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970s

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Decade

Millennia
1st millennium
Centuries
9th century 10th century 11th century
Decades
950s 960s 970s 980s 990s
Years
970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979
Categories
Births Deaths By country Establishments Disestablishments
v t e

The970s decade ran from January 1, 970, to December 31, 979.

Events

EmperorJohn I delegates the war in theBalkans to his brother-in-law, theDomestic of the Schools Bardas Skleros, and to the eunuch generalPeter Phokas, who begin to gather aByzantine army inThrace. At the news of this, a powerful Kievan expeditionary force (30,000 men), along with manyBulgarians and aPecheneg contingent, is sent south over theBalkan Mountains. After sacking the Bulgarian stronghold ofPhilippolis (modern-dayPlovdiv), they bypass the heavily defended city ofAdrianople, and turn towardsConstantinople.^[1]
Battle of Arcadiopolis: John I dispatches an elite force (10–12,000 men) to delay theKievan Rus'. The Byzantines under Bardas Skleros successfullyambush the Kievan-Bulgarian invaders atArcadiopolis (modernTurkey). The battle turns into a complete rout, killing thousands. Grand PrinceSviatoslav I is driven out of Thrace and withdraws his forces to the fortress city ofSilistra.^[2]
Summer –Bardas Phokas (the Younger) and his family rebel against their own cousin, John I. Bardas is proclaimed 'emperor' by his troops atCaesarea, but the rebellion is extinguished by Bardas Skleros. Phokas and his relatives are captured andexiled to the island ofChios (Aegean Sea).

Europe

[edit]

Summer – Byzantine-Imperial truce: EmperorOtto I (the Great) meets with John I atBari and accepts a permanent peace agreement.Pandulf I (Ironhead) is released from captivity inConstantinople (see969).
The oldest preserved document (by Otto I) mentionsLeibnitz inStyria (modernAustria).
Eric the Victorious becomes the first (documented) king ofSweden inUppland.
Skagul Toste leads aViking expedition toEngland and demandsDanegeld.

Africa

[edit]

Al-Hasan ibn Ubayd Allah, Ikhshidid governor ofPalestine, is defeated and taken prisoner by GeneralJa'far ibn Fallah inSyria. Ending theIkhshidid Dynasty as a ruling power.
Construction is completed onAl-Azhar Mosque inCairo,Egypt (the world's oldestIslamic university).

Asia

[edit]

A majorvolcano erupts inLake Mashū,Japan (approximate date).

971

This section istranscluded fromAD 971.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Byzantine Empire

[edit]

Battle of Dorostolon: A Byzantine expeditionary army (possibly 30–40,000 men) attacks the Bulgarian frontier, personally led by EmperorJohn I. He layssiege to the fortress city ofDorostolon (located on theLower Danube), and is reinforced by a fleet of 300 ships equipped withGreek fire.^[3] TheKievan Rus' and their Bulgarian allies are reduced to extremities byfamine. After a 3-month siege, Grand PrinceSviatoslav I agrees to sign apeace treaty with the Byzantines, whereby he renounces his interests towards Bulgarian lands and the city ofChersonesos inCrimea. Sviatoslav is allowed to evacuate his army toBerezan Island, while the Byzantines enter Dorostolon. John renames the city Theodoropolis (named after the reigning EmpressTheodora).^[4]
John I returns in triumph toConstantinople. He brings alongBoris II, ruler (tsar) of theBulgarian Empire, and his family, together with the contents of the Bulgarian imperial treasury. Boris is given the Byzantine 'court title' ofmagistros as compensation. The Bulgarian lands inThrace andLower Moesia become part of theByzantine Empire.

Europe

[edit]

Otto I 'the Great', Holy Roman Emperor, appoints his imperial secretaryWilligis aschancellor (guardian of the emperor'sseal), an office formerly held by Otto's brother, ArchbishopBruno I.

Britain

[edit]

KingCuilén (or Cuilean) is killed byBritons after a 6-year reign. He is succeeded by his nephewKenneth II, as ruler ofAlba (Scotland). He will not be sole king until977.

Middle East

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Battle of Alexandretta: The Byzantines defeat aFatimid force (4,000 men) nearAlexandretta (modernTurkey), while the main Fatimid army is besieging the fortress city ofAntioch. Coupled with news of an advance againstDamascus of theQarmatians, the Fatimids are forced to lift the siege and withdraw toEgypt.
First Qarmatian invasion of Egypt: TheQarmatians underal-Hasan al-A'sam invade Syria, recently conquered by theFatimid Caliphate, capturingDamascus andRamla, defeating a major Fatimid army and blockading another inJaffa. A subsequent invasion of Egypt leads to widespread anti-Fatimid revolts in theNile Delta, but the delay allows the Fatimid generalJawhar to prepare his defences, leading to the decisive Qarmatian atAyn Shams on 24 December and the collapse of the invasion.^[5]

Asia

[edit]

EmperorAditya Chola II, co-regent of theChola dynasty (modernIndia), is murdered and succeeded byUttama. Due to his immaturity,Arunmozhi Varman becomes theheir apparent.

China

[edit]

January 23 – Awar elephant corps of theSouthern Han is defeated at Shao, bycrossbow fire fromSong dynasty troops. The Southern Han Kingdom is forced to submit to the Song dynasty. Ending Southern Han rule, but also the first regular war elephant corps employed in a Chinese army, that had gained the Southern Han victories throughout the 10th century.

By topic

[edit]

Religion

[edit]

The grave ofSwithun, Anglo-Saxon bishop ofWinchester, is moved into an indoorshrine (he was previously buried outside) in theOld Minster. The ceremony is said to have been marred by 40 days of torrentialrain.

