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850s

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Decade

Millennium
1st millennium
Centuries
8th century 9th century 10th century
Decades
830s 840s 850s 860s 870s
Years
850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859
Categories
Births Deaths Establishments Disestablishments
v t e

The850s decade ran from January 1, 850, to December 31, 859.

Events

February 1 – KingRamiro I dies in his palace atSanta María del Naranco (nearOviedo), after an 8-year reign. He is succeeded by his sonOrdoño I, as ruler ofAsturias.
Danish Viking raiders, led by KingRorik, conquerDorestad^[1] andUtrecht (modern-dayNetherlands). EmperorLothair I recognizes him as ruler of most ofFriesland.
KingLouis II, the eldest son of Lothair I, is crowned joint emperor byPope Leo IV atRome, and becomes co-ruler of theMiddle Frankish Kingdom.

Britain

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KingKenneth I (also calledKenneth MacAlpin) ofAlba (modernScotland) invadesNorthern Northumbria during the period of 850–858, burningDunbar andMelrose.
ThePillar of Eliseg is erected by KingCyngen ap Cadell ofPowys (Wales), as amemorial to his great-grandfatherElisedd ap Gwylog (orEliseg) (approximate date).

Middle East

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TheAbbasid caliphal-Mutawakkil issues a decree that orders Jews and Christians to wear thezunnar, honey-coloured outer garments andbadge-like patches on their on their servants' clothing.^[2]

Japan

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May 6 – EmperorNinmyō dies after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his sonMontoku, as the 55themperor of Japan.

India

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It is hypothesized that sometime around 850 a group ofBuddhist pilgrims travelling through a valley nearRoopkund (modern India) were killed when caught out in the open in a suddenhailstorm. Their remains were discovered in1942.

Mesoamerica

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Uxmal becomes the capital of a large state in thePuuk hills region of northernYucatán (modernMexico). The city is connected by causeways (sakbe) to other important Puuk sites, such asK'abah,Sayil, andLabna (approximate date).

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Food and Drink

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Coffee is discovered (according tolegend) by theEthiopian goatherderKaldi inEast Africa, who notices that hisgoats become energetic after chewing the redberries from certain wild bushes (approximate date).

Religion

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April 22 –Gunther becomesarchbishop of Cologne (modernGermany).
June 18 –Perfecto, a Christianpriest in MuslimCórdoba, is executed (beheaded) after he refuses to retract critical comments he made aboutMuhammad.

851

This section istranscluded fromAD 851.(edit |history)

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Asia

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Bagrat II Bagratuni, Armenian prince and leader of a rebellion against theAbbasid Caliphate, is captured by the Abbasid army, and brought to the caliphal capital ofSamarra.^[3]^[4]

Britain

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Danish Viking raiders enter theThames Estuary, and plunderCanterbury andLondon. They land atWembury nearPlymouth, but are defeated byAnglo-Saxon forces led by KingEthelwulf of Wessex. His eldest sonÆthelstan of Kent, accompanied byEaldorman Ealhhere, attacks a Viking fleet off the coast atSandwich, and captures nine of the enemy vessels while the remainder flees.^[5]

China

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Suleiman al-Tajir, Muslim merchant and traveller, visitsChina during theTang Dynasty. He observes the manufacturing ofChinese porcelain atGuangzhou, and writes of his admiration for its transparent quality. Suleiman also describes themosque at Guangzhou, itsgranaries, its local government administration, some of its written records, and the treatment of travellers, along with the use of ceramics,rice wine, and tea (approximate date).

Europe

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August 22 –Battle of Jengland: DukeErispoe takes command of theBreton forces after his fatherNominoe, king ofBrittany, dies. He continues an offensive against theFranks in alliance withLambert II of Nantes. InIlle-et-Vilaine nearGrand-Fougeray (Brittany), Erispoe defeats aFrankish-Saxon army (4,000 men) led by KingCharles the Bald.^[6]
Treaty of Angers: Charles the Bald meets Erispoe inAngers, and acknowledges him as "king of Brittany". He recognizes the authority of Breton rule over the areas aroundNantes,Rennes andPays de Retz, which become part of theBreton March, a border zone. Erispoe takes theoath to Charles as king of theWest Frankish Kingdom (but not anhommage lige which would be anallegiance). To mark the sovereignty of the Breton state, the futureDukes of Brittany are crowned as "Duke, king in their lands".^[7]
September – KingPepin II of Aquitaine is captured by the forces of CountSans II Sancion, and handed over to Charles the Bald. He is detained in themonastery ofSaint Medard inSoissons.^[8]
EmperorLothair I meets with his (half) brothersLouis the German and Charles the Bald inMeerssen (modern-dayNetherlands), to continue the system of "con-fraternal government".
KingÍñigo Arista of Pamplona dies after a 27-year reign. He is succeeded by his sonGarcía Íñiguez, as king ofPamplona (laterNavarra).

