| 90th Light Afrika Division 90th Panzergrenadier Division | |
|---|---|
| 90. leichte Afrika-Division 90. Panzergrenadier-Division | |
 1st insignia of 90th Light Div. | |
| Active | August 1941 – May 1943 July 1943 – April 1945 |
| Country |  Nazi Germany |
| Branch | Army |
| Type | Infantry |
| Role | Light infantry Panzergrenadier Grenadier |
| Size | Division |
| Engagements | North African Campaign Italian Campaign |
| Insignia | |
| 2nd insignia of the 90th Light Division l. |  |
The90th Light Infantry Division was alight infantrydivision of theGerman Army duringWorld War II that served inNorth Africa as well asSardinia and Italy. The division played a major role in most of the actions against theBritish Eighth Army in theWestern Desert Campaign and eventually surrendered to theAllies in the final stages of theTunisia Campaign in May 1943. It was re-constituted later in 1943 and deployed toSardinia and when the expectedAllied invasion of Sardinia failed to materialise, the division was moved toItaly. It was engaged in actions against the Allies in Italy from 1943 to April 1945 when the division was listed as "destroyed" in thePo River valley.
On 26 June 1941, theOKH ordered the creation of a Division HQ staff forKommando zbV Afrika in Germany. The planned division was intended for deployment to Africa to re-balance, and add infantry troops to theDAK deployed in the Western Desert. The formation headquarters was sent to Africa between late August and mid-September 1941 and deployed to command the Sollum area with the first units (347th Infantry Regiment and 300th Special Services "Oasis" Battalion) being attached on 15 October 1941.[1] On 20 October more units were attached (155th Inf Regt, 900th Engineer Battalion and 605th Anti Tank battalion) and the division troops were expanded to full strength with the division becoming known asDivision z.b.V. Afrika[1][Note 1]
The subordinated 288th Special Service Unit, originally known asSonderverband 288 was a regimental sized, special operations unit consisting of sub-units with various combat specialties including mountain and desert warfare, night operations and infiltration. This unit was formed in Potsdam in 1941 from specialist soldiers with previous experience in the deserts of the Middle East and North Africa.[2] Two battalions fromSonderverbande 288 and one locally recruited Arab battalion were later amalgamated to form the 155th Rifle (later 155th Infantry and then Panzergrenadier) Regiment within the division.[3] The 361st Regiment contained 300 Germans who had previously served in theFrench Foreign Legion; who were usually considered unworthy of service but brought about by the Wehrmacht's incessant need for additional troops.[2][4]
Training was completed in the Bardia area and the division was earmarked by Rommel to lead the attack on Tobruk. On 28 November 1941, the formation was renamed90. leichte Afrika Division (90th Light Africa Division).[5] Through its five-year existence, it was re-designated several times, although always known colloquially as theAfrica Division, being the only German combat division to have been largely raised in Africa itself.
The Germans combed theFrench Foreign Legion inFrench North Africa andpress-ganged some 2,000 Germanlégionnaires into theWehrmacht.[6] Germans had been urged by theNazi regime not to join the Legion and these recalcitrants were given a rough reception as unpatriotic elements, being classifiedWehrunwürdig/999. The 999 units were made up of men seen as not "worthy to serve" (Wehrunwürdig), so they were not condemned in a court; these men were assigned mainly for political reasons.[7] The bulk of theselégionnaires would be formed into the361st Infantry Regiment as part of the 90th Afrika Division.[8][7][9][10]
The 90th was involved in the battles related toOperation Crusader in 1942 and later in the battles ofBir Hakeim as well as the First and Second battles ofEl Alamein.