972

This section istranscluded fromAD 972.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Byzantine Empire

[edit]

Spring – EmperorJohn I Tzimiskes divides theBulgarian territories, recently held by theKievan Rus', into six newthemes. He turns his attention to the East against theAbbasid Caliphate and itsvassals, beginning with an invasion ofUpper Mesopotamia. John transfers Byzantine troops toMacedonia, and the region ofPhilippopolis inThrace, to dilute theSlavs.^[6]
John I removes various Bulgarianboyars from their homes, and settles them inConstantinople andAnatolia (modernTurkey), where they are given high titles and lands.^[7]
John I grants a charter for the Monastic Republic of HolyMount Athos, inGreece.

Europe

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Spring – Grand PrinceSviatoslav I isambushed by thePechenegs (possibly in the service of the Byzantines) and killed during his attempt to cross theDnieper rapids (modernUkraine). His skull is made into adrinking cup. Sviatoslav is succeeded by his eldest sonYaropolk I as ruler ofKiev, which leads to a civil war with his brotherOleg.^[8]
April 14 –Otto II (the Red), joint-ruler and son ofOtto I (the Great), marries the Byzantine princessTheophanu (niece or granddaughter of John I). She is crowned empress by PopeJohn XIII atRome. Creating analliance between theOttonian Dynasty and theByzantine Empire (called theTzimiscian Peace).^[9]
June 24 –Battle of Cedynia: ThePolans under prince (orDuke)Mieszko I, defeat the German forces of theSaxon countOdo I at their stronghold inCedynia (with the help of hidden reinforcements). The battle – one of the first inPolish history – strengthens Mieszko's hold over WesternPomerania.^[10]

Africa

[edit]

Buluggin ibn Ziri is appointedviceroy inIfriqiya (modernTunisia) and becomes the first ruler (emir) of theZirid Dynasty.

By topic

[edit]

Religion

[edit]

September 6 – John XIII dies at Rome after a 6-year reign. He is succeeded byBenedict VI as the 134thpope of theCatholic Church.
The monastery at the site ofPeterborough Cathedral is rebuilt byDunstan, archbishop ofCanterbury.^[11]

973

This section istranscluded fromAD 973.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Byzantine Empire

[edit]

Spring – TheByzantine army, led by GeneralMelias (Domestic of the Schools in the East), continues the operations inUpper Mesopotamia.
July: Melias moves againstAmida (modernTurkey). He defeats theArabs outside the walls, and begins to laysiege to the city. After a few days, a violent wind and a thick dust spreads over the Byzantine camp. Covered by the dust, the Arabs attack and route the Byzantines. Many of them are slaughtered and some, including Melias, are taken prisoner. Previous Byzantine gains in the area are lost. The wounded Melias dies later in captivity.

Europe

[edit]

May 7 – EmperorOtto I (the Great) dies atMemleben inThuringia (modernGermany) after a 37-year reign. He is succeeded by his 18-year-old sonOtto II (the Red), who becomesabsolute ruler of theHoly Roman Empire. His motherAdelaide will exert great influence on Otto, although her lavishphilanthropies will be a source of contention. Otto's succession leads to conflicts in the south German duchies and inLotharingia.^[12]

Britain

[edit]

Edgar I (the Peaceful) is crowned king during a royalceremony atBath by ArchbishopDunstan. In acouncil at Chester,Lothian (a region of theLowlands) is ceded toScotland, in return forfealty from KingKenneth II.
Edgar I marches with his army north toChester. His navy meets him there via theIrish Sea. This show of strength persuades the 'Northern Kings' to submit to hisoverlordship (approximate date).

Africa

[edit]

CaliphAl-Mu'izz transfers the royal residence of theFatimid Caliphate fromEl-Mansuriya (modernTunisia) to the newly founded city ofCairo inEgypt. He leaves generalBuluggin ibn Ziri to govern the WesternNorth African territories, which will become the province ofAl-Maghreb (meaningthe West).

By topic

[edit]

Commerce

[edit]

Cloves,ginger,black pepper, and other Eastern spices are available for purchase in the marketplace atMainz. The spices are brought to the city byJewish travelingmerchants, known as theRadhanites, who have contacts in the internationaltrade between theChristian andIslamic world (approximate date).

Religion

[edit]

January 19 –Pope Benedict VI is consecrated as the 134thpope of theCatholic Church. He is installed atRome with the approval of Otto I and becomes apuppet ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. The Roman aristocracy resents Otto's dominance in Roman civil andecclesiastical affairs.^[13]
In the Council ofWinchester, Edgar I accepts a 'Monastic Agreement' (called theRegularis Concordia). The document is compiled by BishopÆthelwold and serves as a rule for howmonastic life should be performed.

974

This section istranscluded fromAD 974.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Europe

[edit]

Battle ofDanevirke: EmperorOtto II defeats the rebel forces of KingHarald I, who has invadedNordalbingia (modern-dayHolstein), to shake off imperial overlordship. Otto's armies swiftly subdue theDanes, consolidating the frontier betweenScandinavia and NorthernGermany. Meanwhile,Henry II begins a rebellion against his cousin Otto. He forges alliances withBavarian andSaxon nobles.