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Religion

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TheGreat Mosque of Samarra (modernIraq) is completed during the reign of CaliphAl-Mutawakkil.

852

This section istranscluded fromAD 852.(edit |history)

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Europe

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March 4 –Trpimir I, duke (knez) ofCroatia, and founder of theTrpimirović dynasty, issues a first state document inBijaći of allSlavonic peoples. In thisLatin document Trpimir refers to himself as the "duke of theCroats" (dux Chroatorum), and to his country as the "state of the Croats" (regnum Chroatorum).
Presian I, ruler (khan) of theBulgarian Empire, dies after a 23-year reign in which theBulgarians have expanded intoUpper Macedonia andSerbia. He is succeeded by his sonBoris I, as monarch ofBulgaria.
EmperorLothair I and his (half) brotherCharles the Bald join forces to remove theVikings from the island ofOscelles, in theRiver Seine. After this fails, Charles again pays themtribute (Danegeld).

Britain

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A Viking fleet of 350 vessels enters theThames Estuary before turning north, and engages the Mercian forces under KingBeorhtwulf. The Mercians are defeated, and retreat to their settlements. The Vikings then turn south and cross the river somewhere inSurrey; there they are slaughtered by aWest Saxon army, led by KingÆthelwulf and his sonAethelbald, at Oak Field (Aclea).^[9]
KingÆthelstan, the eldest son of Æthelwulf, is killed by a Viking raiding party. He is succeeded by his brotherÆthelberht, who becomes sub-king ofKent,Essex, Surrey andSussex (approximate date).
Beorhtwulf dies after a 12-year reign, and is succeeded by his sonBurgred as king ofMercia.

Al-Andalus

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Abd al-Rahman II, Umayyademir ofCórdoba, dies after a 30-year reign in which he has made additions to theMosque–Cathedral atCórdoba. He is succeeded by his sonMuhammad I, who will put down several revolts of theMuwalladun andMozarabs in Muslim controlled areas inal-Andalus (modernSpain).

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Aviation

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According to a 17th century account, the Andalusian inventorAbbas ibn Firnas makes a tower jump in Córdoba. He wraps himself with vulture feathers and attaches two wings to his arms. The alleged attempt to fly is not recorded in earlier sources and is ultimately unsuccessful, but the garment slows his fall enough that he only sustains minor injuries.

Religion

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Gandersheim Abbey inLower Saxony (modernGermany) is founded by DukeLiudolf of Saxony.

853

This section istranscluded fromAD 853.(edit |history)

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Byzantine Empire

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May 22 – AByzantine fleet (85 ships and 5,000 men)sacks and destroys the port city ofDamietta, located on theNile Delta inEgypt. A large quantity of weapons and supplies intended for theEmirate of Crete are captured.^[10]

Europe

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DanishVikings attempt to subjugate theCuronians on the shoreline of theBaltic Sea, but they are repulsed. KingOlof leads Swedish Vikings in retaliation, and attacks the towns ofSeeburg andApuolė (modernCourland).
Viking marauders inGaul sail eastward fromNantes without opposition, and reachTours. Themonasteries atSaint-Florent-le-Vieil andMarmoutier are ravaged.
KingCharles the Bald bribesBoris I, ruler (khan) of theBulgarian Empire, to form analliance against his brotherLouis the German, withRastislav of Moravia.^[11]
Gauzbert, count ofMaine, is killed during anambush by citizens of Nantes, in revenge for the death ofLambert II.^[12]

Britain

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KingBurgred of Mercia appeals toÆthelwulf, king of theWest Saxons, for help against the rebellious Welsh kingRhodri the Great. Æthelwulf agrees to send help, andWales is subdued as far north asAnglesey.^[13]
Burgred (who inherited his crown last year)^{[clarification needed]} marries Æthelwulf's daughterÆthelswith, during aceremony at the royal estate atChippenham.^[13]

China

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Tuan Ch'eng-Shih, Chinese author and scholar during theTang Dynasty, publishesMiscellaneous Offerings from Yu-yang.

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Religion

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TheFraumünster Church inZürich (modernSwitzerland) is founded byLouis the German.