In Tunisia, the 90th were initially involved in theBattle of El Guettar. The 90th Light was regarded by the2nd New Zealand Division, commanded byLieutenant-GeneralSir Bernard C. Freyberg VC, as their special foe and as the two formations had faced each other on several occasions.[11] In the final confrontation with the 90th Light in May 1943, Freyberg had sent a message to the German Division stating "your position is hopeless. We have fought you for two years and have no wish to annihilate you." The reply was "We appreciate your message and we realise our position is hopeless; but we have our duty to perform." A direct assault by the New Zealand Division was checked and a later attack by the 167th Bde of56th (London) Infantry Division was also halted by the 90th Light with British casualties being 63 dead, 221 wounded and 104 missing.[12] The 90th Light continued to resist attacks by the 56th Division but finally succumbed to attack by the6th Armoured Division as well as immense air attacks from the South African and Royal Air Forces. The Division was finally overrun at 18:45 on 12 May 1943 and was granted an honourable surrender at 12:30 on 13 May 1943 together with all remainingAxis forces atCap Bon,[13] marking the end of theTunisia Campaign.[14]
As with the other units of thePanzer Army Africa, replacement units were quickly raised from available troops stationed in Western Europe. As such, theAfrica Division was reconstituted as the90th Panzergrenadier Division inSardinia during July 1943 drawing an experienced nucleus of troops from theDivisionSardinia. The division was then transferred toCorsica where it absorbed the ground organisation of theLuftwaffe command on Corsica and added regulars coming fromVolksdeutsche recruits. The reconstituted division was deployed along the Bonifacio - Bastia coastal road on 9 September 1943 where it was involved battles against Italians, the maquis and French troops for the liberation of Corsica. The division was transferred to the Italian mainland from the Bastia bridgehead on 3 October 1943[15] and assigned toLXXXVII Corps of Army Group C.[16]
On arrival in Italy, the 90th was deployed in Tuscany close toPisa and then moved toGatteo a Mare on the Adriatic coast and in mid November to the Abruzzo region, as part of theGustav Line defences. It was here that the division faced its first damaging battle in Italy during the bitter fighting with the1st Canadian Infantry Division during theMoro River Campaign in late November 1943 and theBattle of Ortona in December.[17] In late December the division was moved to the south of Rome in order to replenish and recover from these battles underLXXVI Panzer Corps.[18]
The 29th and 90th Divisions had been moved from the Rome defences to Monte Cassino to bolster the southern defensiveGustav Line in January 1944 as a division assigned toI Parachute Corps.[19] This move was encouraged byAdm Wilhelm Canaris assuringField Marshal Kesselring that there was no possibility of any Allied landings close to Rome (The virtually unopposedAnzio landings took place two weeks later on 22 January 1944). The 90th thus remained in the Casino defence lines and didn't participate in the Anzio battles.[20] On 3 February, Kesselring instructed the whole1st Parachute Division to be moved from the Adriatic to Cassino to relieve the 90th Division. The 90th would then move to the Adriatic to fill the gap in the 51st Mountain Corps left by the relocation of the parachute division. This proposed move was strongly opposed by the Corps generals who insisted that the 90th was just beginning to make itself felt at Cassino. The Corps staff prevailed and the 90th went into battle to following day.[21] The 90th was involved in the defence of Monte Cassino during the firstBattle of Monte Casino and lead the recapture of Monte Calvari from the American 2nd Brigade of168th Infantry Division on 7 February 1944.[Note 2][22] During the secondBattle of Monte Casino on 17 February 1944, the 90th was attacked byNew Zealand Corps and defended their positions against theIndian 4th Division. Close hand-to-hand combat ensued and the Indian Division launched three attacks against the 90th defences. Battles raged around the abbey for an additional three days after whichGen Freyberg called off the corps attack.[23] The 90th was relieved in the Cassino line after the second battle for Cassino by the1st Parachute Division and were moved to join the51st Mountain Corps after refitting atFrosinone.[24] On 18 May, when the 90th reached theHitler Line, it was transferred from 51st Mountain Corps to fall under the command of 14th Panzer Corps and deployed in the Pignataro - Pontecorvo area.[25] This was done to allow one Corps commander to command forces on both sides of the Liri River and prevailed until 21 May, when the 90th reverted to the command of51st Mountain Corps. The 90th was then involved in the fourth battle for Monte Cassino.[26]
By 1 June, Kesselring tried to concentrate the 90th, the 1st Parachute, 305th Infantry and 94th Infantry divisions into a defensive line between Piglio and Paliano. But by then, these units were very weak and were constantly in contact with Allied forces, making relocation extremely difficult.[27] By 4 June, the 90th were again fighting rear-guard actions on the line Ponte Orsino - Trevi[28] and had retreated further north. At the end of July 1944, the division was again relocated into thePo Valley between Modena and Parma and then to Liguria north of Genoa to re-group.[29] After theAllied landings in southern France, the division was relocated to Piedmont to secure the border of the Alpine crossings from France into Italy.[citation needed]
By 15 October the division had been withdrawn from Piedmont in orchestrated disengagement manoeuvres and was deployed as part of a defensive line in the Abruzzi Mountains as part of10. Armee.[30] By November 1944 the division had withdrawn north and formed part of the defensive lines covering the advances to Bologna.[31][32] By this time, the division’s infantry battalions were considered fortunate if they had more than 200 men.[33] After a series of retreating battles into March 1945, the 90th was assigned as Field Army Group reserve under command ofHeeresgruppe C.[34] and put into reserve for rebuilding.[citation needed] The reserve was committed to battle in April 1945 to attempt to halt a breakthrough by the US10th Mountain Division on thePo defence line[35] but were unable to hold the advancing Allied forces.[36] Reportedly, when elements of the 10th Mountain enteredTole, they found the commanding general had fled his headquarters in that mountain town "in such haste he'd left on the table a fresh piece of bread and jam, with one bite missing."[37]
By 25 April the US 5th Army had five divisions over the Po River and IV (US) Corps crossedLake Garda usingFantails andDuplex Drive tanks to push west to close theBrenner Pass escape road and to secure Milan. By 28 April all passes providing a possibility of escape into Austria had been closed and the 90th made a last great effort to keep these escape routes open for the divisions in the west.[38] The 90th was forced to surrender on 28 April 1945 after the divisional commander and his staff had been captured earlier in the day,[38] with the remnants of the division surrendering to theBrazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB)[citation needed] on the Via Emilia near Collecchio.[39][40]
General Sir W Jackson, the government historian responsible for documenting the British official history of the War in Italy, considered the 90th Panzergrenadier Division a "worthy opponent."[41]
The division has been implicated in a number of war crimes in Italy between August 1944 and April 1945, with up to five civilians executed in each incident.[42]
The division formed part of thePanzer Army Africa during its deployment to North Africa.