England

[edit]

KingEdgar I gives English help to PrinceHywel in ousting his uncle, KingIago of Gwynedd from his kingdom.
A greatearthquake occurs inEngland.^[14]

Abbasid Caliphate

[edit]

5 August – Caliphal-Muti, ill and incapacitated, is deposed and succeeded by his sonal-Ta'i, dying shortly after.^[15]

Africa

[edit]

TheQarmatians are defeated north ofCairo byFatimid forces under GeneralJawhar al-Siqilli. He consolidates Fatimid rule and sends alegation to the Christian land ofNubia to secure the southern border ofEgypt. Arab traders introduceIslam to the population, which gradually supplantsChristianity.
An offensive, by theSpain-basedCaliphate of Córdoba brings theMaghrebi Idrisid Dynasty to an end. CaliphAl-Hakam II maintains the supremacy of the caliphate over the kingdoms ofNavarra,Castile andLeón.^[16]

China

[edit]

TheLiao Dynasty exchangesambassadors with theSong Dynasty onNew Years Day (Spring Festival).
The city ofFuzhou, located inFujian province, builds newcity walls.

By topic

[edit]

Religion

[edit]

Summer – PopeBenedict VI is imprisoned in theCastel Sant'Angelo atRome, where he is strangled to death through the influence of the powerfulCrescentii family.Crescentius I (the Elder), Italianpolitician andaristocrat, engineers an election and replaces Benedict with his own candidate Franco, who ascends under the title anti-PopeBoniface VII.^[17]
Fall – Boniface VII is expelled by order of Otto II and flees toConstantinople, taking the Church treasury of theVatican Basilica along with him.^[18] He is succeeded byBenedict VII as the 135thpope of theCatholic Church.
Anabbey is founded at the site ofMönchengladbach (Germany).

975

This section istranscluded fromAD 975.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Byzantine Empire

[edit]

Arab–Byzantine War: EmperorJohn I raidsMesopotamia and invadesSyria, using theByzantine base atAntioch to press southwards toTripoli. He conquers the cities ofBaalbek,Damascus,Sidon,Tiberias andCaesarea, but fails to takeJerusalem.^[19]

Europe

[edit]

October 15 –Oberto I (Obizzo), an Italiancount palatine, dies. TheMarca Obertenga (EasternLiguria) is divided among theObertenghi family.
EmperorOtto II (the Red) leads a punitive expedition againstBoleslaus II, duke ofBohemia (approximate date).

England

[edit]

July 8 – KingEdgar I (the Peaceful) dies atWinchester after a 16-year reign. He is succeeded by his 12-year-old son Edward the Martyr as ruler ofEngland.

Africa

[edit]

December 21 – CaliphAl-Mu'izz dies inEgypt after a 22-year reign in which he has extended his realm fromSicily to theAtlantic. He is succeeded by his sonAl-Aziz Billah as ruler of theFatimid Caliphate.

China

[edit]

EmperorTaizu conquersHunan Province and brings the power of the military underSong control. Ending the era of thewarlords (approximate date).

By topic

[edit]

Religion

[edit]

March – Otto II appoints hisarchchancellor Willigis as archbishop ofMainz. He receives thepallium from PopeBenedict VII.

976

This section istranscluded fromAD 976.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Byzantine Empire

[edit]

January 10 – EmperorJohn I Tzimiskes dies atConstantinople, after returning from a second campaign against theAbbasids inSyria. He is buried in the Church ofChrist Chalkites, and succeeded by his 18-year-old nephewBasil II, who becomes sole ruler of theByzantine Empire. The administration remains in the hands ofBasil Lekapenos (an illegitimate son of the late EmperorRomanos I).

Europe

[edit]

June – EmirAbu'l-Qasim launches a raiding expedition intoByzantine Italy fromSicily. He imposes atribute on the cities ofCosenza andCellere. Meanwhile, a Fatimid fleet assaults theApulian coast and raids the surrounding countryside. Abu'l-Qasim sends an army toOtranto and besiegesGravina, before returning to Sicily – bringing home hundreds of captives and slaves.
July – EmperorOtto II (the Red) occupiesRegensburg, forcing his rebellious cousinHenry II (the Wrangler) (who claims rulership over theHoly Roman Empire) to flee toBohemia. Henry is deposed andBavaria is handed over toOtto I ofSwabia (a grandson of the late EmperorOtto I). He sets up the new "GrandDuchy of Carinthia" covering modern-dayAustria.^[20]
Summer – Otto II appointsLeopold I (the Illustrious), a member of theHouse of Babenberg, as margrave of theMarcha Orientalis (the laterArchduchy of Austria). In order to maintain his possession in SouthernItaly, Otto strengthens his army with 2,100 mailed horsemen (heavy cavalry) fromGermany, of which around 1,500 are to be provided by the Churches.^[21]
Summer –Pietro IV Candiano, doge ofVenice, demands Venetian assistance to put down a revolt in his personal fiefs aroundFerrara. The Venetians also revolt against Candiano and assault the doge's palace. Repelled bymercenary forces, they burn the neighborhood – bringing the palace down with it. Candiano and his family escape, but are killed by the mob.
October 16 – CaliphAl-Hakam II dies after a 15-year reign in which he has ended theFatimid Caliphate inMorocco and made theUniversity of Córdoba the greatest institution in the world. Al-Hakam is succeeded by his 10-year-old sonHisham II as ruler of theCaliphate of Córdoba. His widowSubh becomesregent together withAlmanzor thede facto rulers.

China

[edit]

November 14 – EmperorTaizu (Zhao Kuangyin) dies atKaifeng after a 16-year reign. He is succeeded by his brotherTai Zong as ruler of theSong Dynasty. During his rule theYuelu Academy (located inHunan Province) is founded, which becomes one of the renowned academies (Shūyuàn).
Zhang Sixun, a Chinese astronomer and engineer, employs the use ofliquid mercury, in order that theescapement mechanism of hisastronomical clock can function, and metal parts will not rust by usinghydraulics (water), or freeze in winter.

