation, visiting remote Aboriginal communities across South Australia, including Pukatja, Mimili, Kaltjiti and Amata in the APY Lands, as well asMarla,Yalata,Coober Pedy, andLeigh Creek.[61] It is run from Purple House, a renal health clinic inAlice Springs, over 400 kilometres (250 mi) away. In July 2018, Health MinisterGreg Hunt andKen Wyatt, then Minister for Indigenous Health, announced increased funding for a number of health initiatives, including expanding renal health units in remote parts, through theNational Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC).[62]
In November 2019, a four-bed dialysis clinic was opened in Pukatja, named after Kinyin Mckenzie, who died in Alice Springs while receiving dialysis. The first such clinic in remote South Australia, it was funded mostly by the federal government, but boosted by the sale of paintings byErnabella Arts, which raisedA$170,000 towards the centre. At full capacity, the clinic can provide dialysis for up to 16 patients, but there is still a need for some short-stay housing to accommodate those who travel from elsewhere for treatment at Pukatja.[63][64]
As of 2018, the APY Lands were served bypolice stations situated atAmata,Ernabella,Mimili,Murputja,Umuwa and the town ofMarla. Specialist policing support is located at Umuwa, includingCIB anddomestic violence investigators.[65][66]
The station at Umuwa has not been permanently staffed.[67] As of 2020[update] a new, permanent policing complex is being built at Umawa. It will accommodate officers with specialist response capabilities, as well provide a base for a mobile unit which will be deployed in Fregon/Kaljiti, Indulkana and Pipalytjara. The service will work closely withchild protection service agencies addresschild abuse andfamily violence issues.[68][69][68][69] The 2019–2020Government of South Australia agency budget estimates the completion date as June 2021, with a total spend ofA$4.28 million.[70]
SA Water operatesdesalination plants atIndulkana,Mimili,Kaltjiti (Fregon) andYunyarinyi (Kenmore Park), which treat the water from localbores.[71]
In early 2019, at a site near Kaljiti/Fregon, a new water source was found in a "palaeo-valley", where groundwater is held about 90 metres (300 ft) below the surface (existing sources being about 30 metres [100 ft] down). Core drill samples have been dated at 5–10 million years old. Pipes were temporarily capped, but elder Witjiti George said that he hoped the water could be used to support a cattle herd, helping to create jobs and an ongoing industry for isolated communities. The new source could also provide much needed drinking water. APY Lands general manager Richard King said the origin of the water was yet to be established, but the water is pure, with lowsalinity. Government experts were working withFlinders University and theCSIRO to learn more about the source.[27]
In January 2020, thegovernment of South Australia declared that due to the2019–20 Australian bushfire season and drought,feral camels in large numbers were destroying infrastructure and putting families and communities in danger as they searched for water sources.[72] They were also destroying native vegetation, contaminating water supplies and destroying cultural sites. On 8 January 2020 the South AustralianDepartment for Environment and Water began a five-daycull of the camels, the first mass cull of camels in the area. Professional shooters would kill between 4,000 and 5,000 (or up to 10,000[72]) camels from helicopters, "...in accordance with the highest standards of animal welfare".[73]
The APY is renowned for its artists, who are always well-represented in any exhibitions and awards forIndigenous Australian artists. In 2017, APY artists earned 25 nominations in the prestigiousTelstra National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards; two were named as finalists in theArchibald Prize (which was won by one of them,Vincent Namatjira);[74] 14 APY artists' work made the shortlist for the 2019A$50,000Wynne Prize for landscape painting; Peter Mungkuri fromIwantja Arts won the inauguralHadley's Art Prize; and in 2019, APY artists also won or were shortlisted for theRamsay Art Prize, theSir John Sulman Prize, theHazelhurst Art on Paper Award the John Fries Award, and others.Nici Cumpston, artistic director ofTarnanthi Festival atArt Gallery of South Australia, regularly visits the APY art centres.[75]
TheAPY Art Centre Collective is a group of ten Indigenous-owned and -governed enterprises which supports artists from across the Lands and helps to market their work.[76] The idea was born in 2013, when artists from seven remote art centres got together to look for ways to help the Anangu artists create a network around Australia. It was initially funded from the proceeds of art sales only,[74] but in July 2017 was registered as apublic benevolent institution,[77] and as of 2019[update] was receiving support from theAustralia Council,federal andstate governments. However the artists themselves manage the collective. The individual art centres saw collaboration as a natural progression, because "We're telling the same story, and when we work together it makes us stronger"; in addition, exploitation by third parties is reduced.[74]
The collective aims to create and investigate new markets for their work, increase income for each art centre and support their business development, and in addition support collaborative regional projects, such as the renownedKulata Tjuta project, and the APY Photography initiative. Seven art centres across the Lands support the work of more than 500 Anangu artists,[76] from the oldest one,Ernabella Arts, toIwantja Arts at Indulkana, whose residents include award-winning Vincent Namatjira.[74] As well as the APY centres,Maruku Arts fromUluru,Tjanpi Desert Weavers based inAlice Springs, and Ara Iritja Aboriginal Corporation bring the number up to ten.[76]
Artist Sally Scales (who was formerly the youngest person to have been chair of the APY Executive Board) has been involved with the Collective since 2017 and is as of 2021[update] a regional project coordinator.[78]
The Collective has galleries inDarlinghurst, Sydney, and, since May 2019, a gallery and studio space onLight Square (Wauwi) inAdelaide,[79] known asAPY Gallery Adelaide. The Adelaide studio will function as another working space, the first to be established off-Country. An important aspect is that the artists are able to continue working when visiting healthcare facilities or family in Adelaide, withshuttle buses running between the centre anddialysis centre.[74] Nearly 30% of 2019 gallery sales were made by overseas purchasers, and about 50% from theEastern states of Australia.[80] About 84% of artwork sales (A$1.6 million as of July 2020) has been returned to the communities through the APY Art centres, which are the only source of income in most of these communities apart from the government.[81]
The art centres represented are:[82]
In 2019, 17 APY artists were finalists in theWynne Prize at theArt Gallery of New South Wales.[80]
In early April 2020, the Adelaide gallery had to close to the public, in line with restrictions imposed by the government owing to theCOVID-19 pandemic in Australia, so the gallery went online. In May 2020 it was announced that two of the gallery's resident painters,Sammy Lyons andLeah Brady, were finalists in theTelstra National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards.[80]
In April 2021, a joint exhibition of the work of Sally Scales and her mother, Josephine Mick,Irititja – Old, Kuwaritja – New, Ngali – Us (a generational story), was opened by prominent Sydney artistBen Quilty.[78][83]
a brief overview of the Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1981..., its history, operations, limitations and its future.
26°30′S132°00′E / 26.5°S 132°E /-26.5; 132
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