| Division z.b.V. Africa[Note 3][4] | Period in existence: July – 28 November 1941 | |
| Commanders: | Major GeneralMax Sümmermann | 17 July – 28 November 1941 |
| Order of Battle[Note 4] | ||
| 155th Rifle Regiment[43] | 361st Reinforced Africa Regiment[43] | 255th Infantry Regiment[43] |
| 347th Infantry Regiment[43] | 300th Special Use 'Oasis' Battalion[43] | 605th Anti Tank Battalion[43] |
| 900th (Mot) Engineer Battalion[Note 5][43] | 2nd Fast Artillery Regiment "Emanuele Filiberto Testa di Ferro"[44] | |
| 90th Light Infantry Division[3][2] | Period in existence: 28 November 1941[4] – March 1942 | |
| Commanders: | Major GeneralMax Sümmermann † | 28 November – 10 December 1941 |
| ColonelJohann Mickl | 11–27 December 1941 | |
| Major GeneralRichard Veith | 28 December 1941 – March 1942 | |
| Order of Battle | ||
| 155th (Mot) Infantry Regiment[3][Note 6] | 200th (Mot) Infantry Regiment[3] | 361st (Mot) Africa Infantry Regiment[Note 7][3] |
| 361st Artillery Battalion[45] | 190th Anti Tank Battalion[45] | 2nd Fast Artillery Regiment "Emanuele Filiberto Testa di Ferro"[44] |
| 90th Light Africa Division[Note 8][46][2] | Period in existence: March 1942 – May 1943 | |
| Commanders: | Major GeneralRichard Veith | March – 28 April 1942 |
| Major GeneralUlrich Kleemann | 29 April – 14 June 1942 | |
| ColonelWerner Marcks | 14–18 June 1942 | |
| ColonelErwin Menny | 18–19 June 1942 | |
| ColonelWerner Marcks | 19–21 June 1942 | |
| Major GeneralUlrich Kleemann | 21 June – 8 September 1942 | |
| Major GeneralHermann-Bernhard Ramcke | 8–17 September 1942 | |
| ColonelHermann Schulte-Heuthaus | 17–22 September 1942 | |
| Lieutenant GeneralTheodor Graf von Sponeck | 22 September 1942 – 12 May 1943 | |
| Lieutenant GeneralCarl-Hans Lungershausen | May 1943 | |
| Order of Battle[Note 9] | ||
| 155th (Mot) Light Infantry Regiment[45] | 200th Light Infantry Regiment[45] | 361st Light Infantry Regiment[45] |
| 288th Special Service Regiment[45] | 190th Panzer Battalion[45] | 361st (Mot) Artillery Battalion[45] |
| 190th (Mot) Artillery Regiment[45] | 580th Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion[45][Note 10] | 190th (Mot) Anti Tank Battalion[45] |
| 605th Anti Tank Battalion[45] | 900th (Mot) Engineer Battalion[45] | 1 × Company 190th Panzer Signals Battalion[45] |
| 606th Anti Aircraft Battalion[45] | 90/190th Field Replacement Company[45][Note 11] | 190th Supply Regiment[45] |
| 90th Panzergrenadier Division | Period in existence: July 1943 - April 1945 | |
| Commanders: | Lieutenant GeneralCarl-Hans Lungershausen | July–November 1943 |
| GeneralmajoorErnst-Gunther Baade[47] | December 1943-December 1944 | |
| Oberst Heinrich Baron von Behr | 27 December-1 April 1945 | |
| Order of Battle | ||
| 155th Panzergrenadier Regiment[Note 12] | 200th Panzergrenadier Regiment | 361st Panzergrenadier Regiment |
| 190th Panzer Battalion | 190th Artillery Regiment | 242nd Sturmgeschütz Battalion[Note 13] |
| 90th Antitank Battalion[Note 14] | 190 Armoured Recce Battalion | 90 Engineer Battalion |
Prince Claus of the Netherlands[48]