977

This section istranscluded fromAD 977.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Europe

[edit]

May –Boris II, dethroned emperor (tsar) ofBulgaria, and his brotherRoman manage to escape from captivity inConstantinople. They reach the Bulgarian border, but Boris is killed by mistake by the border guards. Roman is crowned as new ruler, although leadership and the control of the army remain in the hands of GeneralSamuel (a member of theCometopuli Dynasty).^[22]
War of the Three Henries:Henry III (the Younger), duke ofCarinthia, gets involved in a conflict over thePatriarchate of Aquileia (March of Verona) in northeasternItaly. EmperorOtto II (the Red) decides in Aquileia's favor, prompting Henry III to go into revolt. He joins forces withHenry II (the Wrangler), duke ofBavaria. They are both joined byHenry I, bishop ofAugsburg.
August – Otto II appoints his cousinCharles, illegitimate son of the late KingLouis IV (d'Outremer), as duke ofLorraine. KingLothair III – who claims the duchy as his own territory – declares war to theHoly Roman Empire. He leads an expedition into Lorraine accompanied byHugh Capet. Lothair crosses theMeuse River and takesAachen, sacking theimperial palace.^[23]
Fall – Otto II invades theWest Frankish Kingdom accompanied by Charles and ravages the cities ofReims,Soissons (where he halts at theAbbey of Saint Médard for devotions) andLaon.^[24] Lothair III escapes and flees toParis, where he is besieged by imperial forces. Charles is proclaimed 'King of theFranks' byDietrich I, bishop ofMetz, at Laon.^[25]
November 30 – Otto II is unable to take Paris, he lifts thesiege of the capital and withdraws. A Frankish army under Lothair III pursues and defeats the imperialrearguard while crossing theAisne River. Otto escapes and is forced to take refuge at Aachen with Charles, after his supplies are destroyed.^[26]

Scotland

[edit]

KingKenneth II of Scotland kills his rivalAmlaíb mac Illuilb (orAmlaíb), brother of the late KingCuilén, to establish himself as Cuilén's successor.

Arabian Empire

[edit]

Spring –Sabuktigin, aSamanid general, succeeds his father-in-lawAlp-Tegin as governor ofGhazna (modernAfghanistan). He enlarges his dominions and founds theGhaznavid Dynasty.
Summer –'Adud al-Dawla, ruler (shah) of theBuyid Dynasty, drives theHamdanids out ofMosul and tries to unify the country.Abu Taghlib is forced to flee to theByzantine city ofAntzitene.
EmirSa'd al-Dawla recovers his capital,Aleppo, from theghulamBakjur, who receives the governorship ofHoms as compensation.

By topic

[edit]

Religion

[edit]

Æthelwold, bishop ofWinchester, rebuilds the western end of theOld Minster, with twin towers and noapses (approximate date).
TheImam Ali Mosque, located inNajaf (modernIraq), is completed by 'Adud al-Dawla.

978

This section istranscluded fromAD 978.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Byzantine Empire

[edit]

Battle of Pankaleia: Rebel forces under GeneralBardas Skleros are defeated by theByzantine army loyal to EmperorBasil II, commanded by GeneralBardas Phokas (the Younger), near Pankaleia (modern-dayHisarköy). Phokas regroups his forces and continues his march to the East, drawing Skleros away fromConstantinople.

Europe

[edit]

War of the Three Henries: EmperorOtto II (the Red) supported by his nephewOtto I, duke ofBavaria andCarinthia, attacksPassau, where the rebels have assembled. In September, the town surrenders due to Otto'ssiege tactics, which includes abridge of boats. Ending of the revolt ofHenry II (the Wrangler) against Otto II.
Otto II has the three insurrectionists punished atMagdeburg. Henry II is stripped of all his possessions and imprisoned in the custody of BishopFolcmar ofUtrecht. The other two:Henry III (the Younger) loses his duchy to Otto I andHenry I, bishop ofAugsburg, is arrested and imprisoned inWerden Abbey (Germany).^[27]
Franco-German war of 978–980 begins.
Almanzor, a court official andregent ofCórdoba, becomes achamberlain (hajib) and seizes power from the 13-year-old CaliphHisham II. During his reign, Almanzor will exercise strong influence overSubh (the mother of Hisham) and wages successful campaigns against theChristian kingdoms in NorthernSpain.
Fall –Mieszko I, duke and prince (de facto ruler) ofPoland, abductsOda of Haldensleben from the monastery ofKalbe (Saxony-Anhalt) and marries her. She becomes Mieszko's second wife andDuchess of the Polans.
Pandulf I (Ironhead), aLombard prince, annexes thePrincipality of Salerno into his domains. For the first time, the Lombard duchies ofBenevento,Capua, Salerno andSpoleto-Camerino are united under one ruler.
Pietro I Orseolo, doge ofVenice, escapes from Venice and travels to theBenedictine abbey ofMichel-de-Cuxa (SouthernFrance). He is succeeded byVitale Candiano (not the bishop ofGrado) as doge of Venice.
Winter –Vladimir I (the Great), grand prince ofKiev, returns fromNorway with aVarangian mercenary army and re-capturesNovgorod. On his way to Kiev, he marches against the forces of his brotherYaropolk I.