854

This section istranscluded fromAD 854.(edit |history)

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Europe

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EmperorLothair I meets his (half) brothers (Louis the German andCharles the Bald) inAttigny,Ardennes for the third time, to continue the system of "con-fraternal government".
Viking chieftainsRorik andGodfrid Haraldsson return toDenmark, to gain power after the death of KingHorik I. During acivil war, they are forced to go back toFriesland.^[14]
The German city ofUlm is first mentioned, in a document byLouis the German.^[15]
Croatian–Bulgarian battle:Bulgarian Khan (laterKnyaz)Boris I,^[16] attacks theDuchy of Littoral Croatia, ruled by DukeTrpimir I during theFirst Croatian-Bulgarian War. It is fought on the Croatian territory in the vicinity of the Croatian–Bulgarian border^[17] in present-day northeasternBosnia and Herzegovina. None of the warring sides emerges victorious, Bulgarian forces retreat and finally both parties subsequently conclude apeace treaty.^[18]

Britain

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KingÆthelwulf of Wessex sends his two youngest sons,Alfred andÆthelred, on apilgrimage toRome.^[19]
KingÆthelweard of East Anglia dies, and is succeeded by his 14-year-old sonEdmund ("the Martyr").^[20]
KingCyngen ofPowys makes the first pilgrimage to Rome of a Welsh ruler.
Viking chieftainUbba winters inMilford Haven (Wales) with 23 ships.^[21]

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Religion

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Eardulf becomesbishop of Lindisfarne, after the death ofEanbert.

855

This section istranscluded fromAD 855.(edit |history)

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Byzantine Empire

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November 20 –Theoktistos, co-regent of the Empire on behalf of 15-year old EmperorMichael III, is murdered on the orders of Michael.

Central Europe

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September 29 – EmperorLothair I dies after a 15-year reign (co-ruling with his fatherLouis the Pious until840). He divides theMiddle Frankish Kingdom between his three sons in an agreement called theTreaty of Prüm—the eldest,Louis II, receives the northern half ofItaly and the title ofHoly Roman Emperor. The second,Lothair II, receivesLotharingia (theLow Countries andUpper Burgundy). The youngest,Charles, receivesLower Burgundy andProvence.

Britain

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Spring – KingÆthelwulf of Wessex decides to go on apilgrimage toRome, accompanied by his youngest sonAlfred (age 6) and a largeretinue.^[22] He divides the kingdom between his two eldest sons;Æthelbald receives the western part ofWessex, whileÆthelberht becomes ruler overKent,Surrey,Sussex andEssex.^[23]

Abbasid Caliphate

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Caliphal-Mutawakkil sends anAbbasid army, led by theTurkic generalBugha al-Kabir, to suppress an uprising of rebelliousArmeniannakharars. He subdues the country, and deports manyArmenian nobles to the caliphal capital ofSamarra.^[24]

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Religion

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July 17 –Pope Leo IV dies after an 8-year reign, and is succeeded byBenedict III as the 104thpope of Rome.Anastasius is madeanti-pope by Lothair I.
Æthelwulf grants churches in Wessex the right to receivetithes. He gives one-tenth of his lands to theChurch.^[25]
TheSlavic alphabet is created bySaints Cyril and Methodius.

856

This section istranscluded fromAD 856.(edit |history)

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Byzantine Empire

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March 15 – EmperorMichael III overthrows the regency of his motherTheodora. He appoints his uncleBardas as thede factoregent and co-ruler of theByzantine Empire.^[26]

Europe

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KingCharles the Bald cedes the county ofMaine toErispoe, ruler (duke) ofBrittany—this in return for analliance against theVikings.
KingOrdoño I of Asturias is said to have begun the repopulation of the town ofLeón in the northwest ofSpain (approximate date).

Britain

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October 1 – KingÆthelwulf of Wessex marries the 12- or 13-year-oldJudith, daughter of Charles the Bald, atVerberie (NorthernFrance). She is crowned queen andanointed byHincmar, archbishop ofReims. Themarriage is a diplomatic alliance betweenWessex and theWest Frankish Kingdom.^[27]
Winter – Æthelwulf returns to Wessex to face a revolt by his eldest sonÆthelbald, who usurps thethrone. Æthelwulf agrees to give up the western part of his kingdom, in order to avoid acivil war. He keeps control overSussex,Surrey,Essex andKent, over which PrinceÆthelberht has presided.^[28]

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Geology

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November (approximate date) – Anearthquake inCorinth,Greece kills an estimated 45,000 people.
December 3 – Another earthquake strikes theAbbasid Caliphate (modern-dayTunisia), also killing an estimated 45,000 people.
December 22 – Anotherearthquake strikesDamghan (modern-dayIran), killing an estimated 200,000 people.