England

[edit]

March 18 – King Edward the Martyr is murdered atCorfe Castle (Dorsetshire) upon the orders of his step-motherÆlfthryth (orElfrida). He is succeeded by his half-brotherÆthelred II (the Unready) who becomes king ofEngland. During his reign Æthelred tries to keep his realm from being overrun byDanish Viking invaders.
English troops are deployed on theLlŷn Peninsula on behalf of KingHywel ofGwynedd in order to prevent his uncle, KingIago, invading with Viking allies fromDublin.
The town ofGuildford (Surrey) becomes the location of theRoyal Mint.

China

[edit]

June 3 –Chen Hongjin,Jiedushi ofPinghai Circuit, surrenders his territories and pledgesallegiance to theSong Dynasty.

June 9 – KingQian Chu surrenders his territories and pledgesallegiance to theSong Dynasty, saving his people from war and economic destruction. Qian Chu remains ruler and moves 3,000 members of hishousehold to Bianjing (modern-dayKaifeng).Wuyue is absorbed into the Song Dynasty, effectively ending the kingdom.

By topic

[edit]

Literature

[edit]

One of theFour Great Books of Song, theTaiping Guangji, a Chinese collection ofdeities,fairies,ghost stories andtheology, is completed. The collection is divided into 500 volumes and consists of about 3 millionChinese characters.

Religion

[edit]

TheBadia Fiorentina, a Benedictine abbey inFlorence, is founded byWilla of Tuscany, the widow ofHubert of Tuscany.

979

This section istranscluded fromAD 979.(edit |history)

By place

[edit]

Byzantine Empire

[edit]

March 24 –Second Battle of Pankaleia: AnIbero-Byzantine expeditionary force, under GeneralBardas Phokas (the Younger), inflicts a crushing defeat on the rebels of GeneralBardas Skleros, atSarvenis (modernTurkey). Skleros manages to escape, and finds shelter with his Muslim allies. The rebellion is subdued without difficulty.

Europe

[edit]

Vitale Candiano, doge ofVenice, abdicates for health reasons after a 14-month reign, and retires to a monastery. He is succeeded byTribuno Memmo, a son-in-law of the murderedPietro IV Candiano. Tribuno declares a generalamnesty for everyone complicit in the plot against Pietro.^[28]
June 8 –Louis V, nicknamedle Fainéant (the Do-Nothing), is crowned as the co-emperor ofWest Francia atParis by his father, KingLothair. Upon Lothair's death onMarch 2,986, Louis becomes the sole ruler.
The city ofBrussels is founded byCharles, duke ofLower Lorraine. He constructs fortifications (acastrum on an island) on theSenne River (modernBelgium).

Britain

[edit]

Tynwald (orTynwald Court), the parliament of theIsle of Man, is founded. It remains active as the longest continuousparliament in the world.^[29]

Africa

[edit]

Jawhar as-Siqilli is dismissed asvizier ofEgypt after an unsuccessful campaign inSyria (nearDamascus). He is replaced byYa'qub ibn Killis.

China

[edit]

Battle of Gaoliang River: EmperorTai Zong leads an expedition intoYou Prefecture (orYouzhou). TheLiao Dynasty counter-attacks and defeats the Song forces near modern-dayBeijing.
Summer – Tai Zong invades theNorthern Han and besieges the capital ofTaiyuan. A relief force sent by the Liao Dynasty is defeated. The Kingdom is absorbed into theSong Dynasty.

Significant people

[edit]

Mar Abdisho I, Patriarch of theAssyrian Church of the East, held position 963–986
Eric the Red (950–1003), Norse Explorer
Richard I of Normandy (933–996), Duke of Normandy, r. 942–996
Mieszko I of Poland (945?–992),Duke of Poland, r. c.960–992
Vladimir of Kiev (958-1015), Kievan Prince and future Grand Prince of Kievan Rus
Hisham II caliph of Córdoba
Al-Aziz Billah Fatimid caliph of Cairo
Al-Muti caliph of Baghdad
At-Ta'i caliph of Baghdad

Births

Transcluding articles:970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978, and979

970

Adelaide, Germanabbess and saint (d.1015)
Al-Sharif al-Radi, PersianShi'ite scholar andpoet (d. 1015)
Bartholomew of Grottaferrata, Italianabbot (d.1055)
Constantine III, king ofScotland (approximate date)
Fulk III (the Black), Frenchnobleman (d.1040)
Gerberga, German noblewoman (approximate date)
Hedwig, French noblewoman (approximate date)
Henry of Schweinfurt, German nobleman (d.1017)
Henry of Speyer, German nobleman (approximate date)
Heribert, archbishop ofCologne (approximate date)
Leif Erikson, NorseViking explorer (approximate date)
Otto II, duke ofLower Lorraine (approximate date)
Procopius of Sázava, Czechhermit and abbot (d.1053)
Radim Gaudentius, Polish archbishop (approximate date)
Richard of Verdun, French abbot (d.1046)
Rudolph III, king ofBurgundy (approximate date)
Sergius IV, pope of theCatholic Church (d.1012)
Sitt al-Mulk, Fatimid princess andregent (d.1023)
Wifred II, Spanish nobleman (approximate date)
William III, French nobleman (approximate date)
Xu Daoning, Chinese painter (approximate date)

971

Kushyar Gilani, Persian mathematician andgeographer (d.1029)
Mahmud of Ghazni, emir of theGhaznavid Empire (d.1030)
Oliba, Spanish count andbishop (approximate date)
Rajendra Chola, Emperor ofChola Dynasty at its peak

972

January 16 –Sheng Zong, emperor of theLiao Dynasty (d.1031)
March 27 –Robert II (the Pious), king ofFrance (d. 1031)
Abdussamed Babek, Kurdishulama,author andpoet (d.1019/1020)
Al-Mawardi, Abbasidjurist and diplomat (d.1058)
Ermesinde, countess andregent ofBarcelona (d. 1058)
Fujiwara no Seishi, Japanese empress consort (d.1025)
Fujiwara no Yukinari, Japanesecalligrapher (d.1027)
Gregory V, pope of theCatholic Church (d.999)^[30]
Ramon Borrell, count of Barcelona (d.1017)

973

May 6 –Henry II, emperor of theHoly Roman Empire (d.1024)
September 4 –Al-Biruni, Persian physician andpolymath (d.1048)
Adelaide I, German princess andabbess (approximate date)
Abul 'Ala Al-Ma'arri, Syrianphilosopher and poet (d.1057)
Hisham III, Umayyad caliph ofCórdoba (d.1036)
Murasaki Shikibu, Japanesepoet andlady-in-waiting (or978)
Qadi 'Abd al-Wahhab, Abbasid scholar and jurist (d.1031)

974

Bruno of Querfurt, Germanmissionary bishop (d.1009)
Ermengol I, count ofUrgell (d.1010)
Frederick, count ofWalbeck (d.1018)
Fujiwara no Korechika, Japanesenobleman (d. 1010)
Lý Thái Tổ, emperor ofLý dynasty (d. 1028)

975

July 25 –Thietmar, bishop ofMerseburg (d.1018)
Adalbold II, bishop ofUtrecht (d.1026)
Amadeus I, count ofSavoy (approximate date)
Bouchard II, Frenchnobleman (d.1020)
Conrad I, German nobleman (d.1011)
Cunigunde, Holy Roman Empress (d.1040)
Elijah, bishop ofBeth Nuhadra (d.1046)
Gerard I, bishop ofCambrai (approximate date)
Gero II, German nobleman (d.1015)
Guo, empress of theSong Dynasty (d.1007)
Hugh of Chalon, French bishop (approximate date)
Izumi Shikibu, Japanese poet (approximate date)
Oldřich, duke ofBohemia (approximate date)
Sophia I, German princess andabbess (d.1039)^[31]
Stephen I, king ofHungary (approximate date)

976

February 5 –Sanjō, emperor ofJapan (d.1017)
Izumi Shikibu, Japanesepoet (approximate date)

977

March 4 –Al-Musabbihi, Fatimid historian (d.1030)
Fujiwara no Teishi, Japanese empress consort (d.1001)
Kōkei, JapaneseBuddhist monk (approximate date)
Poppo, abbot ofStavelot-Malmedy (d.1048)

978

Berno of Reichenau, Germanabbot (approximate date)
Elvira of Castile, queen consort ofLeón (approximate date)
Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, Moorish judge andscholar (d.1071)
Murasaki Shikibu, Japanesepoet andlady-in-waiting (or973)
Wang Zeng, Chinesegrand chancellor (approximate date)
Yaroslav I (the Wise), Russiangrand prince (d.1054)
Zoë, Byzantine empress consort (approximate date)

979

August 29 –Otto (orEudes), Frenchnobleman (d.1045)
Al-Muqtana Baha'uddin, Druze religious leader (d.1043)
Estrid (orAstrid), queen consort ofSweden (d.1035)
Fujiwara no Takaie, Japanese nobleman (d.1044)
Ibn al-Samh, Andalusianastronomer (d. 1035)
Matilda, countess palatine ofLotharingia (d.1025)

Deaths

Transcluding articles:970,971,972,973,974,975,976,977,978, and979

970

January 18 –Hatto II, archbishop ofMainz
January 30 –Peter I, emperor ofBulgaria
February 5 –Polyeuctus, patriarch ofConstantinople
February 22 –García I, king ofPamplona
June 15 –Adalbert, bishop ofPassau
August 31 –Han Xizai, Chinese official (b.902)
November 1 –Boso, bishop ofMerseburg
Abu'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid, Persian statesman
Al-Qassab, Abbasid warrior-scholar
Beinir Sigmundsson, Viking chieftain
Brestir Sigmundsson, Viking chieftain
Erenfried II, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
Fernán González, Frankish count ofCastile
Fujiwara no Saneyori, Japanese statesman (b.900)
Harald II (Greycloak), king ofNorway
Hasdai ibn Shaprut, Jewish diplomat (approximate date)
Menahem ben Saruq, Jewishphilologist (approximate date)
Minamoto no Saneakira, Japanese nobleman (b.910)
Oswulf, bishop ofRamsbury (approximate date)
Taksony,Grand Prince ofHungary (approximate date)
Willa of Tuscany, queen consort ofItaly

971

Aditya Chola II, prince and ruler of theChola dynasty (India)
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin, Persianastronomer (b.900)
Anemas, Byzantine (Muslim) army commander
Atto, bishop ofVic (Spain) (approximate date)
Cuilén (or Cuilean), king ofAlba (Scotland)
Eraclus (or Evraclus), bishop ofLiège
Ja'far ibn Fallah, Fatimid general and governor
Kalokyros, Byzantinepatrician and pretender
Li Jingda, prince ofSouthern Tang (b.924)
Muhammad al-Khushani, Umayyad historian
Muhammad ibn Rumahis, Umayyad admiral
Ordgar, Englishealdorman and advisor
Qian Hongzong, king ofWuyue (approximate date)
Ziri ibn Manad, founder of theZirid dynasty