857

This section istranscluded fromAD 857.(edit |history)

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Byzantine Empire

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EmperorMichael III, under the influence of his uncleBardas, banishes his motherTheodora to theGastria Monastery. Bardas, thede factoregent, becomes the most powerful person in theByzantine Empire.^[26]

Europe

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November –Erispoe, ruler (duke) ofBrittany, is assassinated by his cousinSalomon and followers, in the church atTalensac. KingCharles the Bald acknowledges Salomon as the rightful 'king' of Brittany.
A DanishViking fleet raids the cities ofDorestad,Paris andOrléans. Others sail up theOise River, ravagingBeauvais and theabbey ofSaint-Germer-de-Fly (approximate date).
Viking chieftainRorik, with the agreement of KingLothair II, leaves Dorestad with a fleet and forces his rivalHorik II to recognise him as ruler overDenmark (approximate date).

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Medicine

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The first recorded major outbreak ofergotism kills thousands of people in theRhine Valley. They have eatenbread made fromrye infected with theergot fungus parasiteClaviceps purpurea (approximate date).

858

This section istranscluded fromAD 858.(edit |history)

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Europe

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Summer – KingLouis the German, summoned by the disaffectedFrankish nobles, invades theWest Frankish Kingdom and securesAquitaine for his nephewPepin II ("the Younger"). KingCharles the Bald flees toBurgundy; he is saved by the help of thebishops, and by the fidelity of the family of theWelfs, who are related toJudith (second wife of former emperorLouis the Pious).^[29]
Viking raiders, led byBjörn Ironside, set fire to the earliest church on the site ofChartres Cathedral. Charles the Bald pays himtribute (Danegeld) to saveVerberie (NorthernFrance).

Britain

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January 13 – KingÆthelwulf of Wessex dies after an 18-year reign, and is succeeded by his eldest sonÆthelbald. He marries his father's young widowJudith (daughter of Charles the Bald), and becomes sole ruler ofWessex. His brother,Æthelberht, is left to ruleKent and the south-east ofEngland.
February 13 – KingKenneth I (Cináed mac Ailpín), king of theScots, dies after a 15-year reign in which he has been crowned atScone, and united the various parts ofScotland with his nativeDál Riata. His 46-year-old brother succeeds asDonald I, king ofAlba.

Asia

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October 7 – EmperorMontoku dies after an 8-year reign. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old sonSeiwa as the 56themperor of Japan, withFujiwara no Yoshifusa (Seiwa's grandfather) governing asregent and great minister of theCouncil of State.^[30]
An enormousflood along theGrand Canal inundates thousands of acres offarmland and kills tens of thousands of people in theNorth China Plain.^[31]

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Religion

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April 17 –Pope Benedict III dies after a 3-year reign, in which he has intervened in a political conflict between the sons of EmperorLothair I. He is succeeded byNicholas I, as the 105thpope ofRome.
Synod of Quierzy: The bishops remain loyal to Charles the Bald during the invasion of hisdominions by Louis the German.^[32] They address a conciliatory letter to Louis the German, which includes theFalse Decretals.
October 23 –Ignatios I, patriarch ofConstantinople, is imprisoned by orders of EmperorMichael III, and replaced by the laymanPhotius I.

859

This section istranscluded fromAD 859.(edit |history)

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Europe

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January 15 – Battle of St. Quentin: Frankish forces, led byHumfrid, defeat KingLouis the German atSaint-Quentin (NorthernFrance). Humfrid isenfeoffed with theCounty of Autun, and appointedMargrave of Burgundy, by KingCharles the Bald.
Summer – TheViking chieftainsHastein andBjörn Ironside (a son ofRagnar Lodbrok) begin an expedition, and sail from theLoire River with a fleet of 62 ships, to raid cities andmonasteries in theMediterranean Sea.^[33]
Viking raiders invade theKingdom of Pamplona (WesternPyrenees), and capture KingGarcía Íñiguez I, somewhere in theAndalusian heartland. They extort aransom, rising to around 70,000gold dinars.^[34]
The Russian city ofNovgorod is first mentioned in theSofia Chronicles.
Winter – The weather is so severe that theAdriatic Sea freezes, andItaly is covered in snow for 100 days.^[35]

Iberian Peninsula

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Battle of Albelda: KingOrdoño I of Asturias, and his ally García Íñiguez I, defeat the Muslims underMusa ibn Musa al-Qasawi atAlbelda.
Viking raiders burn the mosques ofSeville andAlgeciras inal-Andalus (modernSpain).^[36]

Africa

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TheUniversity of Al Karaouine is founded inFes (modernMorocco), byFatima al-Fihri (recognized by theGuinness Book of World Records as the oldest university in the world).

China

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September 7 – EmperorXuān Zong (Li Yi) dies after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his eldest sonYi Zong, as ruler of theTang dynasty.

Syria

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859 Syrian coast earthquake. It affected the Mediterranean coast ofSyria^[37] It caused almost the complete destruction ofLatakia andJableh, major damage atAntioch and led to many deaths.^[38]