972

September 6 –John XIII, pope of the Catholic Church^[32]
December 18 (or973) –Eberhard IV, Frankishnobleman (or973)
Ælfwold I (orÆlfweald), bishop ofCrediton
Arnulf II, count ofBoulogne (approximate date)
Boleslaus I (the Cruel), duke ofBohemia (or967)
Feng Yanlu, Chinese official (approximate date)
Fujiwara no Koretada, Japanese statesman (b.924)
Pope John XIII^[33]
Khottiga Amoghavarsha, ruler of theRashtrakuta Empire
Kūya, Japanese priest ofPure Land Buddhism (b.903)
Liutprand, Lombardbishop and historian
Sviatoslav I (Igorevich),Grand Prince of Kiev

973

January 14 –Ekkehard I, Frankish monk and poet
March 26 –Guntram (the Rich), Frankishnobleman
March 27 –Hermann Billung, Frankish nobleman
May 7 –Otto I, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (b.912)
May 15 –Byrhthelm, bishop ofWells (Somerset)
July 4 –Ulrich (orOldarici), bishop ofAugsburg (b.893)
July 19 –Kyunyeo, Korean monk andpoet (b.917)
September 12 –Nefingus, bishop ofAngers
November 12 –Burchard III, Frankish nobleman
December 18 (or972) –Eberhard IV, Frankish nobleman (or972)
Abu'l-Abbas Ismail, Abbasid official and statesman
Cathal mac Tadg, king ofConnacht (Ireland)
Conchobar mac Tadg, king of Connacht
Geibennach mac Aedha, king ofUí Maine (Ireland)
Guo Zongxun, emperor ofLater Zhou (d.953)
Hrotsvitha, Germancanoness and poet (approximate date)
Jawdhar, Fatimid general and chief minister
Karka II, ruler of theRashtrakuta Empire (India)
Melias, Byzantine general (approximate date)
Reginar III, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
Richar (orRicher), Frankish nobleman
Werner (orWarin), Frankish nobleman

974

March 7 –John of Gorze, Frankishabbot and diplomat
October 12 –Al-Muti, caliph of theAbbasid Caliphate (b.914)^[15]
Al-Qadi al-Nu'man, Fatimidjurist and historian
Benedict VI, pope of theCatholic Church
Fujiwara no Yoshitaka, Japanesewaka poet (b.954)
Muhammad Bal'ami, Persian historian andvizier
Ratherius (orRathier), bishop ofVerona
Shi Chonggui, emperor ofLater Jin (b.914)

975

June 28
- Cyneweard, bishop ofWells (Somerset)
- Thurcytel, abbot ofCrowland (approximate date)
July 4 –Gwangjong (Wang So), Korean king (b.925)
July 8 –Edgar I (the Peaceful), king ofEngland
July 31 –Fu Yanqing, Chinese general (b.898)
October 15 –Oberto I, Italiancount palatine
November 12 –Notker Physicus, Swiss painter
November 26 –Conrad, bishop ofConstance
December 21 –Al-Mu'izz, Fatimidcaliph (b.932)
December 27 –Balderic, bishop of Utrecht (b.897)
Bilgetegin, Samanid officer and governor
Cináed ua hArtacáin, IrishGaelic poet
Dyfnwal ab Owain, king ofStrathclyde
Gu Hongzhong, Chinese painter (b.937)
Master Geng, Chinese alchemist
Olof II, king ofSweden (approximate date)
Theobald I, Frankish nobleman (b.913)
Wynsige (orWynsy), bishop ofLichfield
Yongming Yanshou, ChineseZen master (b.904)

976

January 10 –John I Tzimiskes, Byzantine emperor
May 11 –Henry I (the Bald), Germannobleman
June 13 –Mansur I, emir of theSamanid Empire
June 14
- Aron, Bulgarian nobleman
- David, Bulgarian nobleman
- Moses, Bulgarian nobleman
June 29 –Gero, archbishop ofCologne
October 8 –Helen of Zadar, queen ofCroatia
October 16 –Al-Hakam II, Umayyad caliph (b.915)
November 14 –Taizu, Chinese emperor (b.927)
Al-Mansur Yahya, Zaidi scholar andimam
Isarn, bishop ofGrenoble (approximate date)
Kvirike II, Georgian prince andchorbishop
Madame Huarui, Chinese concubine andpoet
Mathgamain mac Cennétig, king ofMunster
Pietro IV Candiano, doge ofVenice
Rukn al-Dawla, Buyid general and emir
Sun Taizhen, queen ofWuyue (Ten Kingdoms)
Theodoric I, German nobleman (approximate date)
Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi, Arabic poet.
Phạm Thị Trân, Vietnamese opera singer and Mandarin (b.926)

977

March 1 –Rudesind, Galician bishop (b.907)
November 8 –Ibn al-Qūṭiyya, Andalusian historian
December 20 –Fujiwara no Kanemichi, Japanese statesman (b.925)
Amlaíb mac Illuilb, king ofAlba (Scotland)
Ashot III (the Merciful), king ofArmenia
Bisutun, ruler of theZiyarid Dynasty
Boris II, emperor of theBulgarian Empire
Dobrawa, duchess consort of thePolans
Gisulf I, prince ofSalerno (approximate date)
Guo Zhongshu, Chinese painter andcalligrapher
Ivar of Limerick, NorseViking king
Kamo no Yasunori, Japanesespiritual advisor (b.917)
Oleg, prince of theDrevlyans
Peter, Byzantineeunuch general
Sideman, bishop ofCrediton

978

February 9 –Luitgarde, duchess consort ofNormandy
February 22 –Lambert, count ofChalon (b.930)
March 18 –Edward the Martyr, king ofthe English^[34]
May 18 –Frederick I, duke ofUpper Lorraine
August 15 –Li Yu, ruler ('king') ofSouthern Tang
December 3 –Abraham, Coptic pope ofAlexandria
unknown date
- Aboazar Lovesendes, Portuguesenobleman
- Comhaltan Ua Clerigh, king ofHy Fiachrach (Ireland)
- Fernando Ansúrez II, count ofMonzón andCampos
- Fernando Bermúdez, count ofCea (approximate date)
- Ibn Hawqal, Muslim writer, geographer and chronicler (earliest likely date)
- Geirmund the Noisy, Viking adventurer (approximate date)
- Gyeongsun, king ofSilla (Korea) (b.896)
- Ibn Hawqal, Muslim Arab geographer
- Lashkari ibn Muhammad, Shaddadid emir
- Máel Muad mac Brain, king ofMunster (Ireland)
- Rogvolod, prince ofPolotsk (approximate date)^[35]
- Yang Guangmei, Chinese general (approximate date)

979

June 29 –Fujiwara no Koshi, Japanese empress (b.947)
August 3 –Thietmar, German nobleman
August 11 –Gero, German nobleman
August 26 –Zhao Dezhao, prince of theSong Dynasty (b.951)^[36]
August 29 –Abu Taghlib, Hamdanidemir^[37]
September 19 –Gotofredo I, archbishop ofMilan
unknown dates
- 'Imran ibn Shahin, Muslim ruler
- Vitale Candiano, doge ofVenice^[38]
- Hasanwayh, Hasanwayhid ruler
probable –Iago ab Idwal, king ofGwynedd^[39]

References

[edit]

^Brian Todd Carey (2012).Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare 527–1071, p. 86.ISBN 978-1-84884-215-1.
^Brian Todd Carey (2012).Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare 527–1071, pp.86–87.ISBN 978-1-84884-215-1.
^Treadgold, Warren (1997).A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California:Stanford University Press. p. 509.ISBN 0-8047-2630-2..
^Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983].The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 186–187.ISBN 0-472-08149-7..
^Brett, Michael (2001).The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill. pp. 313–315.ISBN 90-04-11741-5.
^Brian Todd Carey (2012).Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare 527–1071, p. 95.ISBN 978-1-84884-215-1.
^Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983].The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
^Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983].The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
^Reuter, Timothy (1999).The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III, p. 254.ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
^Richard Brzezinski (1998). History of Poland:Old Poland, King Mieszko I , p. 15.ISBN 83-7212-019-6.
^The most recent survey of the Anglo-Saxon history of Peterborough Abbey is in Kelly, S.E. (ed.),Charters of Peterborough Abbey, Anglo-Saxon Charters 14,OUP, 2009.
^Reuter, Timothy (1999).The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III, p. 254.ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
^Roger Collins (2009).Keepers of the keys of heaven: A History of the Papacy, p. 187 (Basic Books).
^Stratton, J.M. (1969).Agricultural Records. John Baker.ISBN 0-212-97022-4.
^^a ^bGüner, Ahmet (2006)."Mutî'-Lillâh".TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 31 (Muhammedi̇yye – Münâzara) (in Turkish). Istanbul:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 401–402.ISBN 978-975-389-458-6.
^Gilbert Meynier (2010).L'Algérie cœr du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; p. 42.
^Richard P. McBrien (2000).Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to Benedict XVI, p. 186 (Harper Collins).
^Collins, Roger (2009).Keepers of the Keys of Heaven: A History of the Papacy, Basic Books.
^Brian Todd Carey (2012).Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare 527–1071, p. 95.ISBN 978-1-84884-215-1.
^Reuter, Timothy (1999).The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III, p. 254.ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
^Reuter, Timothy (1999).The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III, p. 255.ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
^Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983].The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 189.ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
^Reuter, Timothy (1999).The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III, p. 388.ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
^Pierre Riché (1993).The Carolingians: A Family Who Forced Europe, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press), pp. 276-77.
^Thérèse Charmasson, Anne-Marie le Lorrain, Martine Sonnet:Chronologie de l'histoire de France, 1994, p. 90.
^Jim Bradbury (2007).The Capetians: Kings of France, 987–1328, (London: Hambledon Continuum), p. 43.
^Reuter, Timothy (1999).The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III, p. 254.ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8.
^Janet Sethre (2003).The Souls of Venice, p. 84 (McFarland & Co. Inc).
^"Taking Liberties - Star Items - Chronicle of Mann".bl.uk. Retrieved28 February 2015.
^"Gregory V | pope".Encyclopædia Britannica. RetrievedMay 8, 2019.
^McGrath, Alister E. (2013).Christian History: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 104.ISBN 9781118337790.
^"John XIII | pope".Encyclopædia Britannica. RetrievedMay 8, 2019.
^Hibbert, Christopher (1987).Rome: The Biography of the City. New York: Penguin. p. 85.ISBN 0-14-007078-8.
^David Michael Metcalf (1998).An Atlas of Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coin Finds, C.973-1086. Royal Numismatic Society. p. 105.ISBN 978-1-85444-110-2.
^John Lister Illingworth Fennell (1995).A History of the Russian Church to 1448. Longman. p. 32.ISBN 978-0-582-08068-3.
^Ann Paludan (1998).Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. Thames and Hudson.ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3.
^Canard, Marius (1965)."Abū Tag̲h̲lib". InLewis, B.;Pellat, Ch. &Schacht, J. (eds.).The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 128.OCLC 495469475.
^Dandolo, Andrea, et al. 1938.Chronica per extensum descripta (=Rerum italicarum scriptores 12.1). Bologna: Zanichelli, p. 500.
^Thomas Jones Pierce."Iago ab Idwal Foel (f. 942-979), king of Gwynedd".Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. RetrievedJune 28, 2021.

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